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30-582: The church of San Giuseppe dei Falegnami now stands above the Mamertine. The origins of the prison's names are uncertain. The traditional derivation of "Tullianum" is from the name of one of the Roman kings Tullus Hostilius or Servius Tullius (the latter is found in Livy , Varro , and also Sallust ); there is an alternative theory that it is from the archaic Latin tullius "a jet of water", in reference to

60-598: A praetor 's house in Rome, where he could be trotted out as a dinner-party guest. The Tullianum only rarely played a role in these detentions. Captured foreign rulers or generals were paraded in a Roman conqueror's triumph , and on a few occasions the "most prominent, famous, or dastardly" were executed afterward at the Tullianum. These were "strikingly few" in number, and included the Samnite Gaius Pontius ,

90-564: A collapse of two of the four roof trusses, and it was closed to the public. [1] During restoration, conservators found that knowledge of coffered ceiling construction methods was underdeveloped, as research had mostly focused on their artistic and historic aspects. [2] This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Samnium Second Samnite War Third Samnite War Samnium ( Italian : Sannio )

120-510: A house in the southern Campus Martius that became the church San Paolo alla Regola . It is not known when the prison went out of service permanently, but the site has been used for Christian worship since medieval times, and is currently occupied by two superimposed churches: San Giuseppe dei Falegnami (upper) and San Pietro in Carcere (lower). The Cross on the altar in the lower chapel is upside down, since according to tradition Saint Peter

150-674: A precise definition of Samnium's borders. Moreover, the areas it included vary depending on the time period considered. The main configurations are the borders it had during the floruit of the Oscan speakers, from about 600 BC to about 290 BC, when it was finally absorbed by the Roman Republic . The original territory of Samnium should not be confused with the later territory of the same name. Rome's first Emperor , Augustus , divided Italy into 11 regions. Although these entities only served administrative purposes, and were identified with

180-532: A synthetic view of the ethnology of proto-historic Italy is an incomplete and ongoing task. The linguist Julius Pokorny carries the etymology somewhat further back. Conjecturing that the -a- was altered from an -o- during some prehistoric residence in Illyria he derives the names from an o-grade extension *swo-bho- of an extended e-grade *swe-bho- of the possessive adjective, *s(e)we-, of the reflexive pronoun, *se-, "oneself" (the source of English self). The result

210-474: A timely death in jail during trial. Some Gracchan sympathizers ended up in the Carcer , where the haruspex Herennius Siculus hit his head on an architrave and died before he could be executed. There is no evidence that the Tullianum was used for long-term incarceration, and the lowest dungeon was unsuited for the purpose; the level above, however, in theory might have been. In general, long-term incarceration

240-724: Is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites . Their own endonyms were Safinim for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and Safineis for the people. The language of these endonyms and of the population was the Oscan language . However, not all the Samnites spoke Oscan, and not all the Oscan-speakers lived in Samnium. Ancient geographers were unable to relay

270-830: Is a Roman Catholic church located next to the Roman Forum in Rome , Italy . In the 11th-century, the Santi Pietro e Paolo in Carcere (St. Peter & St. Paul in Prison) Church was built here over the Mamertine Prison , which by legend was the incarceration site of Saint Peter and Saint Paul . In 1540, the Congregation of the Carpenters obtained authorization to build a new church here upon

300-608: Is a set of Indo-European tribal names (if not the endonym of the Indo-Europeans): Germanic Suebi and Semnones , Suiones; Celtic Senones ; Slavic Serbs and Sorbs ; Italic Sabelli , Sabini , etc., as well as a large number of kinship terms. The general concept is "our own kith and kin", Pokorny's von eigener Art ("of our own kind"), Gesamtheit der eigenen Leute ("the totality of our own people"), Liebe ("love"), Sippegenossen ("clan comrades"), Sippenangehörigen ("clan members"), and

330-600: Is mentioned in the Twelve Tables and throughout the Digest . "Detention", however, includes debt bondage in the early Republic ; the wearing of chains (vincula publica) , mainly for slaves ; and during the Imperial era a sentence of hard labor at the mills, mines or quarries. Slaves or lower-status citizens sentenced to hard labor were held in prison camps. Incarceration (publica custodia) in facilities such as

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360-641: The Gaul Vercingetorix , some "Cilician" pirates , and the Galatian Adiatorix . Jugurtha , king of Numidia , may have been executed at the conclusion of Marius 's triumph, or he may have died in prison several days afterward. Most high-status war captives were neither executed nor held for any substantial length of time in the Tullianum. Although Saint Paul is said to have been held in Mamertine Prison, he awaited trial in

390-758: The Hirpini (main cities: Beneventum , Abellinum , Aquilonia ). They may have later been joined by the Frentani (capital Larinum , the modern Larino ). The earliest written record of the people is a treaty with the Romans from 354 BC, which set their border at the Liris River . Shortly thereafter the Samnite Wars broke out; they won an important battle against the Roman army in 321 BC, and their imperium reached its peak in 316 BC after further gains from

420-533: The Populares in the civil war against Lucius Cornelius Sulla , but unfortunately for them, Sulla ended up winning the war and was declared the dictator of Rome. Sulla ordered all those who went against him to be punished. Thousands of people in Rome and all over Italy were brutally hunted down and killed. Samnites, who were one of the most prominent supporters of the Populares, were punished so severely that it

450-663: The Romans. By 290 BC, the Romans were able to break the Samnites' power after some hard-fought battles. The Samnites were one of the Italian peoples that allied with King Pyrrhus of Epirus during the Pyrrhic War . After Pyrrhus left for Sicily , the Romans invaded Samnium and were crushed at the Battle of the Cranita hills , but after the defeat of Pyrrhus, the Samnites could not resist on their own and surrendered to Rome. Some of

480-558: The Sabines, Sabus, seems to support this view. The Greek terms, Saunitai and Saunitis, remain outside the group. Nothing is known of their origin. At some point in prehistory, a population speaking a common language extended over both Samnium and Umbria . Salmon conjectures that it was common Italic and puts forward a date of 600 BC, after which the common language began to separate into dialects. This date does not necessarily correspond to any historical or archaeological evidence; developing

510-567: The Samnites joined and aided Hannibal during the Second Punic War , but most stayed loyal. The Samnites and several other Italic people rebelled against Rome and started the Social War (91–87 BC) , after Romans refused to grant them Roman Citizenship. The war lasted almost three years, and resulted in a Roman victory. However, Samnites and other Italic tribes were granted Roman citizenship, to avoid another war. The Samnites supported

540-652: The Samnites were landlocked, but during a brief period they controlled parts of both coasts of the Italian peninsula . The Samnites were composed of at least four tribes: the Pentri (capital: Bovianum ), the Caraceni (principal cities: Cluviae , the modern Casoli , and Juvanum , the ruins of which are spread between Torricella Peligna and Montenerodomo ), the Caudini (capital: Caudium , today Montesarchio ) and

570-463: The Tullianum and executed there for their alleged plot to overthrow the government. In this case, the executions were conducted hastily, without due process of appeal, during the consulship of Cicero , who was later exiled for his actions. Sejanus was held in the Tullianum before his baroque execution, which involved the Gemonian stairs , and the conflicting accounts of the end of Pleminius include

600-404: The Tullianum was intended to be a temporary measure prior to trial or execution; abuses of this principle occurred but were officially censured. Located near the law courts, the Tullianum was used as a jail or holding cell for short periods before executions and as a site for executions. In 63 BC, certain co-conspirators of Catiline , including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura , were held briefly in

630-446: The cistern. The name "Mamertine" is medieval in origin, and may be a reference to a nearby temple of Mars. According to tradition, the prison was constructed around 640–616 BC, by Ancus Marcius . It was originally created as a cistern for a spring in the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were lowered through an opening into the lower oubliette . Imprisonment was not a sentence under Roman statutory law , though detention

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660-406: The custody of individual Romans, sometimes at their homes or country estates . The line between being a war captive and a hostage lawfully held by treaty was thin, and conditions of captivity could vary widely, from abject misery and humiliation to relative luxury. As a prisoner of war, Perseus of Macedon was placed in a foul, overcrowded dungeon at Alba Fucens ; the son of Tigranes was kept at

690-547: The like. Samnium mostly lay on the Apennine area; it was delimited by Latium to the north, by Lucania to the south, by Campania to the west, and by Apulia to the east. The principal cities of the region were Bovaiamom , renamed Bovianum by Latins (today: Bojano or Boiano) and Maleventum ( Maloenton in Oscan ), which was later renamed Beneventum by the Romans (today: Benevento ). For most of their history

720-468: The nineteenth century. Among the paintings is Nativity (1651) by Carlo Maratta . Next to the church is an oratory, with a wooden ceiling. The Chapel of the Crucifix is located between the church's floor and the Mamertine Prison's ceiling. It became a titular church on February 18, 2012 and received its first Cardinal-Deacon . On August 30, 2018, two thirds of the carved wooden ceiling fell due to

750-499: The ruins of the Santi Pietro e Paolo in Carcere Church. By 1597, work began on a new (current) church dedicated to the patron saint of carpenters, St. Joseph. The initial architect was Giacomo della Porta . At his death (1602), the work was continued by Giovanni Battista Montano who designed the façade . At his death (1621), the work was continued by his pupil Giovanni Battista Soria . The San Giuseppe dei Falegnami Church

780-785: The sole numeral, by scholarly convention the Regio IV has been dubbed " Samnium ". Ancient Samnium had actually been divided into three of the Augustan regions. Etymologically the name Samnium is generally recognized to be a form of the name of the Sabines , who were Umbrians . From Safinim, Sabinus, Sabellus and Samnis an Indo-European root can be extracted, * sabh -, which becomes Sab- in Latino-Faliscan and Saf- in Osco-Umbrian : Sabini and *Safineis. The eponymous god of

810-468: The state. Saint Paul was a Roman citizen tried and executed under Nero . 41°53′36″N 12°29′04″E  /  41.89333°N 12.48444°E  / 41.89333; 12.48444 San Giuseppe dei Falegnami San Giuseppe dei Falegnami ( Italian , "St. Joseph of the Carpenters"), also called San Giuseppe a Campo Vaccino ("St. Joseph at the Cowfield", an old name for the Roman Forum ),

840-536: Was crucified that way . It has been long referenced that St. Peter was imprisoned at the Tullianum, and that the spring in the bottom of the pit came into existence miraculously to enable him to conduct baptisms, but the Catholic Encyclopedia points out that the spring had existed long before, and that there is little first hand account of St. Peter's imprisonment there other than being the only single celled prison available for VIPs deemed threats to

870-501: Was completed in 1663 by Antonio Del Grande (1607-1679), and it was consecrated on November 11, 1663. In 1853, the Chapel of the Crucifix was built between the church’s floor and the prison's ceiling. The church was restored in 1886 with the construction of a new apse. In the 1930s, the façade was raised above the floor to allow direct access to the Mamertine Prison below. The interior has a nave with two side chapels that were decorated in

900-461: Was more widely practiced in the later Empire, and from the 4th century, under Christian rule, Roman laws and occasional personal intervention on the part of an emperor indicate a growing need to crack down on abuses such as filthy conditions and torture. In some cases, it is unclear whether a source using the word carcer means "the" Carcer, or imprisonment in some other facility. High-status prisoners, whether Roman or foreign, were typically held in

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