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60-588: The name of Tskhinvali is derived from the Old Georgian Krtskhinvali ( Georgian : ქრცხინვალი ), from earlier Krtskhilvani ( Georgian : ქრცხილვანი ), literally meaning "the land of hornbeams ", which is the historical name of the city. See ცხინვალი for more. From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri ( Georgian : სტალინირი , Ossetian : Сталинир ), which was compilation of Joseph Stalin 's surname with Ossetian word "Ir" which means Ossetia . Modern Ossetians call

120-403: A case suffix is realized as y- after a vowel, and this allophonic y has its own letter in the alphabet, for example: ႣႤႣႠჂ ⟨deday deda-y mother- NOM ႨႤႱႭჃჂႱႠ iesoüysa⟩ iesu-ysa Jesus- GEN ႣႤႣႠჂ ႨႤႱႭჃჂႱႠ ⟨deday iesoüysa⟩ deda-y iesu-ysa mother-NOM Jesus-GEN "the mother of Jesus" The Asomtavruli alphabet contains three letters which are not needed for

180-416: A commercial town with a mixed Georgian Jewish , Georgian , Armenian and Ossetian population. In 1917, it had 600 houses with 38.4% Georgian Jews , 34.4% Georgians, 17.7% Armenians and 8.8% Ossetians. The town saw clashes between Georgian People's Guard and pro- Bolshevik Ossetian peasants during the 1918–20 period, when Georgia gained brief independence from Russia. Soviet rule was established by

240-414: A factory producing automotive electrical equipment, a large-panel construction complex, and companies in the food industry. The Sadonsky industrial center has grown around the mining and forest industries. Despite the proximity to Chechnya, North Ossetia is making efforts to develop its tourist industry. Projects under a program for spa, resort, and tourism development have been successfully implemented in

300-405: A few based directly on their Greek counterparts (cf. Greek Φ Θ Χ [pʰ tʰ kʰ], Asomtavruli Ⴔ Ⴇ Ⴕ ). Old Georgian orthography is quite consistent, in the sense that the same word is usually written in the same way in all instances. Spelling is nearly phonemic, with almost all phonemes exclusively represented by a single letter. The exceptions are described below. The most conspicuous exception to

360-531: A mixed spelling). North Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania North Ossetia ( Russian : Северная Осетия , romanized :  Severnaya Osetiya ; Ossetian : Цæгат Ирыстон/Иристон , romanized:  Cægat Iryston/Iriston ), officially the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania , is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe . It borders the country of Georgia to

420-503: A part of the Caucasus. Mount Kazbek is the highest point (5,033 m), with Mount Jimara being the second-highest (4,780 m). Natural resources include minerals ( copper , silver , zinc ), timber , mineral waters , hydroelectric power , and untapped reserves of oil and gas . The climate is moderately continental . The territory of North Ossetia was first inhabited by Caucasian tribes. Some Nomadic Alans settled in

480-601: A result, some 70,000 South Ossetian refugees were resettled in North Ossetia. Additionally, North Ossetia provoked the predominantly Ingush population in the Prigorodny District , which sparked the Ossetian–Ingush conflict . The results of the conflict were that 7,000 Ossetians and 64,000 Ingush refugees had to flee their homes. On 23 March 1995, North Ossetia–Alania signed a power-sharing agreement with

540-705: A single letter ⴓ ⟨u⟩ (modern Mkhedruli script უ ). A matching Asomtavruli single-letter counterpart Ⴓ was then devised; this letter was not part of the original alphabet, and was not used in the Old Georgian period. The semivowel w is written in two ways, depending on its position within the word. When it occurs directly after a consonant, it is written with the digraph ႭჃ ⟨oü⟩ , for example ႹႭჃႤႬ ⟨choüen⟩ chwen "we", ႢႭჃႰႨႲႨ ⟨goürit’i⟩ gwrit’i "turtledove". The digraph ႭჃ ⟨oü⟩ thus represents both w and u , without differentiation in

600-576: A venerated Pedagogical Institute (currently Tskhinvali State University) and a drama theatre. According to the last Soviet census (in 1989), Tskhinvali had a population of 42,934, and according to the census of Republic of South Ossetia in 2015, the population was 30,432 people. During the acute phase of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict , Tskhinvali was a scene of ethnic tensions and ensuing armed confrontation between Georgian and Ossetian forces. The 1992 Sochi ceasefire accord left Tskhinvali in

660-526: Is a sizable Muslim minority. Ethnic Russians and Ingush , who form a majority in neighboring Ingushetia , form substantial minorities in the republic. The Ossetia region traces its history back to the ancient Alans , who founded the Kingdom of Alania in the 8th century and adopted Christianity in the 9th century. The kingdom would fall to the Mongols in the 13th century. From 1774 to 1806, Ossetia

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720-574: Is also a large availability of construction materials, such as clay , sand , and gravel . The local oil deposit reserves are estimated at 10 million metric tons. The agricultural sector is varied and specializes in the cultivation of wheat, corn, and sunflowers; horticulture; viticulture; and cattle and sheep breeding. North Ossetia’s industry is mainly concentrated in Vladikavkaz . Major companies located here include Elektrotsink, Gazoapparat, an instrument-making plant, Elektrokontraktor,

780-591: Is very nearly phonemic, showing an excellent "fit" between phonemes and graphemes. It is clearly modelled on the Greek alphabet, showing basically the same alphabetic order, and with letters representing non-Greek phonemes gathered at the end. Apart from letters for nearly all Georgian phonemes, the alphabet also contains three letters representing Greek phonemes not found in Georgian ( ē , ü and ō ). Most individual letters seem to be entirely independent designs, with only

840-414: Is written ႤႢჃႮႲႤ ⟨egüp’t’e⟩ egwip’t’e "Egypt" (cf. modern Georgian ეგვიპტე egvip’t’e ). In native words, the letter Ⴥ ⟨ō⟩ was mainly used to write the vocative particle, for example: Ⴥ ⟨ō o ႣႤႣႨႩႠႺႭ dedik’atso⟩ dedik’atso Ⴥ ႣႤႣႨႩႠႺႭ ⟨ō dedik’atso⟩ o dedik’atso "o woman!" The letters Ⴡ ⟨ē⟩ and Ⴣ ⟨ü⟩ on

900-607: The East Iranian group. Ossetian is the only Iranic language spoken natively in Europe that survives to this day. Russian, acting as a lingua franca in the region, is an East Slavic language and as such also belongs to the Indo-European family, which means the two languages are related, albeit distantly. According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people, 49% of the population of North Ossetia–Alania adheres to

960-726: The Georgian SSR . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the republic experienced internal conflict like in much of the North Caucasus. In 1992, a brief ethnic war between Ossetians and the predominantly Muslim Ingush population in the Prigorodny District took place. The republic has experienced spillover from the Chechen conflict , most notably in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege . Proposals for Russia to annex South Ossetia in order to incorporate

1020-726: The North Caucasus region and in Russia . It ranks first in terms of its telecom network installations in the Southern Federal District. The republic ranks fourth in Russia in terms of its paved roads, and its expanding transport and logistics complex provides communication networks between Russia and the South Caucasus, as well as Central Asia. The complex includes two federal highways ( Georgian Military Road connects Vladikavkaz with Transcaucasia ) running across

1080-647: The Ossetian victims of the Russo-Georgian War . There was a railway service before 1991 at the Tskhinvali Railway station connecting the city with Gori . Tskhinvali is twinned with the following cities: Old Georgian Old Georgian (ႤႬႠჂ ႵႠႰႧႭჃႪႨ, enay kartuli ) is a literary language of the Georgian monarchies attested from the 5th century. The language remains in use as

1140-545: The Russian Orthodox Church , 10% declare to be unaffiliated Christian believers, 2% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox bodies. The second-largest religion is Ossetian ethnic religion , generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, "True Faith"), a Scythian religion organized into movements such as the Atsata Church, comprising 29% of

1200-675: The Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three people; the first secretary of the North Ossetia Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and

1260-726: The invading Red Army in March 1921, and a year later, in 1922, Tskhinvali was made a capital of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the Georgian SSR . Subsequently, the town became largely Ossetian due to intense urbanisation and Soviet Korenizatsiya ("nativization") policy which induced an inflow of the Ossetians from the nearby rural areas into Tskhinvali. It was essentially an industrial centre, with lumber mills and manufacturing plants, and had also several cultural and educational institutions such as

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1320-830: The liturgical language of the Georgian Orthodox Church and for the most part is still intelligible . Spoken Old Georgian gave way to what is classified as Middle Georgian in the 11th century, which in turn developed into the modern Georgian language in the 18th century. Two periods are distinguished within Old Georgian: Early Old Georgian (5th to 8th centuries) and Classical Old Georgian (9th to 11th centuries). Two different dialects are represented in Early Old Georgian, known as Khanmet’i (ხანმეტი, 5th to 7th c.) and Haemet’i (ჰაემეტი, 7th and 8th c.). They are so named after

1380-623: The 17th century by Kabardians . Conflicts between the Khanate of Crimea and the Ottoman Empire eventually pushed Ossetia into an alliance with Imperial Russia in the 18th century. Soon, Russia established a military base in the capital, Vladikavkaz , making it the first Russian-controlled area in the northern Caucasus. By 1806, Ossetia was under complete Russian control. The Russians’ rule led to rapid development of industry and railways which overcame its isolation. The first books from

1440-466: The 3rd century AD Georgian king Aspacures II of Iberia with its foundation as a fortress. By the early 18th century, Tskhinvali was a small "royal town" populated chiefly by monastic serfs. Tskhinvali was annexed to the Russian Empire along with the rest of eastern Georgia in 1801. Located on a trade route which linked North Caucasus to Tbilisi and Gori , Tskhinvali gradually developed into

1500-576: The Caucasus, many intellectuals in the North Ossetian ASSR called for the revival of the name of Alania , a medieval kingdom of the Alans . The term "Alania" quickly became popular in Ossetian daily life through the names of various enterprises, TV channels, political and civic organizations, publishing house, football team, etc. In November 1994, the name "Alania" was officially added to

1560-477: The Greater Caucasus Range , two customs checkpoints for cars, a developed railway network, Vladikavkaz international airport, and well-equipped transport terminals. Population : 687,357 ( 2021 Census ) ; 712,980 ( 2010 Census ) ; 710,275 ( 2002 Census ) ; 634,009 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Number of refugees : 12,570 Life expectancy: The majority of

1620-666: The actual cash earnings increased by 42.5 percent. In terms of the average monthly wage growth, the Republic ranks first in the North Caucasus. The regional government’s economic priorities include industrial growth, development of small enterprise, spas, and resorts, and strengthening the budgetary and tax discipline. The largest companies in the region include Elektrozinc, Sevkavkazenergo, Pobedit (tungsten and molybdenum producer). The most widespread resources are zinc - and lead -containing complex ores. There are deposits of limestone , dolomites , marble , and touchstone . There

1680-409: The antipenultimate (third-to-last) syllable of a word, exceptionally, stress fell on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable of a word if the word contained the question particle -Ⴀ (-a), e.g ႫႭႥႨႣႠ (móvida, "s/he/it came") but ႫႭႥႨႣႠႠ (movidáa? "Did s/he/it come?"). Old Georgian was written in its own alphabetic script, known as Asomtavruli "capital letters" or Mrglovani "rounded". The alphabet

1740-812: The area came during the late 18th century, and became part of the Terskaya Region of Russia in the mid-19th century. The Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in North Ossetia being merged into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. It then became the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast on 7 July 1924, then merged into the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 5 December 1936. In World War II , it

1800-485: The basis for health spas, these mineral waters also have the potential to be bottled and sold. North Ossetian mineral waters are known for their unique qualities, as well as special mineral composition. In terms of its infrastructure, North Ossetia–Alania ranks second in the Southern Federal District and 10th in the nation. The republic has some of the most extensive telecommunication networks in

1860-527: The capital of South Ossetia . Before the 2008 war it had a population of approximately 30,000. The town remained significantly impoverished in the absence of a permanent political settlement between the two sides in the past two decades. On August 21, 2008, a world-known Russian conductor and director of the Mariinsky Theatre , of Ossetian origin, Valery Gergiev conducted a concert near the ruined building of South Ossetian parliament in memory of

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1920-480: The city Tskhinval (leaving off the final "i", which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian name of the city is Chreba ( Ossetian : Чъреба ) which is only spread as a colloquial word. The name Chreba comes from the Georgian Ḳreba ( Georgian : კრება ), literally meaning "gathering" due to the city historically serving as a trading point. The area around the present-day Tskhinvali

1980-467: The city's high-rise apartment blocks are located), and the old Jewish Quarter, were completely destroyed. Located in the Caucasus , at 860 metres (2,820 ft) above sea level, Tskhinvali has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ), with an average annual precipitation of 805 millimetres (31.7 in). Summers are mild and winters are cold, with snowfalls . Currently, Tskhinvali functions as

2040-479: The federal government, granting it autonomy. However, this agreement was abolished on 2 September 2002. Following the de facto independence of South Ossetia, there have been proposals in this state of joining Russia and uniting with North Ossetia. As well as dealing with the effects of the conflict in South Ossetia, North Ossetia has had to deal with refugees and the occasional spillover of fighting from

2100-547: The hands of Ossetians . A considerable part of the population of South Ossetia (at least, 30,000 out of 70,000) fled into North Ossetia–Alania prior or immediately after the start of the 2008 war. However, many civilians were killed during the shelling and the following Battle of Tskhinvali (162 civilian deaths were documented by the Russian team of investigators and 365 – by the South Ossetian authorities). The town

2160-456: The head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the fundamental law of the region. The Parliament of North Ossetia–Alania is the republic’s regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising

2220-558: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Republic’s Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of

2280-521: The mountainous part of the republic, according to the head of the regional government. There are nearly 3,000 historical monuments in the Republic and more than half of its area is occupied by Alania National Park , the North Ossetia National Preserve, and game preserves. There are more than 250 therapeutic, mineral, and freshwater springs in the republic with estimated daily reserves of 15,000 cubic meters. Besides providing

2340-410: The one described for modern Georgian, between [w] in postconsonantal position and [ʋ] or [β] in other positions. In modern Georgian spelling (as standardized in 1879), both [w] and [ʋ/β] are consistently written with ვ ⟨v⟩ , and spellings with Ⴅ ⟨v⟩ instead of the expected ႭჃ ⟨oü⟩ are already found in Old Georgian. The initial vowel i- of

2400-672: The other hand were frequently used in the spelling of native words, as a short-hand way of representing the sequences ey and wi , for example ႫႤႴჁ ⟨mepē⟩ mepey "king", ႶჃႬႭჂ ⟨ghünoy⟩ ghwinoy "wine". Spelling can thus vary within a paradigm, for example ႱႨႲႷႭჃႠჂ ⟨sit’q’oüay⟩ sit’q’wa-y "word" (nominative case) vs. ႱႨႲႷჃႱႠ ⟨sit’q’üsa⟩ sit’q’w-isa (genitive). The sequences ey and wi could also be written out in full however, for example ႫႤႴႤჂ ⟨mepey⟩ mepey , ႶႭჃႨႬႭჂ ⟨ghoüinoy⟩ ghwinoy "wine" (also ႶჃႨႬႭჂ ⟨ghüinoy⟩ ,

2460-445: The population of North Ossetia are Christians who belong to the Russian Orthodox Church , although there is also a Muslim minority who are of Ossetian -speaking origin. According to the 2021 Census , Ossetians make up 68.1% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (18.9%), Ingush (3.8%), Kumyks (2.8%), Armenians (1.8%), Georgians (1.0%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 1% of

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2520-590: The population. Muslims constitute 4% of the population, and Protestants the 1%. In addition, 1% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious " and 3% to be atheist . The most important facilities of higher education include North Caucasus State Technological University , North Ossetian State University , North Ossetian State Medical Academy , and Mountain State Agrarian University  – all in Vladikavkaz. During

2580-610: The presence of a second-person subject prefix and a third-person object prefix kh- or h- in the verbal morphology where Classical Old Georgian has h- , s- or zero. The corpus of Early Old Georgian texts is limited in size, consisting of a dozen inscriptions and eight manuscripts containing religious texts. The literature in Classical Old Georgian has a wider scope, including philosophical and historiographical works. Old Georgian had 29 phonemic consonants and 5 phonemic vowels. The native spelling also distinguishes

2640-626: The region in the 7th century, forming the Kingdom of Alania . It was eventually converted to Christianity by missionaries from Byzantium . Alania greatly profited from the Silk Road which passed through its territory. After the Middle Ages , the Mongols ’ and Tartars ’ repeated invasions decimated the population, now known as the Ossetians . Islam was introduced to the region in

2700-412: The republic and neighboring South Ossetia . Ossetian is an east Iranian language descended from the medieval Alanic and ancient Sarmatian languages. Unlike many ethnic groups in the North Caucasus, the majority of Ossetians are Christians, predominantly Eastern Orthodox . Almost 30% of the population adheres to Ossetian ethnic religion , generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, "True Faith"), and there

2760-463: The republic contribute to the successful development of various economic sectors, which is compounded by the abundance of natural resources. Gross regional product pro capita of the region in 2006 was 61,000 rubles ($ 2,596) and increased 30% in the 2005–2007 time period. GRP pro capita in 2007 was 76,455 rubles. From 2005 to 2007, the average monthly wage in North Ossetia–Alania doubled, with

2820-532: The republic’s title (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania). The republic is located in the North Caucasus . The northern part of the republic is situated in the Stavropol Plain . 22% of the republic’s territory is covered by forests. All of the republic’s rivers belong to the drainage basin of the Terek River . Major rivers include: All of the mountains located on the territory of the republic are

2880-400: The rule that each phoneme is written with its own letter is the vowel u , which is consistently written with the digraph ႭჃ ⟨oü⟩ , for example ႮႭჃႰႨ ⟨p’oüri⟩ p’uri "bread". This usage was evidently adopted from Greek spelling, which writes /u/ as ⟨ου⟩ . In the later Nuskhuri script, the original digraph ⴍⴣ ⟨oü⟩ merged into

2940-490: The semivowel y , which is an allophone of the vowel i in postvocalic position. The table shows the consonants in the National Transliteration System (2002). This system leaves aspiration unmarked, and marks glottalization with an apostrophe. International Phonetic Alphabet equivalents are included in square brackets when different. According to Schanidse, word stress in Old Georgian fell on

3000-520: The south, and the Russian federal subjects of Kabardino-Balkaria to the west, Stavropol Krai to the north, Chechnya to the east and Ingushetia to the southeast. Its population according to the 2021 Census was 687,357. The republic’s capital city is Vladikavkaz , located on the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. The majority of the republic's population (68.1% as of 2021) are Ossetians , an Iranian ethnic group native to

3060-450: The spelling, for example ႵႭჃႧႨ ⟨khoüti⟩ khuti "five" vs. ႤႵႭჃႱႨ ⟨ekoüsi⟩ ekwsi "six". In all other positions, w is written with the letter Ⴅ ⟨v⟩ , for example ႧႭႥႪႨ ⟨tovli⟩ towli "snow", ႥႤႪႨ ⟨veli⟩ weli "field", ႩႠႰႠႥႨ ⟨k’aravi⟩ k’arawi "tent". The two spellings of w clearly represent an allophonic variation like

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3120-488: The total population. 41,062 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. There are two official languages in North Ossetia: Russian , which is official in all Russian territory, and Ossetian . Ossetian is an Indo-European language, belonging to

3180-529: The two as one entity exist to this day. Ossetian cuisine is distinguished as an integral aspect of Ossetian culture. Ossetian-style pies such as Fydzhin (a meat pie ) are a quintessential component of Ossetian cuisine. The "three pies" concept holds special symbolic significance, and representing the Sun, Earth, and water. In the last years of the Soviet Union , as nationalist movements swept throughout

3240-408: The wars around them. This notably manifested in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege by Chechen terrorists. In recent years, North Ossetia–Alania’s economic development has been successful; the indicators of the republic’s social and economic development between 2005 and 2007 revealed a stable growth of all sectors of the economy and major social parameters. The nature and climatic conditions of

3300-565: The writing of native words: Ⴡ ⟨ē⟩ , Ⴣ ⟨ü⟩ and Ⴥ ⟨ō⟩ . These were added to the alphabet in order to make possible a letter-for-letter transliteration of Greek names and loanwords. They were indeed occasionally used to write the Greek vowels ē (ēta), ü (ypsilon) and ō (ōmega). As these vowels are alien to Georgian, they were replaced in actual pronunciation by ey , wi and ow respectively, as can be deduced from old variant spellings, and from corresponding modern forms. For example, Greek Αἴγυπτος

3360-514: Was first populated back in the Bronze Age . The unearthed settlements and archaeological artifacts from that time are unique in that they reflect influences from both Iberian (east Georgia) and Colchian (west Georgia) cultures with possible Sarmatian elements. Tskhinvali was first chronicled by Georgian sources in 1398 as a village in Kartli (central Georgia) though a later account credits

3420-669: Was heavily damaged during the battle due to extensive shelling by the Georgian Army . Andrey Illarionov visited the town in October 2008, and reported that Jewish Quarter indeed was in ruins, though he observed that the ruins were overgrown with shrubs and trees, which indicates that the destruction took place during the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War . However, Mark Ames , who was covering the last war for The Nation , stated that Tskhinvali's main residential district, nicknamed Shanghai because of its population density (it's where most of

3480-607: Was part of the Russian SFSR , and South Ossetia , part of the Georgian SSR . In December 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR abolished the autonomous Ossetian enclave amid the rising ethnic tensions in the region , which was further fanned by Moscow; a lot of the conflict zone population, faced with the ethnic cleansing, was forced to flee across the border to either North Ossetia or Georgia proper. As

3540-539: Was slowly incorporated into the Russian Empire , which would split the region into a northern part included in the Terek Oblast , and a southern one included in the Tiflis and Kutaisi governorates. This partition would persist in the Soviet period , where North Ossetia was made into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian SFSR , while South Ossetia became an autonomous oblast within

3600-424: Was subject to a number of attacks by Nazi German invaders unsuccessfully trying to seize Vladikavkaz in 1942. The North Ossetian ASSR declared itself the autonomous republic of the Soviet Union on 20 June 1990. Its name was changed to the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania in 1994. The dissolution of the Soviet Union posed particular problems for the Ossetian people, who were divided between North Ossetia, which

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