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40-438: Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas , Duke of Touraine (c. 1369 – 17 August 1424), was a Scottish nobleman and warlord. He is sometimes given the epithet "Tyneman" ( Old Scots : Loser), but this may be a reference to his great-uncle Sir Archibald Douglas . The eldest legitimate son of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas and Joanna de Moravia of Bothwell, he was born probably born at Bothwell Castle c. 1369 and

80-583: A character in Edith Pargeter 's 1972 novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury from his defeat and capture at Homildon through his participation at Shrewsbury on the rebels' side. Duke of Touraine It was first created in 1360 for Philip the Bold , youngest son of King John II of France . He returned the duchy to the Crown in 1363 on being made Duke of Burgundy and died in 1404. The next creation

120-547: A year. At Candlemas 1400 George I, Earl of March and Henry 'Hotspur' Percy had entered Scotland and laid waste as far as Papple in East Lothian. The villages of Traprain , Markle and Hailes were burnt and two unsuccessful attempts were made to invest Hailes Castle . The Master of Douglas, who held the office of Lord Warden of the Marches , surprised them by night at their camp near East Linton and defeated

160-568: The Duchy of Nemours , given to her in 1523. The next creation was in 1576 for Francis , youngest son of King Henry II of France , who was created Duke of Anjou and Berry at the same time. He died unmarried in 1584, when the title became extinct. The title of "Duke of Touraine" was awarded in 1981 by the legitimist pretender, Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz , to his second son, Louis Alphonse . Following his brother's death in 1984 and that of his father in 1989, he respectively became, under

200-636: The Earl of Lennox , were beheaded, but the Earl of Dunbar and most of the other barons were set at liberty, their guilt being less apparent. In 1427 the earls of Dunbar and Douglas obtained, in London, a truce from King Henry VI of England for two years, which Sir Robert Umfraville , governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed had refused. George was next employed in negotiating more temporary truces with England in June 1429 and

240-460: The Isle of Man (c. 1370 – after 1457), was the last of his family to hold these titles. He was aged about fifty when he succeeded his father, George Dunbar, 10th Earl of March and Dunbar (1340–1422). "George de Dunbarre son of the Earl of March" had safe conduct to pass through England with twenty horsemen to go "beyond the seas" and return, dated 19 March 1399. In August 1405 he was Lieutenant of

280-510: The Duke of Albany. Prince David had been arrested under a warrant issued in the name of his father, the decrepit Robert III , by his uncle, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany and Douglas. Both Albany and Douglas were rumoured to have been the authors of any foul play suspected. This can be shown by the fact that both men were summoned to appear before Parliament . However, on 16 March, both men were acquitted when Parliament passed an act stating that

320-458: The Earl of the Marches of Scotland" had further safe conduct, with numerous other nobles, to travel to England between 1416 and 1419. On 19 August 1423 "George, Earl of March" and his brother Sir Patrick de Dunbar of Beil were named as part of the embassy sent to negotiate the liberation of King James I of Scotland who had long been a captive in England. On 28 March 1424, the Earl of March

360-658: The English Force. The Douglases chased the enemy away as far as Berwick upon Tweed , slaughtering many stragglers in the woods near Cockburnspath . Later that summer Douglas was second in command to David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay , the lieutenant of the Kingdom, during the siege of Edinburgh Castle by Henry IV . Henry was unsuccessful in his endeavours and with Owain Glyndŵr's rebellion gathering apace in Wales , he became

400-619: The English at the Battle of Baugé in 1421. In 1423 Wigtoun and Buchan returned to Scotland to raise more troops for the war effort, and with a personal request to Douglas from Charles VII of France to lend his aid. Douglas's ally and Charles' implacable enemy, John the Fearless of Burgundy, had died in 1419, so Douglas willingly consented to the French king's request. After considerable gifts to

440-414: The Fearless, Duke of Burgundy , whereby they agreed to a mutual defence and offence pact in their respective countries. Soon after his return to Scotland, Douglas resumed his duties as Lord Warden of the Marches, where he had free rein to defend it and keep the peace. However, it appears that Albany was not prepared to pay for this, so Douglas recovered his costs from customs fees on all trade goods entering

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480-645: The Keeper of Dunbar Castle who immediately surrendered it to the King's authority, Hepburn being left as Constable of the important fortress. In a parliament which assembled at Perth on 10 January 1435, George, Earl of March, Lord of Dunbar, etc., was accused, not for any treason committed by himself, but for holding his earldoms and estates which were claimed to have been forfeited by his father. The following day "in vain did he plead," says Sir Robert Douglas, "that his father had been pardoned and restored by Albany", and it

520-526: The Kingdom of France". On 29 April, Douglas was granted the Duchy of Touraine, including the "Castle, town and city" of Tours , and the "Castle and town" of Loches . Douglas was the first foreigner and also the first non-royal to be granted ducal status in France. The newly created French duke was defeated and killed at Verneuil on 17 August 1424, along with his second son, James, and son-in-law Buchan. Douglas

560-661: The Merse. In 1402 Douglas' brother-in-law, the heir to the throne, David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay was held in close arrest, first at the Bishop's Palace at St Andrews , then at the Royal Palace of Falkland . At Falkland, Duke David died on 27 March, under mysterious circumstances. The Duke was 24 years old and in good health prior to his arrest, and rumours abounded that he had been starved to death in Falkland's pit prison by

600-456: The Percys and the other English knights thought they had gained great immediate riches from ransoms, they were to be disappointed. They received a message from King Henry congratulating them on their victory but forbidding the release of any of their prisoners. By 1403, Hotspur was in open rebellion against his King, joining with his kinsman Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester , whilst Owain Glyndŵr

640-476: The Prince had: "departed this life through Divine Providence, and not otherwise" , clearing both of High Treason , and any other crime, and strictly forbidding any of the King's subjects to make the slightest imputation on their fame. This can be considered a whitewash, as the Kingdom of Scots could not afford to lose its two most powerful men due to renewed English hostility. Douglas and Albany were considered to be

680-519: The Scots nobles taken at Homildon was proving hard for the impoverished Scots exchequer. When Prince James of Scotland was captured en route to France by English pirates in 1406, the position seemed impossible. The aged King Robert III died of grief it is said soon after. The Kingdom of Scots was now in the hands of the Duke of Albany de facto . After giving his oath on Holy Scripture to King Henry to be his man above all others excepting King James, and on

720-408: The as-yet unbloodied English men at arms and was routed. Many of Douglas' leading captains were captured, including his kinsman George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus , Thomas Dunbar, 5th Earl of Moray and Murdoch of Fife. Douglas himself was captured having been wounded five times, including the loss of an eye, despite the fact that allegedly Douglas' armour had taken three years in its construction. If

760-403: The battle was a decisive Royalist victory, Hotspur being killed by an arrow through the mouth. Douglas was once again captured, and suffered the loss of a testicle after having fought gallantly on the field and personally killing Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford and Sir Walter Blount . Douglas had again tasted heavy defeat. Douglas was now a captive of King Henry. The cost of the ransom of

800-553: The castle of Cockburnspath , Berwickshire , and was engaged in various public transactions during his father's lifetime. In 1390 he obtained from King Robert II a grant of his ward-relief and marriage for the Earldom of March and lordship of Annandale; and he acted as a Commissioner for liberating from English captivity Murdoch , son of the Regent Albany , on 7 December 1411, and in 1415. "George de Dounbar, son and heir of

840-472: The church, Douglas left the Earl of Wigtoun in Scotland to oversee his estates and the negotiations for the release of King James, while Douglas prepared for war. Douglas and Buchan then sailed to La Rochelle , arriving with an estimated 6,500 men on 7 March 1424. On 24 April Charles VII reviewed his new troops at Bourges . Douglas was given the post of " Lieutenant-General in the waging of war through all

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880-599: The condition of the Regent that his Lordship of Annandale be transferred to the Earl of Douglas. Combined with his Lordship of Galloway, Douglas now controlled the whole of southwest Scotland. The friendship between Douglas and Albany was confirmed in 1410 when they arranged the marriage of Douglas' daughter Elizabeth to John Stewart, Earl of Buchan , Albany's second son. Douglas went to Flanders and France in 1412, whereupon arriving in Paris he entered into negotiations with John

920-486: The country. In 1416, with King James still a hostage in England, Douglas twice visited London to enter negotiations for his release. Whilst there the Lollard faction, during Henry V's absence in France, tried to persuade the Scots delegation to go on the offensive. Albany decided that this would be an opportunity to reclaim Berwick upon Tweed and raised an army to take it. He despatched Douglas to Roxburgh Castle , which

960-624: The following January; and officiated as sponsor for King James II of Scotland at Holyroodhouse in October 1430. In 1434 Dunbar and his son Patrick were twice in England and the usual jealousies of the Crown and opponents in Scotland were aroused and the earl was arrested upon his return and confined in Edinburgh Castle , while the Earl of Angus , Chancellor Crichton , and Sir Adam Hepburn of Hailes , were dispatched with Letters to

1000-467: The hostages would be dealt with at his pleasure. Douglas did not return. Only upon payment of 700 merks in 1413 to the new King of England, Henry V , were the hostages liberated. In a political volte-face , the Earl of March had been accepted back into the political fold in Scotland, both Douglas and Albany being reconciled to him. In 1409 March's lands in Lothian and the Merse were returned to him, on

1040-402: The last English monarch to ever invade Scotland in person. Archibald, the 3rd Earl died at Christmas 1400, and the new 4th Earl became the largest and most powerful magnate in the realm. His father's vast lordships stretched from Galloway Douglasdale, Moray , Clydesdale to the shires of Stirling and Selkirk . These were augmented by the forfeited lands of the Earl of Dunbar in Lothian and

1080-507: The only fit antidote to the traitorous Earl of March and his English allies. On 22 June the same year, a small Scots force was beaten by George Dunbar , the Earl of March's son, at the Battle of Nesbit Moor . Douglas led a punitive raid with Murdoch of Fife , Albany's son, as far as Newcastle to avenge the battle. At the head of 10,000 men he laid waste to the whole of Northumberland. March persuaded Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland , and his son Harry "Hotspur" Percy to lie in wait for

1120-416: The production of suitable hostages for his parole , Douglas was allowed to return to his estates to carry out his private affairs. Douglas had agreed again under oath to return to captivity in England upon an appointed day. At Easter, Douglas went north and did not return upon the aforesaid day. King Henry wrote to Regent Albany complaining of this "un-knightly" behaviour and warned that unless Douglas returned

1160-435: The returning Scots at Wooler . Once Douglas' men had made camp at Millfield, relatively low ground, the English army rushed to attack. The Scots did, however, have keen sentries and the army was able to retreat to the higher ground of Homildon Hill and organise into traditional schiltron formations. Douglas had not learnt the lessons that had defeated his great uncle at the Battle of Halidon Hill seventy years previously, and

1200-504: The same pretension, " Duke of Bourbon " and " Duke of Anjou ". He is the current legitimist pretender to the title of King of France as "Louis XX". He, in turn, re-created the title for his third son, Henri, born 1 February 2019; having previously conferred on his twin sons, the titles of " Dauphin of France , Duke of Burgundy " and " Duke of Berry " respectively. George II, Earl of March George de Dunbar, 11th Earl of Dunbar & March , 13th Lord of Annandale , and Lord of

1240-564: The schiltrons presented a large target for the English Longbowmen , and the formations started to break. A hundred men, under Sir John Swinton of the Swintons of that Ilk , chose to charge the enemy saying: "Better to die in the mellay than be shot down like deer". All perished. It has been suggested that Douglas hesitated to signal the advance of his main force, and when he did, it was too little too late. Douglas' mauled army met

Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-576: The title merged in the Crown. The fifth creation was in 1423 for the Scottish nobleman Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas , a commander on the French side in the Hundred Years' War . He was killed at the Battle of Verneuil in 1424. His son Lord Wigtown , absent in Scotland, was believed in France to have died without issue, so the title was presumed extinct. When it became apparent that Wigtown had succeeded his father as Earl of Douglas, he

1320-544: Was also held by the English. When the Scots learnt of a huge army led by King Henry's brother, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford and Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter , they retreated ignominiously. The following devastation in Teviotdale and Liddesdale , and the burning of the towns of Selkirk , Jedburgh and Hawick earned this title of the "Foul Raid". Douglas's son, the Earl of Wigtoun , had been fighting in France with his son-in-law Buchan, where they defeated

1360-424: Was answered "that a forfeiture incurred for treason could not be pardoned by a Regent". The forfeited Earl retired into obscurity in England. A safe-conduct warrant was signed for "George, Earl of Dunbar, with twenty-four horsemen" at Westminster on 31 October 1435. However, it appears he may have been still alive in 1457 when he is mentioned (still as "Earl of March") in a charter to his son, Patrick de Dunbar, of

1400-502: Was buried in the choir of Tours Cathedral , alongside Sir James Douglas, his son. In 1390 he married Lady Margaret (d. 1451), eldest daughter of John Stewart, Earl of Carrick , who later became King Robert III . Of their children: The 4th Earl of Douglas is represented in William Shakespeare 's Henry IV, Part 1 from the defeat at Homildon to his release following the Battle of Shrewsbury . Douglas also appears as

1440-514: Was confirmed in the title Duke of Touraine, though not the lands. He died in 1439 and the male line of the fourth Earl of Douglas became extinct on the death of William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas , the following year. The land of Touraine was given, by letters-patent in Bourges on 21 October 1424, to Duke Louis III of Anjou . In 1528, the land of Touraine was given by King Francis I of France to his mother, Louise of Savoy , in exchange for

1480-507: Was in 1386 for Louis , youngest son of King Charles V of France . He returned the duchy to the Crown in 1392 on being made Duke of Orléans and died in 1407. The third creation was in 1401 for John , fourth son of King Charles VI of France . He became Dauphin of France in 1415 and died unmarried in 1417. The next creation was in 1416 for Charles , youngest son of King Charles VI of France, who succeeded his brother as dauphin in 1417. He succeeded as King Charles VII of France in 1422 when

1520-591: Was known as the Master of Douglas until his accession. By 1390 he had married the Princess Margaret of Carrick , a daughter of King Robert III of Scotland . Around this time, his father bestowed upon him the regalities of the Ettrick Forest , Lauderdale and Romannobridge , Peeblesshire . On 4 June 1400, King Robert appointed him Keeper of Edinburgh Castle for life, on a pension of 200 merks

1560-642: Was one of the Conservators of the seven-year truce with England, and met James I and his consort at Durham upon their return to Scotland. He was also present at their Coronation in Scone on 21 May 1424, when he was knighted . However, the following year the earls of Dunbar and Douglas, with the Duke of Albany, and twenty other feudal barons, were suddenly arrested and confined by order of parliament after accusations of corruption in Scottish affairs during James's absence. Albany and his sons, with his father-in-law

1600-513: Was undertaking a campaign against English rule in Wales. Hotspur set free his Scots captives and Douglas with his co-prisoners decided to fight alongside their former captors. In the chivalric spirit of the time, Douglas marched with his former enemy Hotspur and his forces to the meet with King Henry IV at the Battle of Shrewsbury . Fighting on the English king's side was George de Dunbar, 10th Earl of March , then in exile from Scotland. The result of

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