64-736: The Tungabhadra Dam , also known as Pampa Sagar , is a water reservoir constructed across the Tungabhadra River in the Hosapete - Koppal confluence in Karnataka , India . It is a multipurpose dam serving irrigation, electricity generation, flood control, etc . for the state. It is India's largest stone masonry dam and one of the only two non-cement dams in the country, the other being the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala . The dam
128-583: A board of engineers chaired by Sir M. Visveswaraya , the former prime minister of the Kingdom of Mysore and the chief architect of the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam in Mysore. Excavation of the riverbed started in 1947 and masonry construction on 15 April 1949. With the help of a cofferdam constructed earlier, the foundation excavation was continued even during the floods season. The riverbed portion
192-468: A head discharge of 2300 cusecs and the second stage a lined canal with 4000 cusecs head discharge. The first stage scheme was inaugurated by Sir Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi , Governor of Andhra Pradesh , on 2 October 1956 under the presidency of K. Manjappa , Chief Minister of Mysore . The first stage was almost completed by June 1966 at a cost of Rs. 920 lakhs: the canal was commissioned by releasing water for irrigation on 27 July 1966. The second stage
256-443: A joint scheme with the Kingdom of Hyderabad. N. Paramseswaran Pillai accordingly revised the scheme in 1933. In 1940, Madras ordered a detailed investigation of the scheme. Based on the agreements made, an examination of a number of alternatives was conducted by L. Venkata Krishna Iyer , the then Superintending Engineer, Bellary, and F. M. Dowley, Chief Engineer, both from the kingdom, Between 1942-1947 further detailed investigations of
320-462: A multipurpose dam, is across the river Tungabhadra . The dam is near the town of Hosapete in Karnataka . Its storage capacity is 135 Tmcft . Owing to siltation, the capacity has come down by about 30 tmcft. If there are seasonal and late rains, an estimated 235 tmcft is released. It is filled when water is let into the canals during the rainy season. The main architect of the dam was Thirumalai Iyengar, an engineer from Madras . A general-purpose hall
384-463: A natural boundary between Bellary and Koppal districts and then between Bellary and Raichur districts along its course. After entering Andhra Pradesh, it flows through Mantralaya and then through Kurnool. It receives its tributary Handri river near Kurnool. Then it joins the Krishna near Gundimalla Village of Jogulamba Gadwal district of Telangana state. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River
448-615: A result of the effluents, Tungabhadra is one of the most polluted rivers in the country. Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent odor. Tungabhadra river's pollution has affected 1 million people in the sub-basin as most villages use the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water, previously obtained through an ancient tank system. The livelihood of village fishermen has been harmed by regular fish kills that have exhausted Tungabhadra's fisheries. Diwan of Mysore The dewan of Mysore (sometimes spelled diwan )
512-478: A system of canals to provide irrigation for the lands. Several agreements were reached for harvesting and imposing restrictions on utilising the Tungabhadra waters. Protracted negotiations and investigations lasted for about eighty years. In 1860, Sir Arthur Cotton of Madras Presidency originally conceived the Tungabhadra project. His proposals were further modified and developed subsequently, evolving it into
576-406: A tunnel, named as Papaiah Tunnel, and enters open country. The famine-ridden region of Rayalseema , then comprising the districts of Bellary , Anantapur , Kurnool and Cuddapah , attracted the attention of British engineers as early as 1860. To relieve the intensity of famines in these districts, proposals were made in 1860 to utilise the waters of the Tungabhadra through a storage reservoir and
640-483: A water spread area of 378 square kilometres. The dam is 49.39 meters high above its deepest foundation. The left canals emanating from the reservoir supply water for irrigation to the entirety of Karnataka. The two right bank canals—one at low level and the other at high level—serve irrigation for Karnataka and the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. Hydropower units are installed on canal drops. The reservoir water
704-744: Is a holy pilgrimage site - The Sangameswaram Temple. The Jogulamba Temple(dedicated to Devi) is present near Alampur village. The Sangameswaram Temple (Dedicated to Shiva) is present in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. The Varada flowing through Shimoga , Uttara Kannada and Haveri districts and Vedavathi in Chikkamagalur , Chitradurga and Bellary districts in Karnataka and the Handrail in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh are
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#1732797898473768-526: Is achieved with a 20 km long tunnel from Narayanpur reservoir to the Maski nala reservoir / tank situated at 475 m MSL for drawing nearly 250 tmcft Krishna river water. From this tank, north canal would supply Krishna river water by gravity flow to the lower reaches of Tungabhadra left bank canal in addition to bringing substantial uplands under irrigation in Karnataka and Telangana . From this tank, south canal would supply Krishna river water by gravity flow to
832-584: Is also released from the Maski nala in to downstream Tungabhadra main river to meet continuous water needs of downstream Rajolibanda canal and KC canal. 180 tmcft water in addition to the water diverted from the Almatti reservoir to Tunghbadra reservoir can be utilised for uplands irrigation in Tungabhadra basin and Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh . When these joint projects of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are constructed, nearly 400 tmcft water additionally will be available for irrigation and drinking purposes in
896-416: Is built of surki mortar, a combination of mud and limestone, commonly used at the time of its construction. The dam was a joint project undertaken in 1949 by the erstwhile Kingdom of Hyderabad and Madras Presidency when the construction began; later, after India's constitution into a republic in 1950, it became a joint project between the governments of Madras and Hyderabad states. The construction
960-581: Is seriously affecting fishermen, who are solely dependent on the river for their livelihood. The Sunkesula Barrage near Kurnool city, a long barrage dam , was constructed across the Tungabhadra River around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as Bhagiratha for Rayalaseema , Sir Arthur Cotton . Originally, it was intended to be used for navigation during the British Raj . The barrage
1024-434: Is the presiding deity at this holy place of Alampur- known as Dakshina Kashi, are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas. An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by Sri Krishna Devaraya between 1525 and 1527 AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during
1088-641: Is used to supply water to the downstream barrages Rajolibanda and Sunkesula located on the Tungabhadra River . The identified water use from the project is 220 tmcft by the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal . Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh got 151 tmcft and 79 tmcft water use entitlement respectively. In 1954, the Central Water Commission advised the participating states to execute the water harness project in two stages. The first stage included an unlined canal with
1152-947: The Bay of Bengal . The wedge of land between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna is known as the Raichur Doab . A dam was constructed about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) upstream from Shimoga at Gajanur across the River Tunga. Another dam was constructed at Lakkavalli about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) upstream of Bhadravati across the River Bhadra. They are multipurpose dams (multipurpose dams help in generation of electricity, irrigation of land, prevention and control of floods, etc.) and irrigate lands in Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Davanagere and Haveri. Tungabhadra Dam (TB Dam), also considered
1216-509: The Jog Falls in 1902, Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant in 1923, Krishna Raja Sagara in 1924, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in 1940, Mysore Lamps, Mysore Chemical and Fertilisers Factory, Mysore Paper Mills, Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited , among others. Bangalore was the first city in India to get electric streetlights in 1905 under P. N. Krishnamurti . The State Bank of Mysore
1280-687: The Almatti reservoir FRL is raised to 524 m MSL, this canals full supply level (FSL) can also be increased to 516 m MSL from 510 m MSL to reduce its construction cost and serve more area for irrigation in Karnataka. Nearly 180 tmcft out of 230 tmcft water presently supplied from Tungabhadra reservoir to various canals can be replaced by reliable Krishna river water from the Narayanpur reservoir . These are water supply to mid and lower reaches of Tungabhadra left bank canal, water assistance to Rajolibanda canal , water assistance to KC canal and mid and lower reaches of Tungabhadra right bank low level canal. This
1344-532: The Sandur hills, rich in iron and manganese , beyond which is the town of Hosapete . The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region. The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana border. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into
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#17327978984731408-508: The Sanduru valley. This reservoir will serve as upper pond and existing Tungabhadra reservoir as tail pond for installing pumped-storage hydroelectricity units. The water pumped during the monsoon months into the upper pond can be diverted by gravity to irrigate an extensive area in the uplands up to 600 m MSL in Rayalaseema and Karnataka . This water can be pumped further to meet the drinking water requirements of Bengaluru city. However,
1472-850: The Sanskrit words tunga "high" and bhadra "auspicious". The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the Tunga River and the Bhadra River at Koodli which flow down the eastern slope of the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka . The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of Chikmagalur District of Karnataka along with the Nethravathi (west-flowing river, joining the Arabian Sea near Mangalore ),
1536-579: The Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of the Tunga Bhadra River. One can view the Tunga Bhadra River from famous Yantroddaraka Hanuman Temple at Hampi. Virupaksha Temple is also on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. The resting spot of Vasudendra Teertha is also on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River at Kenchangudda, Siruguppa. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and Alampur District, Jogulamba
1600-667: The Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458 metres (near Samse Village). According to a Hindu mythological legend, after killing the demon Hiranyaksha, Varaha Swamy (the third incarnation of Vishnu ) felt very tired. He took rest on the region now known as Varaha Parvatha. When he sat on that peak, sweat began flowing from his scalp. The sweat which flowed from
1664-530: The Tunga, about 147 km (91 mi) long, and the Bhadra, about 178 km (111 mi) long, which rise in the Western Ghats. The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga runs for about 531 km (330 mi) till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km (237 mi) in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km (36 mi) and further runs for
1728-478: The Tunga. Sringeri, Sarada Peetham established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about 50 km (31 mi) downstream of its origin. The earlier Shringeri Sharada Peetham established by Adi Shankaracharya is at Koodli, the place of confluence of Tunga and Bhadra rivers. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of
1792-595: The Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh generate enormous amounts of effluents. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents are released into the Tunga from Shimoga each year." This is the contribution of just one city which, unlike Bhadravathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As
1856-754: The Tungabhadra project. The Tungabhadra Project was formally inaugurated by laying foundation stones on 28 February 1945 by Nawab Azam Jah , the Prince of Berar, on the left side of the dam and by the Baron Sir Arthur Hope , Governor of Madras, on the right. However, owing to India's freedom in 1947, the explosive political unrest in Hyderabad in 1948, and due to differences of opinion in certain technical matters, much headway could not be made until January 1949. Madras and Hyderabad engineers were sharply divided on: These differences were referred to
1920-473: The accession of the Kingdom of Mysore into the Republic of India, all titles and positions ascribed to the kingdom were abolished, including that of the dewan. It was replaced by Chief Minister of Mysore State, now renamed Chief Minister of Karnataka. The role as dewan remained active in Mysore through one sultan and four maharajas. There have been a total of 24 dewans and two acting dewans. Most dewans during
1984-458: The agreement on the construction of the canal, there was no general agreement between the governments of Mysore and Madras on the sharing of Tungabhadra waters. In 1930, the Government of Madras proposed a joint project on the Tungabhadra. Subsequently, a number of conferences between the governments of Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad, and Bombay took place, but all were inconclusive. In 1936, there
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2048-627: The available water resources at Tungabhadra dam are over-used, and water shortages are frequent. Water availability in the reservoir could be augmented by transferring water from the Krishna River , if a link canal were constructed from the Almatti reservoir to the Tungabhadra reservoir. Envisaging small balancing reservoirs where this link canal is intercepting the tributaries of Tungabhadra River would facilitate water diversion to Tungabhadra reservoir for augmenting further water availability. Once
2112-475: The composite name Tungabhadra was given. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through the plains to a distance of 531 km (330 mi). After confluence, the Tungabhadra river flows through Honnali and Harihara taluks of Davangere district . Then it flows through Harapanahalli, Hoovina Hadagali, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet and Siruguppa Taluks of Bellary district . In Siruguppa Taluk of Bellary district, it receives its tributary Vedavathi River . The river forms
2176-449: The construction of the dam was over by the middle of 1953. The low-level canal excavation up to Mile 173 was completed by 1953. The water was led down into the canal on 1 July 1953 to derive partial benefits. Acquisition of lands and villages and rehabilitation of the displaced population from the water spread area of up to 1630 ft contour were completed by September 1953. About 90 villages and 54,452 people were affected. By October 1953,
2240-462: The costs at Rs. 21.90 crores. Power canal works started in June 1954 and were completed by May 1957. The reservoir circle was entrusted with the construction of canal works in 1956. The balance portion of the low-level canal from Mile 173 to 203 that had to be excavated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh was completed by the end of March 1957. The balance of the works, namely the spillway, bridge road on
2304-485: The dam was Venkat Reddy Mulamalla from Konour, a village in Mahabubnagar , Telangana . The northern canal on the Hyderabad side (now Telangana) takes off from the combined irrigation and power sluices. The first 19 miles of the canal is in a rugged terrain cutting through three ranges of hills and is held up by three reservoirs at miles 8, 14 and 16 respectively. The canal negotiates the last range of hills by means of
2368-640: The dam's powerhouse in November 1962 and in the powerhouse in Hampi in February 1963. Units 3 and 4 of both powerhouses started functioning by June 1964. The left side the powerhouses are designed to accommodate 4 units of 9MW each. Disputes of sharing of waters of the Tungabhadra has its genesis in 1861 when the Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal (KC Canal) was proposed by the Government of Madras. Despite
2432-477: The dewans are associated with several industrial, financial, public infrastructure, and educational initiatives undertaken during their terms. These initiatives include almost all works assigned by the king or undertaken by the dewans themselves. This includes activities like setting up and maintaining industries like dams for irrigation like hydroelectric power plants on the Shivanasamudra Falls and
2496-425: The floods. It starts at Sringeri and ends at Kurnool , just few kilometres from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction. Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine
2560-697: The head of the government as dewan ( Persian / Urdu for accountant or chief adviser) like in the Ottoman Empire , the role has transmuted in powers over time. From being handpicked by the monarch to being elected through popular suffrage, the mode of appointment and appointer also changed. Ruling families Ruling titles Capitals Overlords Prime ministers Alliance Famous leaders Arts and culture during Mysore Kingdom Government Famous events and moments Mysore Brand Mysore Kingdom landmarks Mysore era firms and organisations Until
2624-513: The high drought risk uplands of Rayalaseema and Karnataka. 15°18′N 76°20′E / 15.300°N 76.333°E / 15.300; 76.333 Tungabhadra River The Tungabhadra River ( Kannada: [t̪uŋɡɐbʱɐd̪rɐ] ) starts and flows through the state of Karnataka , India, during most of its course, then through Andhra Pradesh , and ultimately joins the Krishna River near Murvakonda in Andhra Pradesh . The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams,
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2688-530: The kingdom's full abolishment in 1950. With the constitution of India into a republic in 1950, the position was replaced by Chief Minister of Mysore (later renamed Chief Minister of Karnataka ). From offering minor political advice to the monarch as amatya ( Sanskrit for minister) like in the Vijayanagara Empire to later acting as a major military chieftain as dalvoy ( Kannada for military chief) like in other southern kingdoms to being
2752-555: The latter years were civil servants in the Indian Imperial Service or Mysore Police Service. The first Dewan of Mysore was K. Purnaiah selected by Tipu, who served almost three decades from 1782 to 1811 and two rulers. The last dewan was A. R. Mudaliar under Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar , who served from 1946 to 1949. Other popular dewans of Mysore include C. V. Rungacharlu , K. Seshadri Iyer , M. Visvesvaraya , M. Kantharaj Urs , and Mirza Ismail . Many of
2816-412: The left side of his scalp became the Tunga river, and the sweat which flowed from his right side became Bhadra River. After emerging from the source, the Bhadra river flows through Kudremukh mountain region, Tarikere Taluk and the industrial city of Bhadravathi, while the Tunga river flows through Sringeri Taluk, Thirthahalli Taluk and Shimoga Taluk. More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and
2880-487: The like contribute to the two rivers. The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is 147 and 171 km (91 and 106 mi) respectively, till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 560 metres near Holehonnur, about 15 km (9.3 mi) from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. Though both Tunga and Bhadra rivers start at same source (Gangamoola), they flow separately for some distance and then they later unite with each other at Koodli village. Hence from there,
2944-524: The main tributaries of the Tungabhadra. Many rivulets and streams join these tributaries. There is a popular saying in Kannada "Tunga Paana, Ganga Snana", which means "Drink Tunga River water, which is tasty & sweet, and bath in Ganga River, which is holy". There are many holy places all along the rivers: primarily temples of Saiva cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of
3008-537: The mid-18th century, the role of the monarch's adviser was known as dalvoy, also spelled as dalavay or dalvi, under the Wadiyars . The word dalvoy is a vernacular form of the Sanskrit word dalapati (commander-in-chief). Owing to the deposition of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar II by his own dalvoy Hyder Ali and his assumption as the supreme leader in 1761, until after Ali's son Tipu was briefly in that position,
3072-424: The middle portion of Tungabhadra left bank canal in addition to bringing substantial uplands under irrigation in Karnataka and also connected to the Tungabhadra right bank low level canal at 425 m MSL near 15°22′09″N 76°32′55″E / 15.36917°N 76.54861°E / 15.36917; 76.54861 ( Tungabhadra RB LLC ) through a 1.5 km long aqueduct over Tungabhadra main river. Water
3136-508: The next 91 km (57 mi) in Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river is 69,552 km (26,854 sq mi) up to its confluence with the Krishna and it is 28,177 km (10,879 sq mi) up to Tungabhadra Dam . It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river, but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec (100 to 50 cusec). A compound of its 2 main tributaries from
3200-460: The project were done by Mr. Pallimalli Papaiah (Chief Engineer- Hyderabad state) and M. S. Thirumal Iyengar (Chief Engineer) from the Madras presidency. The report thus submitted was accepted by the Government of Madras with certain modifications fixing the sill level at RL 1550 ft. The June 1944 agreement between Madras and Hyderabad enabled the two governments to finally begin the construction of
3264-467: The river in a deep ravine. In this setting the ruins of Vijayanagara and Hampi , the seat of power of the Vijayanagar empire , overlook this holy river , creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities. The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of
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#17327978984733328-492: The role and the title in their governments, such as Dewan of Kashmir, Travancore , Hyderabad , Baroda , Indore , etc . After Tipu's death in 1799, British India installed Krishnaraja Wadiyar III as the maharaja. The Wadiyars continued appointing to the role of dewan after resumption of power, starting with Purnaiah himself being continued. Under the maharajas, it became one of the most venerable, esteemed, and celebrated leadership roles in princely India. In 1950, after
3392-532: The role of dalvoy became abandoned. After Ali's death in 1782, Tipu assumed absolute over Mysore and officially created the office of the Dewan of Mysore when he made his longtime childhood friend and his father's aide K. Purnaiah his adviser and a military strategist. Tipu considerably de-recognised the maharajas and the role of dewan was gradually ever more codified into government. The role as dewan became so popular under Tipu that later on, Princely India created
3456-557: The structures were completed, substantially enabling the storage of water in the reservoir up to +1613.00 ft. In 1954, an investigation of the remaining portion of canal from Mile 79/2 to Mile116/0 was completed and a project report was submitted to the Government of India for approval. The proposals were further reviewed and a final project report was submitted to the Planning Commission for clearance, estimating
3520-495: The top of the dam, construction of utility tower, manufacture of crest grates for storing water up to 1633 level were completed in all respects by the end of June 1958. In 1958, water was let out up to and inclusive of Distributory 42 to serve an area of about 1.80 lakh acres. The cost of dam and appurtenant works was Rs. 16.96 crores. The dam forms the biggest reservoir across the Tungabhadra River with 101 tmcft of gross storage capacity at full reservoir level (FRL) 498 m MSL, and
3584-399: Was an agreement between the governments of Madras and Mysore, followed by an agreement between Madras and Hyderabad in 1938. However, due to some differences in interpretation of the agreement between Madras and Hyderabad, no substantial progress was made in implementing the project. It was in a conference between the governments of Madras and Hyderabad held on 26 June 1944 that a final decision
3648-413: Was approved in June 1967 for Rs. 385 lakhs. The works were completed by June 1970 at an estimated cost of Rs. 487 lakhs. The Tungabhadra Hydroelectric Scheme was undertaken in the composite Madras State in the post-war period under the first five-year plan in the year 1950. The work on the project was taken up in 1951 but no appreciable progress was achieved till the end of 1953. The powerplant commission
3712-570: Was arrived at on the allocation of waters as well as on taking up the project jointly and sharing the cost equally between the two states. On the right side of the dam, the tall Sanduru hill ranges extending up to 800 m MSL are close to the periphery of the Tungabhadra reservoir. These hill ranges form the Sanduru valley located above 600 m MSL. This reservoir is an ideal place to install pumped storage hydropower plants and lift irrigation projects. A moderate high level storage reservoir of capacity 20 tmcft at FRL 620 m MSL, can be constructed by damming
3776-454: Was completed in 1953. The Tungabhadra Dam has withstood the test of time for over 70 years and is expected to well cross many more decades. The chief architects of the dam were Vepa Krishnamurthy and Pallimalli Papaiah of Hyderabad and Tirumala Iyengar of Madras. They envisioned it as being built with a large contingent of material and manual labour, as best suited to Indian labour availability and employment at that time. The chief contractor for
3840-438: Was named after him. It has become a picnic or tourist spot over the years. TB Dam is near the heritage site Hampi . One of the major problems and concerns associated with TB Dam is that it has been undergoing a lot of siltation . Because of silt deposition in the dam, the storage capacity of the dam is coming down. Another major problem associated with TB Dam is increased pollution, resulting in decreasing fish population. This
3904-425: Was reconstructed by Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy as Tungabhadra Barrage , to provide irrigation for Kadapa district . As road and rail transportation increased, it is now supplying water for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, through the K. C. Canal . It impounds about 15 billion cuft of water and irrigates about 300,000 acres (1,200 km ) amount of land in Kurnool and Kadapa districts. Industrial pollution has damaged
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#17327978984733968-455: Was tackled during the summer of 1950 (1949–50). Masonry in the riverbed blocks started in the 1951, followed by vigorous progress. By 1952, the canals reached an advance and decisive stage of the construction. On 30 January 1952, the Government of Madras ordered (GO 382) an investigation of the high-level canal. On 15 November 1952, detailed estimates were prepared up to Mile 79/2 covering the reach just before Chinna-Hagari. A major portion of
4032-403: Was the de facto chief executive officer of the Government of Mysore (now Government of Karnataka ), ex officio chairman of the Dewan's Council (now Cabinet ), and the prime minister and royal adviser to the maharaja of Mysore . The role evolved in title and duties since the foundation of the fiefdom of Mysore in 1350 and its proper reformation into a kingdom in the following centuries until
4096-406: Was then divided into two stages. During 1957, two units of 9 MW each at the dam's powerhouse were installed and, in 1958, two units of 9MW each were installed at the powerhouse in Hampi. With this, the first stage of the scheme was completed in 1958. Power generation of this stage was commissioned during 1960–61. The second stage under this scheme was taken up in 1959. The plant erection started in
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