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52-577: Tsing Ma Control Area ( Chinese : 青馬管制區; TMCA ) is an area covering Lantau Link and related road networks in the New Territories , Hong Kong , including Tsing Ma Bridge , Kap Shui Mun Bridge , Ma Wan Viaduct (all part of the Lantau Link ), Cheung Tsing Highway , Cheung Tsing Tunnel , Cheung Tsing Bridge (Cheung Tsing Tunnel and Cheung Tsing Bridge form part of Tsing Kwai Highway ), Ting Kau Bridge (belongs to Tsing Long Highway ,

104-401: A dialect continuum in which differences generally become more pronounced as distances increase, though there are also some sharp boundaries. The Sinitic languages can be divided into Macro-Bai languages and Chinese languages, and the following is one of many potential ways of subdividing these languages. Some varieties, such as Shaozhou Tuhua , are hard to classify and thus are not included in

156-720: A null initial (apart from open zhǐ rime series ( 止攝開口 ) finals), unlike the /ʐ/ of Northern and Beijing Mandarin. Based on, for example, the pronunciation of the palatalized jiàn initial ( 見母 ), Jiaoliao Mandarin can be divided into Qingzhou, Denglian and Gaihuan areas. Central Plains Mandarin is spoken in the Central Plains of Henan , southwestern Shanxi , southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu , as well as most of Shaanxi , southern Ningxia and Gansu and southern Xinjiang , in famous cities such as Kaifeng , Zhengzhou , Luoyang , Xuzhou , Xi'an , Xining and Lanzhou . Central Plains Mandarin lects merge

208-458: A Sinitic language. Approximately 1.52 billion people are speakers of the Chinese macrolanguage, of whom about three-quarters speak a Mandarin variety. Estimates of the number of global speakers of Sinitic branches as of 2018–2019, both native and non-native, are listed below: Dialectologist Jerry Norman estimated that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible Sinitic languages. They form

260-491: A departing tone. Subdivision of Central Plains Mandarin is not fully agreed upon, though one possible subdivision sees 13 divisions, namely Xuhuai, Zhengkai, Luosong, Nanlu, Yanhe, Shangfu, Xinbeng, Luoxiang, Fenhe, Guanzhong, Qinlong, Longzhong and Nanjiang. Lanyin Mandarin, on the other hand, is divided as Jincheng, Yinwu, Hexi, and Beijiang. The Dungan language is a collection of Central Plains Mandarin varieties spoken in

312-464: A national prestige during the Ming and Qing periods, though not all linguists support this viewpoint. The Language Atlas divides Huai into Tongtai, Huangxiao, and Hongchao areas, with the latter further split into Ninglu and Huaiyang. Tongtai, being geographically located furthest west, has the most significant Wu influence, such as in its distribution of historical voiced plosive series. Yue Chinese

364-455: A part of Route 3 ), North West Tsing Yi Interchange  [ yue ] (also belongs at Route 3 ), Tsing Kwai Highway and North Lantau Highway , but excluding the area of rails managed by the MTRCL . The area spans on 17 kilometres (11 mi) of road network on Tsing Yi Island , Ma Wan , Lantau Island and Kwai Chung . Extra traffic regulations are enforced in the area. The area

416-563: Is Han Chinese , many of whose ancestors came in the 19th and 20th centuries during a migration movement called " Chuang Guandong " ( simplified Chinese : 闯关东 ; traditional Chinese : 闖關東 ; lit. 'venture into the east of the Pass';). Northeast China historically had a significant Han Chinese population, reaching over 3 million by the end of the Ming Dynasty , but they were subjected to eviction and assimilation by

468-698: Is considered controversial by some historians such as Mark C. Elliott , Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi who question its legitimacy. In China, areas once considered part of Manchuria are referred to as the Northeast . The area was historically referred to by various names. During the Ming dynasty , the area in which the Jurchens lived was referred to as Nurgan . The Qing dynasty used names such as Guandong ( simplified Chinese : 关东 ; traditional Chinese : 關東 ; pinyin : Guāndōng ), East of

520-499: Is currently managed and maintained by the Tsing Ma Management Limited . One of its incomes is collecting toll and fee of Lantau Link at Lantau Toll Plaza. TMCA maintains two double-ended wide-body ambulances, dispatched in the event of a major traffic accident. They were converted from retired Neoplan Airliner N 922-2 airport buses. Chinese languages Over 91% of the Chinese population speaks

572-527: Is phonologically more different to Standard Mandarin than Northeastern Mandarin. Ethnic Manchus speak mostly Mandarin , and the Manchu language is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. Ethnic Mongols tend to be bilingual in their own Mongolian tongues as well as Mandarin. Northeastern Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity, blending Northern Han, Manchu and Korean cooking styles. One of

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624-410: Is sometimes separated as a remnant of Old Shu. Huai is spoken in central Anhui , northern Jiangxi , far western and eastern Hubei and most of Jiangsu . Due to its preservation of a checked tone, some linguists believe that Huai ought to be treated as a top-level group, like Jin. Representative lects tend to be Nanjingnese , Hefeinese and Yangzhounese . The Huai of Nanjing has likely served as

676-571: Is spoken by around 84 million people, in western Guangdong , eastern Guangxi , Hong Kong , Macau and parts of Hainan , as well as overseas communities such as Kuala Lumpur and Vancouver . Famous lects such as Cantonese and Taishanese belong to this family. Yue Chinese lects generally possess long-short distinctions in their vowels, which is reflected in their almost universally split dark-checked and often split light-checked tones. They generally also tend to preserve all three checked plosive finals and three nasal finals. The status of Pinghua

728-522: Is spoken in the Jiaodong and Liaodong Peninsulae , which includes the cities of Dalian and Qingdao , as well as several prefectures along the China-Korea border. Like Jilu Mandarin, its light checked tone is merged into light level or departing based on the manner of articulation of the initial, though its dark checked is merged into the rising. Its rì initial ( 日母 ) terms are pronounced with

780-562: Is the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture where ethnic Koreans make up roughly 35% of the population. Taoism and Chinese Buddhism coexist alongside predominating Chinese folk religions led by local shamans . The region has also a strong presence of folk religions and Confucian churches . The Northeast was one of the earliest regions to industrialize in China during the era of Manchukuo . After

832-546: Is uncertain, and some believe its two groups, Northern and Southern, should be listed under Yue, though some reject this standpoint. Northeast China Northeast China ( Chinese : 东北 ; pinyin : Dōngběi ) is a region of the People's Republic of China . It consists of three provinces, namely Liaoning , Jilin , and Heilongjiang . The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain ,

884-620: Is very closely related to Standard Mandarin , though with unique phonological and syntactic features, and has noticeable vocabulary differences, with some terms originating from Russian . There are enough differences from Mandarin to give dongbeihua its own distinctive characteristics. The second variety is Jiaoliao Mandarin , spoken in the Liaodong Peninsula , as well as the Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong . It

936-515: The Amur River provides very rich fisheries , and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang. Northeast China is the country's traditional industrial base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include the steel , automobile , shipbuilding , aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. The Anshan Iron and Steel Works was the most important industrial enterprise in northeast China until

988-776: The Chinese Civil War , further immigrations were organized by the Central Government to "develop the Great Northern Wilderness" ( 开发北大荒 ), eventually peaking the population at over 100 million people. Because most people in Northeast China trace their ancestries back to the migrants from the Chuang Guandong era, Northeastern Chinese were more culturally uniform compared to other geographical regions of China . People from

1040-654: The Chinese Civil War . With the encouragement of the Soviet Union , the area was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists , who were victorious in 1949 and have been controlling this region since. Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The overwhelming majority of the population in the Northeast

1092-537: The Northeast Summit to improve policy coordination and integration. The region has experienced difficulty distancing itself from a planned economy, a legacy that began in 1905 with the establishment of the Japanese sphere of influence there. The region's once-abundant raw materials have also depleted and the economy has suffered from bureaucratic inefficiency and protectionist politics. The region is, on

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1144-678: The Pass ) or the Three Provinces ( 東三省 ; 东三省 ; Dōngsānshěng ) referring to Jilin , Heilongjiang , and Fengtian since 1683 when Heilongjiang was split from Jilin. Northeast China was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including the Koreans , Manchus (or Jurchens ), Ulchs , Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai), Sushen , Xianbei , and Mohe . The Han Chinese have settled in Northeast China at several points in history, with

1196-929: The Republic of China , People's Republic of China , Singapore and United Nations . Re-population efforts, such as that of the Qing dynasty in the Southwest, tended to involve Mandarin speakers. Classification of Mandarin lects has undergone several significant changes, though nowadays it is commonly divided as such, based on the distribution of the historical checked tone: as well as other lects, which do not neatly fall into these categories, such as Mandarin Junhua varieties. Varieties of Mandarin can be defined by their universally lost -m final, low number of tones, and smaller inventory of classifiers , among other features. Mandarin lects also often have rhotic erhua rimes, though

1248-486: The Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages. The Northeast is an important breadbasket region of China, as the Northeast China Plain has the largest stretch of arable flatland in the country, with an abundance of fertile black soil . The rural population heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of

1300-511: The Northeast would first identify themselves as "Northeasterners" ( 东北人 ) before affiliating to individual provinces and cities/towns. Ethnic Manchus form the second significant ethnic group in Northeast China, followed by the Mongols , Koreans , and the Huis , as well as 49 other ethnic minorities such as Daurs , Sibos , Hezhens , Oroqens , Evenks , and Kyrgyz . Located in the Northeast

1352-426: The Northeast, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley . The region possesses large flocks of sheep , and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however,

1404-626: The Northeast. The name Manchuria is an exonym of Japanese origin, derived from the endonym Manchu and first used in the 18th or 19th century, though not itself used by the Manchus or Chinese people. Variations of Manchuria which arrived in European languages through Dutch , as a calque of the Japanese Manshū ( 満州 'Region of the Manchus'). The toponym has since become associated with Japanese colonialism. Its use

1456-522: The amount of its use may vary between lects. Loss of checked tone is an often cited criterion for Mandarin languages, though lects such as Yangzhounese and Taiyuannese show otherwise. Northeastern Mandarin is spoken in Heilongjiang , Jilin , most of Liaoning and northeastern Inner Mongolia , whereas Beijing Mandarin is spoken in northern Hebei , most of Beijing , parts of Tianjin and Inner Mongolia . The two families' most notable features are

1508-591: The conquest of the Qing Dynasty , who then set up Willow Palisades during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor and prohibited any settlement of Han Chinese into the region. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han into the Northeast so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in the region by the 1780s. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria,

1560-405: The dark checked into the dark level tone, the light checked into light level or departing based on the manner of articulation of the initial , and vowel breaking in tong rime series' ( 通攝 ) checked-tone words, among other features. Jilu Mandarin can be classified into Baotang, Shiji, Canghui and Zhangli. Zhangli is of note due to its preservation of a separate checked tone. Jiaoliao Mandarin

1612-593: The decline of its economic growth and population , the region is often referred to as China's Rust Belt . As a result, a campaign named Northeast Area Revitalization Plan was launched in the 2000s by the State Council of the People's Republic of China , in which five prefectures of eastern Inner Mongolia, namely Hulunbuir , Hinggan , Tongliao , Chifeng and Xilin Gol , are also formally defined as regions of

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1664-496: The discovery of the Daqing oil field in 1959. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant. In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and Shandong ,

1716-412: The distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled Chinese cabbage , which is called " suan cai ", is preserved and used for cooking. Different from other parts of Northern China, rice is consumed more in Northeast China. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are

1768-644: The extinct Taz language of Russia is also a Northeastern Mandarin language. Beijing is sometimes included in Northeastern Mandarin due to its distribution of the historical dark checked tone, though is listed as its own group by others, often due to its more regular light checked tones. Jilu Mandarin is spoken in southern Hebei and western Shandong , and is often represented with Jinannese . Notable cities that use Jilu Mandarin lects include Cangzhou , Shijiazhuang , Jinan and Baoding . Characteristically Jilu Mandarin features include merging

1820-401: The family is classified into at least seven main families. These families are classified based on five main evolutionary criteria: The varieties within one family may not be mutually intelligible with each other. For instance, Wenzhounese and Ningbonese are not highly mutually intelligible. The Language Atlas of China identifies ten groups: with Jin, Hui, Pinghua, and Tuhua not part of

1872-561: The first Chinese kingdom to enter the area being the state of Yan . The region came under the rule of various states throughout history, including Yan, Gija Joseon , Wiman Joseon , Buyeo , Western Han , Goguryeo , Xin dynasty , Eastern Han , Gongsun Yan , Cao Wei , Western Jin , Former Yan , Former Qin , Later Yan , Tang dynasty , Wu Zhou , Balhae , Liao dynasty , Jin dynasty , Eastern Liao , Later Liao , Eastern Xia , Mongol Empire , Yuan dynasty , Northern Yuan , Ming dynasty , Qing dynasty , and Republic of China . During

1924-564: The following briefs. This is a language family first proposed by linguist Zhengzhang Shangfang , and was expanded to include Longjia and Luren. It likely split off from the rest of Sinitic during the Old Chinese period. The languages included are all considered minority languages in China and are spoken in the Southwest . The languages are: All other Sinitic languages henceforth would be considered Chinese. The Chinese branch of

1976-482: The former Soviet Union . Jin is spoken in most of Shanxi , western Hebei , northern Shaanxi , northern Henan and central Inner Mongolia , often represented by Taiyuannese . It was first proposed as a lect separate from the rest of Mandarin by Li Rong , where it was proposed as lects in and around Shanxi with a checked tone, though this stance is not without disagreement. Jin varieties also often has disyllabic words derived from syllable splitting (分音詞), through

2028-567: The founding of the People's Republic of China , Northeast China continued to be a major industrial base of the country, and has been hailed as "the Republic's eldest son" ( 共和国长子 ). Recent years, however, have seen the stagnation of Northeast China's heavy-industry-based economy, as China's economy continues to liberalize and privatize; the government has initialized the Revitalize the Northeast campaign to counter this problem, and established

2080-540: The heavy use of rhotic erhua and seemingly random distribution of the dark checked tone, and generally having four tones with the contours of high flat, rising, dipping, and falling. Northeastern Mandarin, especially in Heilongjiang, contains many loanwords from Russian. Northeastern Mandarin lects can be divided into three main groups, namely Hafu (including Harbinnese and Changchunnese ), Jishen (including Jilinnese and Shenyangnese ), and Heisong. Notably,

2132-409: The historical checked tones with a lesser muddy ( 次濁 ) and clear ( 清 ) initial together with the rising tone, and those with a fully muddy ( 全濁 ) initial are merged with the light level tone. Lanyin Mandarin, spoken in northern Ningxia, parts of Gansu, and northern Xinjiang, is sometimes grouped with Central Plains Mandarin due to its merged lesser light and dark checked tones, though it is realised as

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2184-734: The hometowns of most of the Han Chinese who migrated into Northeast China during the Chuang Guandong . Northeast China also takes cultural inspiration from the Tungusic peoples . There are two main varieties of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Northeast China. The most widely spoken lect is Northeastern Mandarin , commonly as dongbeihua ( simplified Chinese : 东北话 ; traditional Chinese : 東北話 ; pinyin : Dōngběihuà ; lit. 'northeastern speech'), spoken throughout Heilongjiang, Jilin, and most of Liaoning. It

2236-753: The infixation of /(u)əʔ l/ . 笨 pəŋ꜄   → 薄 pəʔ꜇ 愣 ləŋ꜄ 笨 {} 薄 愣 pəŋ꜄ → pəʔ꜇ ləŋ꜄ 'stupid' 滾 ꜂kʊŋ   → 骨 kuəʔ꜆ 攏 ꜂lʊŋ 滾 {} 骨 攏 ꜂kʊŋ → kuəʔ꜆ ꜂lʊŋ 'to roll' As per the Language Atlas by Li, Jin is divided into Dabao, Zhanghu, Wutai, Lüliang, Bingzhou, Shangdang, Hanxin, and Zhiyan branches. Spoken in Yunnan , Guizhou , northern Guangxi , most of Sichuan , southern Gansu and Shaanxi , Chongqing , most of Hubei and bordering parts of Hunan , as well as Kokang of Myanmar and parts of northern Thailand , Southwestern Mandarin speakers take up

2288-715: The largest plain in China, with an area of over 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi). It is separated from the Russian Far East to the north by the Amur , Argun , and Ussuri Rivers; from North Korea to the south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers ; and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River . Due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector and

2340-809: The late Qing dynasty, Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok . The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur . During the Warlord Era in the Republic of China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but

2392-428: The main attraction of a meal. Errenzhuan , yangge , Jilin opera and stilts are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. " Northeastern Cradle Song " is an example of the folk songs of this region. Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports . Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China. In 2019,

2444-596: The most area and population of all Mandarinic language groups, and would be the eighth most spoken language in the world if separated from the rest of Mandarin. Southwestern Mandarinic tends to not have retroflex consonants , and merges all checked tone categories together. Except for Minchi , which has a standalone checked category, the checked tone is merged with another category. Representative lects include Wuhannese and Sichuanese , and sometimes Kunmingnese . Southwestern Mandarin tends to be split into Chuanqian, Xishu, Chuanxi, Yunnan, Huguang and Guiliu branches. Minchi

2496-545: The path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. This resulted in the local Han Chinese population growing to over 20 million before the Second Sino-Japanese War . After the establishment of the People's Republic of China at the end of

2548-596: The seven traditional groups. Varieties of Mandarin are used in the Western Regions , the Southwest , Huguang , Inner Mongolia , Central Plains and the Northeast , by around three-quarters of the Sinitic-speaking population. Historically, the prestige variety has always been Mandarin, which is still reflected today in Standard Chinese . Standard Chinese is now an official language of

2600-515: The term Dongbei renaissance was coined by the rapper Gem to describe a revival in interest in the culture of the Northeast after his song Yelang Disco went viral. Artwork associated with the Dongbei renaissance often incorporates nostalgia for the "corny" aesthetics of the 1970s boom period of the Northeast, self-deprecating humor, and speculations on the decline and potential future of the economically depressed region. Notable works associated with

2652-764: The whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Major cities include Shenyang , Dalian , Harbin , Changchun and Anshan , all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since

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2704-465: Was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The last Qing emperor, Puyi , was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . After the atomic bombing of Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the region as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the Communist People's Liberation Army in

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