The Sapa Inca (from Quechua sapa inka ; lit. ' the only emperor ' ) was the monarch of the Inca Empire ( Tawantinsuyu "the region of the four [provinces]"), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cuzco and the later Neo-Inca State . While the origins of the position are mythical and originate from the legendary foundation of the city of Cuzco , it seems to have come into being historically around 1100 AD. Although the Inca believed the sapa Inca to be the son of Inti (the Sun god) and often referred to him as Inti churi "solar son" or Intip churin "son of the Sun", the position eventually became hereditary , with son succeeding father . The principal wife of the Inca was known as the coya or quya . The Sapa Inca was at the top of the social hierarchy, and played a dominant role in the political and spiritual realm.
47-579: Tupaq Amaru or Thupa Amaru (14 April 1545 – 24 September 1572) (first name also spelled Túpac, Tupac , Topa , Tupaq , Thupaq , Thupa , last name also spelled Amaro instead of Amaru ) was the last Sapa Inca of the Neo-Inca State , the final remaining independent part of the Inca Empire . He was executed by the Spanish following a months-long pursuit after the fall of
94-487: A crime within the political ideas of his own time. Other claims have been made to the contrary – that Túpac Amaru was in rebellion (his predecessors having allegedly accepted Spanish authority), that Toledo had tried peaceful means to settle differences, that three of his ambassadors to the Inca were murdered and that Túpac Amaru subsequently raised an army to resist the colonial army. The King of Spain, Philip II , disapproved of
141-501: A direct descendant of Túpac Amaru, led an indigenous uprising against continued Spanish presence in Peru alongside his wife Micaela Bastidas. Condorcanqui's rebellion emerged in response to new Bourbon Reforms implemented by the Spanish crown, which included incremental increases in levels of taxation upon indigenous populations – such as the alcabala or sales tax. Túpac Amaru II's rebellion was sparked when he (Condorcanqui) captured and killed
188-479: A god amongst the Incas by displaying his power of matter manipulation. In British author Anthony Horowitz 's fantasy-thriller book series The Power of Five , Manco Cápac is the son of Inti, and one of five children destined to keep the universe safe from the forces of evil. Cápac is reincarnated in the 21st century as a Peruvian street beggar called Pedro. Kuzco, the main character from Emperor's New Groove , in
235-527: A group of forty hand-picked soldiers under Martín García Óñez de Loyola set out to pursue them. They followed the Masahuay river for 170 miles, where they found an Inca warehouse with quantities of gold and the Inca's tableware. The Spanish captured a group of Chunco and compelled them to tell them what they had seen, and if they had seen the Sapa Inca . They reported that he had gone down river, by boat, to
282-453: A place called Momorí. The Spaniards then constructed five rafts and pursued them. At Momorí, they discovered that Tupac Amaru had escaped by land. They followed with the help of the Manarí, who advised which path the Inca had followed and reported that Túpac was slowed by his wife, who was about to give birth. After a fifty-mile march, they saw a campfire around nine o'clock at night. They found
329-438: A rapid journey for the administrators, messengers, and armies provided with hanging bridges and tambos . They made sure to always be supplied and well cared for, as is reflected in the construction of storehouses scattered throughout the empire and vast food and resource redistribution systems. The commander and chief of the standing army founded military colonies to expand the culture and control, while simultaneously ensuring
376-409: A representation of the Inca's lineage containing the mortal remains of the hearts of the deceased Inca kings. These sacred items were then destroyed. The five captured Inca generals received a summary trial and were sentenced to death by hanging. Several had already died of torture or disease. The trial of the Sapa Inca himself began a couple of days later. Túpac Amaru was convicted of the murder of
423-459: A swampy area between two small streams, that today corresponds with the main plaza of the city of Cusco . The recently founded city was divided into four districts; Chumbicancha, Quinticancha, Sairecancha and Yarambuycancha. Manco Cápac's tribe, or ayllu, only occupied a small fraction of the Cusco valley, the rest of it being inhabited by larger and more powerful tribes, who often would threaten
470-622: Is mentioned in several chronicles, his actual existence remains uncertain. Manco Cápac was born in Tamputoco, which according to some is located in the present-day province of Paruro , in Peru . The city usually served as a refuge for many people escaping the Aymaran invasions of the Altiplano . His father was named Apu Tambo . Manco Cápac and his family lived a nomadic lifestyle. After
517-471: The Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru and his wife warming themselves. They assured them that no harm would come to them and secured their surrender. Túpac Amaru was arrested. The captives were brought back to the ruins of Vilcabamba and together they were all marched into Cuzco on 21 September. The invaders also brought the mummified remains of Manco Cápac and Titu Cusi and a gold statue of Punchao,
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#1732765967853564-458: The Dominicans at Cuzco, the Sapa Inca raised his hand to silence the crowds and his last words were: "Ccollanan Pachacamac ricuy auccacunac yawarniy hichascancuta." (" Pacha Kamaq , witness how my enemies shed my blood.") Nearly forty years after the conquest of Peru began with the execution of Atahualpa , the conquest ended with the execution of his nephew. The Spanish Viceroy rounded up
611-672: The Hurin moiety and their rule did not extend beyond the Kingdom of Cusco . Their origins are tied to the mythical establishment of Cusco and are shrouded in the later foundation myth . The dynasty was supposedly founded by Manco Cápac , who is considered the son of the Sun god Inti in Inca mythology . As a rough guide to the later reputation of the early Sapa Incas, in later years capac meant warlord and sinchi meant leader. The second dynasty
658-482: The Inca as the highest ruler equivalent to European kings of the Middle Ages. However, the original access to that position was not linked to the inheritance of the eldest son, as is for a monarchy, but to the perceived selection of the gods by means of rigorous challenges, to which the physical and moral aptitudes of the pretender were tested. These trials were accompanied by a complex spiritual ritual through which
705-662: The Neo-Inca State. His name is derived from the Quechua words thupaq , meaning "royal" or "shining" and amaru , which can either mean "snake" or refer to the snake-like being from Andean mythology. Following the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 1530s, a few members of the royal family established the small independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba , which was located in the relatively inaccessible Upper Amazon to
752-507: The Peruvian community. Primary school number 239 in Warsaw ( Mirów ), had been named in honor of Túpac Amaru, but it closed in 2001. Rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur was named after Túpac Amaru II . Sapa Inca Manco Capac , the first Inca monarch, adopted the title capac or qhapaq (roughly translated as " king "). Inca Roca , the sixth Inca monarch, was evidently
799-703: The Spanish corregidor Antonio Arriaga in November 1780. Historian El Inca Garcilaso De La Vega claimed that King Philip II disapproved of the public execution of Tupac Amaru. Tupac Amaru's death in 1572 has generated great interest centuries after. Relatively little is known about Tupac Amaru, but this has not prevented his death from becoming a symbol of power to those in the region. Public figures such as Andean rebel leader Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui resonated with Tupac Amaru ideology, so much so that he changed his name to Tupac Amaru II. Despite Tupac Amaru's short life and tragic death his legacy precedes him especially among
846-472: The Sun god, Inti nominated the one who should assume the Inca position. Eventually, with the passage of time, Incas named their favorite son as co-governor with the intention of securing his succession, for example, Huiracocha Inca associated Inca Urco to the throne. The coya, or sapa Inca's primary wife, had significant influence upon making this decision of which son is apt to succeed his father. The Sapa Inca
893-413: The articulating axis of the different regions or suyu . They appointed highly trusted governors. At the economic level, they decided how much each province should pay according to its resources. They knew how to win over the curacas to ensure control of the communities. These were the intermediaries through whom they collected taxes. Traditionally, every time an emperor died or resigned, his successor
940-555: The border by an Inca captain. Using the justification that the Incas had "broken the inviolate law observed by all nations of the world regarding ambassadors", the new viceroy, Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa , decided to attack and conquer Vilcabamba. He declared war on 14 April 1572. The first engagement of the war commenced in the Vilcabamba valley on 1 June. The Inca people attacked first with much spirit despite being only lightly armed. Again and again, they attempted to lift
987-421: The city. Located north of the city there was a confederated lordship of Ayarmacas and Pinaguas. All these tribes regarded Manco Cápac and his ayllu as invaders, and would often attack them. Manco Cápac, and later his son and successor Sinchi Roca , would often have to defend the city against the other tribes. Manqu Qhapaq died of a natural death and left his son, Sinchi Roca, as his successor in Cusco. His body
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#17327659678531034-604: The death of his father, Manco Capac had to succeed him as the head of the ayllu , to which belonged several dozens of families. The members of the ayllu were nomads, and the trajectory of their journeys through the Altiplano resembles the journey described in the legend of the Ayar brothers. Upon arriving in the Cusco valley, they defeated three small tribes that lived there; the Sahuares, Huallas and Alcahuisas, and then settled in
1081-490: The earth, they traveled to Cusco via caves and there built a temple in honour of their father Inti However, given the absence of a written tradition recounting this tale before the publication of Comentarios Reales de los Incas by Garcilaso de la Vega in the year 1609, the authenticity of this legend as a legitimate Incan legend is questioned. The Son of the Sun (1987), the first Scrooge McDuck comic book story written and drawn by Don Rosa , features Manco Cápac as
1128-505: The execution. An eyewitness report from the day recalls him riding a mule with hands tied behind his back and a rope around his neck. Other witnesses reported there were great crowds and the Sapa Inca was surrounded by hundreds of guards with lances. In front of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo in the central square of Cuzco a black-draped scaffold had been erected. Reportedly 10,000 to 15,000 witnesses were present. Túpac Amaru mounted
1175-471: The first governor and founder of the Inca civilization in Cusco , possibly in the early 13th century. He is also a main figure of Inca mythology , being the protagonist of the two best known legends about the origin of the Inca, both of them connecting him to the foundation of Cusco. His main wife was his older sister, Mama Uqllu , also the mother of his son and successor Sinchi Ruq'a . Even though his figure
1222-554: The first to bear the title sapa Inca ("emperor") officially. There were two known dynasties , led by the Hurin and Hanan moieties respectively. The latter was in power at the time of Spanish conquest . The last effective Sapa Inca of Inca Empire was Atahualpa , who was executed by Francisco Pizarro and his conquistadors in 1533, but several successors later claimed the title. Other terms for sapa Inca include apu ("lord"), qhapaq Inka ("mighty Inca") or simply sapa ("the only one"). Chronicles identify
1269-483: The first version of the movie Kingdom of the Sun was supposed to be named Manco Cápac. The car float Manco Capac operates across Lake Titicaca between PeruRail 's railhead at Puno and the port of Guaqui in Bolivia . Soriano, Waldemar Esponoza (1990). Los Incas. Economia, Sociedad Y Estado En La Era Del Tahuantinsuyo . Amaru Editores. ISBN 84-7090-300-4 . Pugh, Helen Intrepid Dudettes of
1316-473: The form of labor ( mitʼa ) and taxes. The Sapa Inca also played a major role in caring for the poor and hungry, hence his other title huacchacoya or waqcha khuyaq "lover and benefactor of the poor". The Sapa was responsible for organizing food redistribution in times of environmental disaster, allocated work via state-sponsored projects, and most notably promoted major state-sponsored religious feasts that followed each successful harvest season. The Inca
1363-463: The golden staff, thought to have been given to Manco Cápac by his father. Accounts vary, but according to some versions of the legend, the Manco got rid of his three brothers, trapping them or turning them into stone, thus becoming the leader of Cusco. He married his older sister, Mama Occlo, and they begot a son named Sinchi Roca . In this second legend, Manco Cápac was a son of the sun god Inti and
1410-511: The lowland forests. The group, which included his generals and family members, had then split up into smaller parties in an attempt to avoid capture. Three groups of Spanish soldiers pursued them. One group captured Titu Cusi's son and wife. A second returned with military prisoners along with gold, silver and other precious jewels. The third group returned with Túpac Amaru's two brothers, other relatives and several of his generals. The Sapa Inca and his commander remained at large. Following this,
1457-450: The moon goddess Mama Killa , and brother of Pacha Kamaq . Manco Cápac himself was worshipped as a fire and a Sun God . According to the Inti legend, Manco Cápac and his siblings were sent up to the earth by the sun god and emerged from the cave of Pacaritambo carrying a golden staff, called tapac-yauri . Instructed to create a Temple of the Sun in the spot where the staff sank into
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1504-556: The napa, covered with a red blanket and adorned with gold earrings. With textiles representing a form of status and wealth, it has been speculated that the Sapa Inca never wore the same clothes twice. The community even revered the Sapa after his death, mummifying him and frequently visiting his tomb to "consult" him on pressing affairs. Little is known of the rulers of the first dynasty of Sapa Incas. Evidently, they were affiliated with
1551-518: The northeast of Cusco . The founder of this state was Manco Inca Yupanqui (also known as Manco Cápac II), who had initially allied himself with the Spanish, then led an unsuccessful war against them before establishing himself in Vilcabamba in 1540. After a Spanish attack in 1544 in which Manco Inca Yupanqui was killed, his son Sayri Tupac assumed the title of Sapa Inca (emperor, literally "only Inca"), before accepting Spanish authority in 1558, moving to Cuzco and dying (perhaps by poison) in 1561. He
1598-588: The original owner of various lost treasures . In the first sentence of Herman Melville 's novel The Confidence-Man (1857) the sudden appearance at sunrise on April 1 of a mysterious fictional character is compared to Cápac's appearance out of Lake Titicaca . In P.B. Kerr 's Eye of the Forest , the fifth book in the Children of the Lamp series, Manco Cápac is said to be a powerful Djinn who took his place as
1645-435: The preservation of that network. At the religious level, they were symbolic of the sun and promoted the worship of Inti, who was regarded as their ancestral father, and organized the calendar. At the political level, they sent inspectors to oversee the loyalty and efficiency of civil servants and collect tribute from the subjugated peoples. The emperors promoted a unified and decentralized government in which Cuzco acted as
1692-446: The priests in Vilcabamba. Túpac Amaru was sentenced to be beheaded. It was reported in various sources in 1598 that numerous Catholic clerics, convinced of Túpac Amaru's innocence, pleaded to no avail, on their knees, that the Inca be sent to Spain for a trial instead of being executed. Many have argued that Viceroy Toledo , in executing a head of state recognized by the Spanish as an independent king, exceeded his authority and committed
1739-463: The royal descendants. Several dozen, including Túpac Amaru's three-year-old son, were banished to Mexico, Chile, Panama and elsewhere. Some of them were allowed to return home. Túpac Amaru's memory lived on and would become personified in an important late eighteenth century insurgency that was rooted in aspirations toward a revival of Inca status vis-a-vis the Spanish administration. In 1780, José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Túpac Amaru II) , who claimed to be
1786-459: The scaffold accompanied by the Bishop of Cuzco. As he did, it was reported by the same witnesses that a "multitude of Indians, who completely filled the square, saw that lamentable spectacle [and knew] that their lord and Inca was to die, they deafened the skies, making them reverberate with their cries and wailing." As reported by eyewitnesses Baltasar de Ocampa and Friar Gabriel de Oviedo, Prior of
1833-405: The siege held by the Spanish and their native allies but each time they were forced to retreat. On 24 June the Spanish entered Vilcabamba to find it deserted and the Sapa Inca gone. The city had been entirely destroyed and the last remnants of the Inca Empire , the Neo-Inca State now officially ceased to exist. Túpac Amaru had left the previous day with a party of about 100 and headed west into
1880-501: Was mummified and remained in the city until the reign of Pachacuti , who ordered its removal to the Temple of the Sun on Isla del Sol . In Cusco there remained only a statue erected in his honor. Manco Cápac is the protagonist of the two main legends that explain the origin of the Inca Empire . Both legends state that he was the founder of the city of Cusco and that his wife was Mama Uqllu . In this legend, Manco Cápac (Ayar Manco)
1927-551: Was affiliated with the Hanan moiety and was founded under Inca Roca , the son of the last Hurin Sapa Inca, Cápac Yupanqui . After Cápac Yupanqui's death, another of his sons, Inca Roca's half-brother Quispe Yupanqui , was intended to succeed him. However, the Hanan revolted and installed Inca Roca instead. Ninan Cuyochi , who was Inca for only a few days in 1527, is sometimes left off the list of Sapa Incas because news of his death from smallpox arrived in Cusco very shortly after he
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1974-746: Was declared Sapa Inca. He had witnessed the death of his father Huayna Cápac. The death of Ninan, the presumed heir, led to the Inca Civil War between Huáscar and Atahualpa, a weakness that the conquistadors exploited when they conquered the Inca Empire . This last Sapa Inca must not be confused with Túpac Amaru II , who was leader of an 18th-century Peruvian uprising . Manco C%C3%A1pac Manco Cápac (before c. 1200 – c. 1230 ; Quechua : Manqu Qhapaq , "the royal founder"), also known as Manco Inca and Ayar Manco , was, according to some historians,
2021-447: Was disinherited from his father's inheritance and formed his own lineage royal clan or panaka , his father's lands, houses and servants were passed to his other children remaining on the previous panaka. The new Sapa Inca had to obtain land and spoils to bequeath to his own descendants. Each time they subdued a people, they demanded that the defeated leader surrender part of their land to continue in command, and whose people pay tribute in
2068-409: Was divinized both in their actions and their emblems. In public he carried the topayauri ("scepter"), ushno (golden throne), suntur páucar (feathered pike), and the mascapaicha (royal insignia) commonly carried in a llauto (headband), otherwise, the mascapaicha could also be carried on an amachana chuku (military helmet). In religious ceremonies he was accompanied by the sacred white flame,
2115-410: Was succeeded in Vilcabamba by his brother Titu Cusi , who himself died in 1571. Túpac Amaru, another brother of the two preceding emperors, then succeeded to the title in Vilcabamba. At this time, the Spanish were still unaware of the death of the previous Sapa Inca (Titu Cusi) and had routinely sent two ambassadors to continue ongoing negotiations being held with Titu Cusi. They were both killed on
2162-417: Was the absolute ruler of the empire and accumulated in his power the political, social, military, and economic direction of the state. He ordered and directed the construction of great engineering works, such as Sacsayhuamán , a fortress that took 50 years to complete; or the urban plan of the cities. However, among their most notable works, was the network of roads that crossed the entire empire and allowed
2209-478: Was the son of Viracocha of Paqariq Tampu (six leagues or 25 km south of Cusco). He and his brothers (Ayar Auca, Ayar Cachi and Ayar Uchu) and sisters ( Mama Ocllo , Mama Huaco, Mama Raua and Mama Ipacura) lived near Cusco at Paqariq Tampu, and they united their people with other tribes encountered in their travels. They sought to conquer the tribes of the Cusco Valley. This legend also incorporates
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