113-620: Tyneside Scottish is an honour title which has been held by a variety of British Army units since 1914. The Regiments which have held the title are the Northumberland Fusiliers , Durham Light Infantry , Black Watch and Royal Artillery . The Tyneside Scottish title is currently maintained by 204 (Tyneside Scottish) Battery Royal Artillery . The origins of the Tyneside Scottish are in the Kitchener's Army and
226-572: A Stuart ever had". Although historians generally accept James wished to promote Catholicism, not establish an absolute monarchy , his stubborn and inflexible reaction to opposition had the same result. When the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to repeal the 1678 and 1681 Test Acts , he suspended them in November 1685 and ruled by decree. Attempts to form a 'King's party' of Catholics, English Dissenters and dissident Scottish Presbyterians
339-497: A Catholic sympathiser named Anthony Farmer as president, but as he was ineligible under the college statutes, the fellows elected John Hough instead. Both Farmer and Hough withdrew in favour of another candidate selected by James, who then demanded the fellows personally apologise on their knees for 'defying' him; when they refused, they were replaced by Catholics. Attempts to create an alternative 'Kings Party' were never likely to succeed, as English Catholics made up only 1.1% of
452-414: A Tory, and Devonshire , a Whig; Henry Compton, Bishop of London, for the church; Shrewsbury and Lumley for the army, and finally Russell and Sydney for the navy. They promised to support a Dutch landing, but stressed the importance of acting quickly. The Invitation was carried to The Hague on 30 June by Rear Admiral Herbert , disguised as a common sailor. Meanwhile, William's ally Bentinck launched
565-731: A campaign in Germany. At the beginning of September, an invasion remained in the balance, with the States General fearing a French attack via Flanders while their army was in England. However, the surrender of Belgrade on 6 September seemed to presage an Ottoman collapse and release Austrian resources for use in Germany. Hoping to act before Leopold could respond and relieve pressure on the Ottomans, Louis attacked Philippsburg . With France now committed in Germany, this greatly reduced
678-734: A duplicate 2/4th Battalion. A 3/4th Battalion followed in June 1915. Among the Service Battalions were the Tyneside Scottish (20th - 23rd Battalions) and the Tyneside Irish (24th - 27th Battalions), while the 17th (Service) Battalion was formed by staff of the North Eastern Railway , and was involved in railway construction. They earned 67 battle honours and won five Victoria Crosses , but at
791-525: A hill located on the neck of a peninsula. The French were fairly raw soldiers trained to fight in the classic European style of linear battles. The French advanced on the British force several times. The British, veterans of colonial fighting, inflicted a stinging defeat on the French. The French lost 400 killed and 1100 wounded to the British losses of ten killed and 130 wounded, which included two officers from
904-645: A naval mutiny when a Catholic captain held Mass on his ship. The transfer of 2,500 Catholics from the Royal Irish Army to England in September led to clashes with Protestant troops, some of his most reliable units refused to obey orders, and many of their officers resigned. When James demanded the repatriation of all six regiments of the Scots Brigade in January 1688, William refused but used
1017-682: A new "Special Reserve" while the Volunteer Force was reorganised to become the Territorial Force . The "Volunteer Battalion" designation was discarded, and territorial battalions were numbered on after those of the regular army and special reserve. The new organisation was thus: During the First World War , the Northumberland Fusiliers expanded to 52 battalions and 29 of them served overseas. It
1130-503: A propaganda campaign in England, which presented him as a "true Stuart", but one without the faults of either James or Charles II. Much of the "spontaneous" support for William on his landing was organised by Bentinck and his agents. William's key strategic purpose was creating a defensive coalition that would block further French expansion in Europe, an objective not shared by the majority of his English supporters. In 1672, an alliance with
1243-669: A skirmish between French and Dutch naval vessels in July 1686, William concluded English neutrality was not enough and he needed their active support in the event of war. His relationship with James was affected by the fact both men relied on advisors with relatively limited views; in William's case, mainly English and Scots Presbyterian exiles, the latter with close links to the Protestant minority in Ireland, who saw Tyrconnell's policies as
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#17327795148941356-525: A strong defensive position near Chatham Dockyard , believing the Dutch would seek to establish naval superiority before committing to a landing. While this had been the original plan, winter storms meant conditions deteriorated rapidly for those on the transports; William therefore decided to sail in convoy and avoid battle. The easterly winds that allowed the Dutch to cross prevented the Royal Navy leaving
1469-414: A thousand horses; press reports deliberately exaggerated the damage and claimed the expedition might be postponed until next spring. Dartmouth and his senior commanders considered taking advantage of this by blockading Hellevoetsluis, then decided against it, partly because the stormy weather made it dangerous but also because they could not rely on their men. William replaced his losses and departed when
1582-675: A threat to their existence. Having largely alienated his Tory support base, James depended on a small circle of Catholic converts like Sunderland , Melfort and Perth . Suspicions increased when James sought William's backing for repealing the Test Acts ; he predictably refused, further damaging their relationship. Having previously assumed he was guaranteed English support in a war with France, William now worried he might face an Anglo-French alliance, despite assurances by James he had no intention of doing so. Historians argue whether these assurances were genuine, but James did not fully appreciate
1695-494: A tiny minority confined to parts of the aristocracy and the remote Highlands. Episcopalians had regained control of the kirk in 1660, leading to a series of Presbyterian uprisings, but memories of the bitter religious conflicts of the Civil War period meant the majority preferred stability. In England and Scotland, most of those who backed James in 1685 wanted to retain existing political and religious arrangements, but this
1808-415: Is possible". On 4/14 October, William responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or to conquer England, a claim which remains controversial. The swiftness of the embarkations surprised all foreign observers. Louis had in fact delayed his threats against the Dutch until early September because he assumed it then would be too late in the season to set
1921-524: The 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade , part of the 34th Division . The 29th (Reserve) Battalion and the 33rd (Reserve) Battalion were formed from the depot companies of the Tyneside Scottish battalions. The Brigade's first major action was the Battle of the Somme where it sustained a large number of casualties. The Brigade was subsequently brought up to strength and served at Armentiers, Battle of Arras , and
2034-692: The 21st Army Group in 1944–45 , North Africa 1940–43 , Italy 1943–45 , the fall of Singapore and the defence of the United Kingdom. The 1st Battalion was attached to the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade , which had been sent to Korea to reinforce the Allied effort there. When it arrived in Korea in December 1950, the Brigade comprised: In April 1951 the battalion was involved in the Battle of
2147-539: The 9th Brigade together with the 2nd Northamptonshire Regiment , 2nd Yorkshire Light Infantry , and part of the 1st Loyal North Lancashire Regiment . While the 2nd Battalion sailed as corps troops, and was then brigaded with the 1st Royal Scots , and 1st Sherwood Foresters , under General Sir William Gatacre . The battalions fought in the following battles: Battle of Belmont , Battle of Graspan , Battle of Modder River , Battle of Magersfontein , Battle of Stormberg , Battle of Reddersberg, Battle of Sanna's Post and
2260-455: The Battle of Bussaco in September 1810. It earned the nicknames the "Old and Bold", "The Fighting Fifth" and also "Lord Wellington's Bodyguard". It formed part of a small force which beat off an overwhelming body of the enemy at El Boden in 1811, a performance which Wellington notified to the Army as a memorable example of what can be done by steadiness, discipline, and confidence . The regiment
2373-595: The Battle of Nooitgedacht . With the continuation of the war in South Africa, a number of regiments containing large centres of population formed additional regular battalions. The Northumberland Fusiliers formed 3rd and 4th regular Battalions in February 1900, when the militia battalion was relabeled as the 5th battalion. The 3rd was stationed in South Africa, and in 1902 some of the men were in Antigua to guard
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#17327795148942486-642: The Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. It then pursued the French Army into France and saw action at the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813, the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. The 1st Battalion served on the Canadian frontier in 1814, during the War of 1812 . It then returned to Europe but arrived too late to take part in the battle of Waterloo, though it did serve in
2599-548: The Boer prisoners of war placed there. The 4th formed part of the garrison in Ireland. Both were disbanded in 1907. The 5th (militia) battalion (known as the 3rd battalion until February 1900) was embodied in December 1899, and from February 1900 to July 1901 was stationed at Malta . In 1908 a reorganisation of reserve forces was carried out under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 . The militia were transferred to
2712-731: The British Expeditionary Force and were part of the Dunkirk evacuation . Following a period of Home Defence, 1st Tyneside Scottish joined the 49th (West Riding) Division and were sent to Iceland . Returning to England in 1942 another period of Home Defence preceded the Normandy landings in 1944. The battalion were engaged in Operation Martlet gaining the Battle Honour "Defence of Rauray". Following
2825-804: The Cheshire Regiment , the Manchester Regiment and the Middlesex Regiment . The regiment expanded to ten battalions during the Second World War . Although most of them served as divisional machine gun or support battalions, some of them formed motorcycle, searchlight , tank, reconnaissance , ordinary infantry and even deception units. They saw action with the BEF in North-West Europe in 1940 and
2938-633: The Electorate of Cologne had enabled France to bypass Dutch forward defences and nearly over-run the Republic, so ensuring an anti-French ruler was vital to prevent a repetition. As an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, Cologne's ruler was nominated by Pope Innocent XI , in conjunction with Emperor Leopold I . Both Louis and James were in dispute with Innocent over the right to appoint Catholic bishops and clergy; when
3051-656: The Spanish Netherlands threatened both English and Dutch trade. Although William sent James troops to help suppress the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion , their relationship deteriorated thereafter. The Franco-Dutch War , continued French expansion , and expulsion of the Huguenots meant William assumed another war was inevitable, and although the States General of the Netherlands preferred peace,
3164-501: The Thames estuary and intervening. The English fleet was outnumbered 2:1, undermanned, short of supplies, and in the wrong place. Key landing locations in the south-west and Yorkshire had been secured by sympathisers, while both army and navy were led by officers whose loyalty was questionable. Even early in 1686, foreign observers doubted the military would fight for James against a Protestant heir, and William claimed only to be securing
3277-762: The Tower of London . Two events turned dissent into a crisis; the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart on 10 June created the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, while the acquittal of the Seven Bishops on 30 June destroyed James's political authority. In 1677, James's elder daughter and heir Mary married her Protestant cousin William III of Orange , stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic . The two initially shared common objectives in wanting Mary to succeed her father, while French ambitions in
3390-536: The frigate Den Briel on 16/26 October. With over 200 ships of various types carrying 40,000 men, the expeditionary force was the largest fleet assembled in European waters up to that date. After departing on 19/29 October, the fleet was scattered by a gale, forcing the Brill back to Hellevoetsluis on 21/31 October. William refused to go ashore, and the fleet reassembled, having lost only one ship but nearly
3503-507: The 'Three Questions', one being a commitment to repeal of the Test Act. In addition, local government and town corporations were purged to create an obedient electoral machine, further alienating the county gentry who had formed the majority of those who backed James in 1685. On 24 August 1688, writs were issued for a general election. The expansion of the military caused great concern, particularly in England and Scotland, where memories of
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3616-586: The 1672-1678 Franco-Dutch War , it took part in the unsuccessful Siege of Maastricht and the battles of Cassel and Saint-Denis . It accompanied William III to England in the November 1688 Glorious Revolution , before transferring onto the English establishment in 1689. Like most regiments, until 1751, when it was designated the 5th Regiment of Foot, it was named after the current colonel. Founded by Daniel O'Brien, 3rd Viscount Clare , it began life as Viscount Clare's Regiment, then Sir John Fenwick's , followed by Patrick Westley in 1676. When transferred onto
3729-466: The 1679 to 1681 Exclusion Crisis , dividing the English political class into those who wanted to 'exclude' James from the throne, mostly Whigs , and their opponents, mostly Tories . However, in 1685 many Whigs feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', while Tories were often strongly anti-Catholic, and their support assumed the continued primacy of the Church of England. Most importantly, it
3842-570: The 1695 Siege of Namur , it formed part of Vaudémont's screening force. When the war ended with the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , it avoided disbandment by being made part of the Irish garrison. The regiment remained in Ireland for the first part of the War of the Spanish Succession , before being sent to Portugal in 1707 as part of the army under the Earl of Galway . Its first serious action
3955-570: The 1762 Battle of Wilhelmsthal , before returning to Ireland after the 1763 Treaty of Paris . Due to the increasing tensions that later resulted in the American Revolutionary War , the regiment was shipped to Boston, Massachusetts in May 1774. Elements of the unit were involved in the Battle of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 and the Battle of Bunker Hill in June. After being evacuated to Halifax, Nova Scotia , in 1776
4068-564: The 30,000 strong Dutch States Army . With France on the verge of war, their absence was of great concern to the States General and Bentinck hired 13,616 German mercenaries to man Dutch border fortresses, freeing elite units like the Scots Brigade for use in England. The increase could be presented as a limited precaution against French aggression, as the Dutch would typically double or triple their army strength in wartime; William instructed his experienced deputy Schomberg to prepare for
4181-518: The 5th Foot. After two years in the West Indies, the 5th Foot was sent to Ireland in December 1780. They were still in Ireland when hostilities between Great Britain, France, Spain, the Netherlands, and the former Colonies officially ended in 1783. On 1 August 1782, all those regiments of the line that did not have a special title were given a county designation. The primary purpose was to improve recruiting, but no links were actually formed with
4294-472: The 5th took part in the expedition to New York , including the battles of Long Island and White Plains , and capture of Fort Washington and Fort Lee, New Jersey . They subsequently joined Howe's 1777 campaign against Philadelphia ; at Brandywine Creek , they broke the Continental Army 's centre and captured five cannon. Despite this success, in 1778 the British army withdrew and the regiment
4407-784: The Amsterdam City Council agreed to back William. This was a significant decision since the Council dominated the States of Holland , the most powerful political body in the Dutch Republic which contributed nearly 60% of its budget. French troops entered the Rhineland on 27 September and in a secret session held on 29th, William argued for a pre-emptive strike , as Louis and James would "attempt to bring this state to its ultimate ruin and subjugation, as soon as they find
4520-834: The Battle and subsequent actions in the Caen area, the battalion was reduced to cadre strength and subsequently placed in suspended animation. In January 1947 on the re-constitution of the Territorial Army , the honour title passed to the Royal Artillery . Initially the title was held by 670th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (Tyneside Scottish), before passing to a Battery, 439th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (based in Tynemouth ) in March 1955. 439th Light Air Defence Regiment
4633-506: The Civil War left huge resistance to standing armies . In Ireland, Talbot replaced Protestant officers with Catholics; James did the same in England, while basing the troops at Hounslow appeared a deliberate attempt to overawe Parliament. In April 1688, he ordered his Declaration of Indulgence read in every church; when the Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops refused, they were charged with seditious libel and confined in
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4746-442: The Dutch there was no secret Anglo-French alliance against them, although his denials only increased their suspicions. By confirming France's primary objective was the Rhineland, the second allowed William to move troops from the eastern border to the coast, even though most of the new mercenaries had yet to arrive. On 22 September, the French seized over 100 Dutch ships, many owned by Amsterdam merchants; in response, on 26 September
4859-420: The Dutch, and negating French attempts to build German alliances. William's envoy Johann von Görtz assured Leopold English Catholics would not be persecuted and intervention was to elect a free Parliament, not depose James, a convenient fiction that allowed him to remain neutral. Although his English supporters considered a token force sufficient, William assembled 260 transport ships and 15,000 men, nearly half
4972-692: The English establishment, it was commanded by Thomas Tollemache who was replaced in May 1689 by Edward Lloyd. Posted to Ireland for the 1689-1691 Williamite War , it fought at the Battle of the Boyne , the Second Siege of Athlone and the 1691 Siege of Limerick . Following the October 1691 Treaty of Limerick , it was sent to Flanders for the duration on the Nine Years War . Lloyd died in 1694 and replaced as Colonel by Thomas Fairfax ; during
5085-464: The Imjin River , as the brigade stood in the path of the Chinese Spring Offensive . In July 1951, it was re-organized as 29th British Infantry Brigade and absorbed into the 1st Commonwealth Division . The Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland is based in Alnwick Castle . The 5th Regiment of Foot was one of the 'Six Old Corps' entitled to use their 'ancient badge' (St George killing the Dragon) on Regimental Colours, drums and other devices rather than
5198-464: The November 1688 Glorious Revolution and became part of the English establishment in 1689. In 1751, it became the 5th Regiment of Foot , with the regional title 'Northumberland' added in 1782; in 1836, it was designated a Fusilier unit and became the 5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot . After the 1881 Childers Reforms , it adopted the title Northumberland Fusiliers , then Royal Northumberland Fusiliers on 3 June 1935. In 1968, it
5311-412: The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers with effect from 23rd April, 1968. The regiment was amalgamated into the new Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . Early wars By 1881 the 5th foot had been awarded the following battle honours: Second Boer War The regiment received two battle honours for the conflict: "Modder River" and "South Africa, 1899–1902". Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution
5424-405: The Somme. The memorial, in the form of a seat also commemorates the losses of the Tyneside Irish . The memorial was unveiled in 1920 by Marshal Foch . Northumberland Fusiliers The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers was an infantry regiment of the British Army . Raised in 1674 as one of three 'English' units in the Dutch Anglo-Scots Brigade , it accompanied William III to England in
5537-448: The Spanish besieged Gibraltar for over four months. On 1 July 1751, a royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels' names, but by their "number or rank" and it became the 5th Regiment of Foot . During the Seven Years' War , it was engaged in the 1758 Raid on Cherbourg , the 1760 Battle of Warburg and Kirch Denkern in 1761, where they captured an entire French regiment. It also took part in
5650-463: The States General authorised an additional 9,000 sailors and 21 new warships. The success of William's invasion would partly depend on domestic support, and at the end of April William met with Edward Russell , unofficial envoy for the Whig opposition. In a conversation recorded by Gilbert Burnet , he requested a formal invitation asking him to "rescue the nation and the religion", with a projected date of end September. William subsequently claimed he
5763-413: The States General treated the operation as a private affair, allowing William use of the Dutch States Navy and army. The nominal commander was Arthur Herbert , but operational control remained with Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Vice-Admiral Philips van Almonde . Accompanied by Willem Bastiaensz Schepers , the Rotterdam shipping magnate who provided financing, William boarded
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#17327795148945876-461: The Test Acts, unlike James who offered tolerance in return for repeal. In April 1688, Louis XIV announced tariffs on Dutch herring imports, along with plans to support the Royal Navy in the English Channel . James immediately denied making any such request, but fearing it was the prelude to a formal alliance, the Dutch began preparing a military intervention. On the pretext of needing additional resources to deal with French privateers , in July
5989-452: The army of occupation in France. The 2nd Battalion was disbanded on 24 June 1816. On 4 May 1836, the 5th became a fusilier regiment and was redesignated as the 5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot : The King has been pleased to command, that the 5th, or Northumberland, Regiment of Foot shall in future be equipped as a Fusilier Regiment, and be styled the 5th Regiment of Foot, or Northumberland Fusiliers. The regiment, which
6102-408: The banker Francisco Lopes Suasso . The biggest concern for Holland was the potential impact on the Dutch economy and politics of William becoming ruler of England; the claim he had no intention of "removing the King from the throne" was not believed. These fears were arguably justified; William's access to English resources permanently diminished Amsterdam's power within the Republic and its status as
6215-724: The birth of his son James Francis Edward on 10 June led a group of domestic opponents to issue the Invitation to William , seeking Dutch support to remove him. The Dutch States General and William were concerned that James might support Louis XIV of France in the Nine Years' War . Exploiting unrest in England and claiming to be responding to the invitation, William landed in Devon with an expeditionary force on 5 November 1688. As William advanced on London, James's army disintegrated and he went into exile in France on 23 December. In April 1689, while Dutch troops occupied London, Parliament made William and Mary joint monarchs of England and Ireland. A separate but similar Scottish settlement
6328-489: The call to arms in the First World War . The Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War saw the raising of the Pals battalion . The Tyneside Scottish Committee was formed and raised four service Battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers . These were the 20th (Service) Battalion (1st Tyneside Scottish), 21st (Service) Battalion (2nd Tyneside Scottish), 22nd (Service) Battalion (3rd Tyneside Scottish) and 23rd (Service) Battalion (4th Tyneside Scottish). They formed
6441-437: The completion of the twenty-fifth year of his reign, the King has been graciously pleased... to approve that the following regiments shall in future enjoy the distinction "Royal" and shall henceforth be designated:— In 1936, the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers was one of four line infantry regiments selected for conversion to specialised Divisional (Machine Gun) or Divisional (Support) Battalions. The other regiments selected were
6554-412: The cost of over 16,000 dead. The battalions mostly saw action on the Western Front , but also in Macedonia , Gallipoli , Egypt and Italy . In June 1935 George V celebrated his silver jubilee . This opportunity was taken of granting royal status to four regiments, principally in recognition of their service in the previous war. On the occasion of His Majesty's Birthday and in commemoration of
6667-435: The counties after which the regiments were named. The 5th became the "5th (Northumberland) Regiment of Foot": the county being chosen as a compliment to the colonel, Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland . The regiment embarked for Portugal in July 1808 for service in the Peninsular War . The regiment fought in the Battle of Roliça and the Battle of Vimeiro in August 1808, the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 and
6780-471: The distrust caused by his domestic policies. In August 1687, William's cousin de Zuylestein travelled to England with condolences on the death of Mary of Modena 's mother, allowing him to make contact with the political opposition. Throughout 1688, his English supporters provided William detailed information on public opinion and developments, very little of which was intercepted. In October 1687, after fourteen years of marriage and multiple miscarriages, it
6893-455: The election of the Presbyterian John Shorter as Lord Mayor of London in 1687, he insisted on complying with the Test Act, reportedly because of a 'distrust of the King's favour...thus encouraging that which His Majesties whole Endeavours were intended to disannull.' To ensure a compliant Parliament, James required potential MPs to be approved by their local Lord Lieutenant ; eligibility for both offices required positive answers in writing to
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#17327795148947006-425: The establishment of the "manifestly illegal" commission for ecclesiastical causes and its use to suspend the Bishop of London and to remove the Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford . William also condemned James's attempt to repeal the Test Acts and the penal laws through pressuring individuals and waging an assault on parliamentary boroughs, as well as his purging of the judiciary. James's attempt to pack Parliament
7119-419: The expedition in motion anyway, if their reaction proved negative; typically, such an enterprise would take at least some months. Being ready after the last week of September / first week of October would normally have meant that the Dutch could have profited from the last spell of good weather, as the autumn storms tend to begin in the third week of that month. However, this year they came early. For three weeks,
7232-427: The expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest. On 30 September/10 October ( Julian /Gregorian calendars) William issued the Declaration of The Hague (actually written by Fagel), of which 60,000 copies of the English translation by Gilbert Burnet were distributed after
7345-435: The final battles of 1918. The Brigade was disbanded in 1918. In March 1939 the TA expanded and the 12th (Tyneside Scottish) Battalion, the Durham Light Infantry was authorised to be raised as the Tyneside Scottish. In February 1940 the battalion secured affiliation with a Scottish unit and became the 1st Battalion Tyneside Scottish, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) . The battalion deployed to France as part of as part of
7458-463: The formation of the Association of Protestant Officers, which included senior veterans like Charles Trelawny , John Churchill , and Percy Kirke . On 14 August, Churchill offered his support to William, helping convince him it was safe to risk an invasion; although James was aware of the conspiracy, he took no action. One reason may have been fears over the impact on the army; with a notional strength of 34,000, it looked impressive on paper but morale
7571-486: The function of Parliament was simply to obey. Disputes over the relationship between king and Parliament led to the War of the Three Kingdoms and continued after the 1660 Stuart Restoration . Charles II came to rely on the Royal Prerogative since measures passed in this way could be withdrawn when he decided, rather than Parliament. However, it could not be used for major legislation or taxation. Concern that Charles II intended to create an absolute monarchy led to
7684-622: The inheritance of his wife Mary. While still a dangerous undertaking, the invasion was less risky than it seemed. The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret. The English envoy Ignatius White , the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: "an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament". Louis threatened an immediate declaration of war if William proceeded and sent James 300,000 livres. Embarkations, begun on 22 September ( Gregorian calendar ), had been completed on 8 October, and
7797-432: The invasion fleet was prevented by adverse south-westerly gales from departing from the naval port of Hellevoetsluis and Catholics all over the Netherlands and the British kingdoms held prayer sessions that this "popish wind" might endure. However, on 14/24 October, it became the famous " Protestant Wind " by turning to the east. Although most of the warships were provided by the Admiralty of Amsterdam , officially
7910-486: The killing of 2,000 Vaudois Protestants in 1686, it led to fears Protestant Europe was threatened by a Catholic counter-reformation. These concerns were reinforced by events in Ireland; the Lord Deputy , the Earl of Tyrconnell , wanted to create a Catholic establishment able to survive James's death, which meant replacing Protestant officials at a pace that was inherently destabilising. The majority of those who backed James in 1685 did so because they wanted stability and
8023-427: The land war with France, with the Royal Navy taking the lead at sea. This was a significant factor in the Dutch Republic being overtaken as the leading European maritime power by Britain during the War of the Spanish Succession . Despite his Catholicism , James became king in 1685 with widespread backing in all three of his kingdoms. In June 1685, he quickly crushed Protestant risings in Scotland and England , but
8136-459: The landing in England, in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales. He would respect the position of James. William went on to condemn James's advisers for overturning the religion, laws, and liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the use of the suspending and dispensing power;
8249-467: The likelihood seemed to diminish. With the Dutch on the verge of war with France, he did not believe the States General would allow William to make the attempt; if they did, his army and navy were strong enough to defeat it. Reasonable in theory, his reliance on the loyalty and efficiency of the military proved deeply flawed. Both the army and the navy remained overwhelmingly Protestant and anti-Catholic; in July, only personal intervention by James prevented
8362-542: The majority accepted he was correct. This view was widely shared throughout Protestant Europe; in October 1685, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg renounced his French alliance for one with the Dutch. In July 1686, other Protestant states formed the anti-French League of Augsburg , with Dutch support; securing or neutralising English resources, especially the Royal Navy , now became key to both sides. Following
8475-659: The military or holding public office, and land reform. In 1600, 90% of Irish land was owned by Catholics but following a series of confiscations during the 17th century, this had dropped to 22% in 1685. Catholic and Protestant merchants in Dublin and elsewhere objected to commercial restrictions placing them at a disadvantage to their English competitors. While James's supporters viewed hereditary succession as more important than his personal Catholicism, they opposed his policies of 'Tolerance' under which Catholics would be allowed to hold public office and engage in public life. Opposition
8588-551: The occasion". This was accepted by the States, with the objective left deliberately vague, other than making the English "King and Nation live in a good relation, and useful to their friends and allies, and especially to this State". Following their approval, the Amsterdam financial market raised a loan of four million guilders in only three days, with further financing coming from various sources, including two million guilders from
8701-623: The old Elector died in June 1688, Innocent and Leopold ignored the French candidate in favour of Joseph Clemens of Bavaria . After 1678, France continued its expansion into the Rhineland , including the 1683 to 1684 War of the Reunions , additional territorial demands in the Palatinate , and construction of forts at Landau and Traben-Trarbach . This presented an existential threat to Habsburg dominance, guaranteeing Leopold's support for
8814-471: The opportunity to purge those considered unreliable, a total of 104 officers and 44 soldiers. Some may have been Williamite agents, such as Colonel Belasyse , a Protestant with over 15 years of service who returned to his family estates in Yorkshire and made contact with Danby. The promotion of Catholic former Brigade officers like Thomas Buchan and Alexander Cannon to command positions led to
8927-510: The other vessels to prevent conspiracy. A lack of funds meant that excluding fireships and light scouting vessels, only 16 warships were available in early October, all third rates or fourth rates that were short of both men and supplies. While the Downs was the best place to intercept a cross-Channel attack, it was also vulnerable to a surprise assault, even for ships fully manned and adequately provisioned. Instead, James placed his ships in
9040-465: The population and Nonconformists 4.4%. Both groups were divided; since private worship was generally tolerated, Catholic moderates feared greater visibility would provoke a backlash. Among Nonconformists, while Quakers and Congregationalists supported repeal of the Test Acts, the majority wanted to amend the 1662 Act of Uniformity and be allowed back into the Church of England. When James ensured
9153-495: The ports of Plymouth and Torbay. In the north, a force organised by Belasyse and Danby prepared to seize York , its most important city, and Hull , its largest port. Herbert had been replaced by Dartmouth as commander of the fleet when he defected in June but many captains owed him their appointments and were of doubtful loyalty. Dartmouth suspected Berkeley and Grafton of plotting to overthrow him; to monitor them, he placed their ships next to his and minimised contact between
9266-494: The primacy of the Protestant Church of England and Church of Scotland . When his policies appeared to undermine the existing political and religious order, the result was to alienate his English and Scottish supporters and destabilise Ireland. Stuart political ideology derived from James VI and I , who in 1603 had created a vision of a centralised state, run by a monarch whose authority came from God , and where
9379-460: The prospect of a Catholic successor, the " Invitation to William " was quickly drafted by Henry Sydney , later described by Whig historians as "the great wheel on which the Revolution rolled". The signatories provided no considerable political power, but they were selected to make it seem like they represented a broad spectrum, and provided William with an essential propaganda tool. Danby ,
9492-418: The rule of law, qualities frequently undermined by his actions. After suspending Parliament in November 1685, he sought to rule by decree; although the principle was not disputed, the widening of its scope caused considerable concern, particularly when judges who disagreed with its application were dismissed. He then alienated many by perceived attacks on the established church; Henry Compton, Bishop of London ,
9605-510: The same time the existing militia and rifle volunteer units of the district became battalions of the regiment. Accordingly, on 1 July 1881 the Northumberland Fusiliers was formed as the county regiment of Northumberland , (including the Counties of the towns of Newcastle upon Tyne and Berwick-upon-Tweed ) with the following battalions: Regular battalions Militia battalion Volunteer battalions The 1st Battalion formed part of
9718-399: The threat to the Dutch. Instead, Louis attempted to intimidate the States General, and on 9 September, his envoy D'Avaux handed them two letters. The first warned an attack on James meant war with France, the second any interference with French operations in Germany would end with the destruction of the Dutch state. Both misfired; convinced Louis was trying to drag him into war, James told
9831-461: The typical GR cipher as used by normal Regiments of the Line, a distinction first officially recorded in 1747. In the centre of their colours was an image of St. George killing the dragon, this being their ancient badge, and in the three corners of their second colour, the rose and crown. The regiment wore a distinctively-coloured hackle or plume on the fusilier cap and later on the beret. The hackle
9944-455: The wind changed on 1/11 November, this time heading for Harwich where Bentinck had prepared a landing site. It has been suggested this was a feint to divert some of Dartmouth's ships north, which proved to be the case and when the wind shifted again, the Dutch armada sailed south into the Strait of Dover . In doing so, they twice passed the English fleet, which was unable to intercept because of
10057-451: The world's leading commercial and financial centre. Neither James nor Sunderland trusted Louis, correctly suspecting that his support would continue only so long as it coincided with French interests, while Mary of Modena claimed his warnings were simply an attempt to drag England into an unwanted alliance. As a former naval commander, James appreciated the difficulties of a successful invasion, even in good weather, and as autumn approached,
10170-415: Was 'forced' to take control of the conspiracy when Russell warned him the English would rise against James even without his help, and he feared this would lead to a republic, depriving his wife of her inheritance. Although this version is strongly disputed, Zuylestein returned to England in June, ostensibly to congratulate James on his new son, in reality to co-ordinate with William's supporters. Spurred by
10283-575: Was advised it was better not to raise them. Widespread discontent and growing hostility to the Stuart regime were particularly apparent in North-East and South-West England, the two landing places identified by William. A Tory whose brother Jonathan was one of the Seven Bishops, Trelawny's commitment confirmed support from a powerful and well-connected West Country bloc, allowing access to
10396-630: Was amalgamated with the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) , the Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and Lancashire Fusiliers to form the present Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . Although briefly designated as 'Irish' when raised in January 1675, the regiment was listed as one of three 'English' units in the Dutch Anglo-Scots Brigade , a mercenary formation whose origins went back to 1586. During
10509-521: Was announced the Queen was pregnant, Melfort immediately declaring it was a boy. When James then wrote to Mary urging her to convert to Catholicism, it convinced many he was seeking a Catholic heir, one way or the other and may have been a deciding factor in whether to invade. Early in 1688, a pamphlet circulated in England written by Dutch Grand Pensionary Gaspar Fagel ; this guaranteed William's support for freedom of worship for Dissenters and retaining
10622-483: Was brittle while many were untrained or lacked weapons. It also had to fill policing roles previously delegated to the militia, which had been deliberately allowed to decay; most of the 4,000 regular troops brought from Scotland in October had to be stationed in London to keep order. In October, attempts were made to restore the militia but many members were reportedly so angry at the changes made to local corporations, James
10735-587: Was forced into exile less than four years later. Modern historians argue James failed to appreciate how much Royal power relied on support from the landed gentry , and the loss of that support fatally damaged his regime. The vast majority of the gentry in England and Scotland were Protestant , while even in largely Catholic Ireland a disproportionate number were members of the Protestant Church of Ireland . Although willing to accept James's personal religious beliefs, his backers did so only so long as he maintained
10848-405: Was in danger of removing "the last and great remedy for all those evils". "Therefore", William continued, "we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry over with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil Counsellors ... this our Expedition is intended for no other design, but to have, a free and lawful Parliament assembled as soon as
10961-451: Was in the 3rd Division , 2nd Brigade under command of Major General Charles Colville , consisting of the 1st/5th Regiment of Foot, 2nd/ 83rd Regiment of Foot , 2nd/ 87th Regiment of Foot and the 94th Regiment of Foot . The regiment went on to fight at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, the Battle of Badajoz in April 1812 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 as well as
11074-765: Was increased to two battalions in 1857, saw active service in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1880. The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Fenham Barracks in Newcastle upon Tyne from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. At
11187-485: Was involved in fighting at Monmouth Court House . In November 1778, they left New York for last time and were transported to the French West Indies , where on 13 December 1778, they landed on Saint Lucia . The 5th was engaged with a small force of French and captured a four-cannon battery. On 18 December 1778, a force of 9,000 French troops landed on St. Lucia. The small British force of 1,400 men occupied
11300-401: Was led by devout Anglicans who argued that the measures he proposed were incompatible with the oath he had sworn as king to uphold the supremacy of the Church of England. According to opponents, demanding that Parliament approve his measures James was not only to be breaking his own word but requiring others to do the same. Parliament refused to comply, despite being "the most Loyal Parliament
11413-516: Was made in June. Domestically, the Revolution confirmed the primacy of Parliament over the Crown in both England and Scotland. In terms of external policy, until his death in 1702, William combined the roles of Dutch stadtholder and British monarch. Both states thus became allies in resisting French expansion, an alliance which persisted for much of the 18th century, despite differing objectives. Under William's leadership, Dutch resources were focused on
11526-511: Was not the case in Ireland. While he was guaranteed support from the Catholic majority, James was also popular among Irish Protestants, since the Church of Ireland depended on Royal support for its survival, while Ulster was dominated by Presbyterians who supported his tolerance policies. However, religion was only one factor; of equal concern for Catholics were laws barring them from serving in
11639-489: Was one of four regiments that amalgamated to form 101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery in 1967. In 1974, the Tyneside Scottish title was adopted by 204 (Tyneside Scottish) Battery Royal Artillery , part of 101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery. The memorial to the Tyneside Scottish Brigade is situated at La Boiselle, Somme, where the Brigade sustained heavy casualties on first day of
11752-472: Was only officially granted in 1824. In 1829 a new model of shako was introduced and all infantry regiments were to wear a white plume, with the 5th Foot given a unique plume of red over white. This became a red over white 'ball tuft' in 1835 and later became a hackle in the same colours. The following members of the regiment were recipients of the Victoria Cross . Only one member of the regiment
11865-569: Was politically short-sighted, since it rewarded those who joined the 1685 rebellions and undermined his supporters. Demanding tolerance for Catholics was also badly timed. In October 1685 Louis XIV of France issued the Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the 1598 Edict of Nantes which had given French Protestants the right to practise their religion; over the next four years, an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 went into exile, 40,000 of whom settled in London. Combined with Louis's expansionist policies and
11978-399: Was red over white, and was authorised in June 1829. This replaced the white feather plume the regiment had adopted following the Battle of St Lucia in 1778, supposedly taken from the headgear of fallen French troops. The 5th Foot was the only line regiment, since the introduction of the shako in 1800, to wear the white plume (other regiments having white over red) although the right to wear it
12091-531: Was seen as a short-term issue; James was 52, his marriage to Mary of Modena remained childless after 11 years, and the heirs were his Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne . There was much greater sympathy in Scotland for a 'Stuart heir', and the 1681 Succession Act confirmed the duty of all to support him, 'regardless of religion.' Over 95 percent of Scots belonged to the national church or kirk; even other Protestant sects were banned, and by 1680, Catholics were
12204-520: Was suspended for refusing to ban John Sharp from preaching after he gave an anti-Catholic sermon. He often made things worse by political clumsiness; to general fury, the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1686 established to discipline the Church of England included suspected Catholics like the Earl of Huntingdon . This was combined with an inability to accept opposition; in April 1687, he ordered Magdalen College, Oxford , to elect
12317-462: Was the May 1709 Battle of La Gudina ; a disastrous defeat, where the Allies lost over 4,000 prisoners, the regiment took part in a rearguard action that enabled the rest of the army to withdraw. This ended offensive operations and when the war ended in 1713, the regiment was posted to Gibraltar , where it spent the next 15 years. It was part of the garrison during the 1727 Anglo-Spanish War , when
12430-418: Was the deposition of James II and VII in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II , and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange , who was also James's nephew. The two ruled as joint monarchs of England , Scotland , and Ireland until Mary's death in 1694, when William became ruler in his own right. Jacobitism as a political movement persisted into the late 18th century. William's invasion
12543-464: Was the last successful invasion of England . Despite his own Catholicism , James became king in February 1685 with widespread backing from the Protestant majorities in England and Scotland, as well as largely Catholic Ireland. His policies quickly eroded support, and by June 1688, dissatisfaction turned into active, yet largely unarmed, resistance. The prospect of a Catholic dynasty following
12656-788: Was the recipient of the George Cross : On 23 April 1968, following the publication of the following notice in the London Gazette : By virtue of the provisions of the Royal Warrant dated 5th April, 1968 (published in Army Order 18 of 1968) all officers of the Land Forces belonging to The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (5th), The Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers (6th), The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (7th), and The Lancashire Fusiliers (20th) are transferred to
12769-589: Was the second largest infantry regiment of the British Army during the war, surpassed only by the 88 battalions of the London Regiment . The increase in strength was done partly by forming duplicates of existing T.F. battalions, and partly by the creation of new " Service " battalions. An example of the first instance was the 4th Battalion which was renumbered as the 1/4th in August 1914 on forming
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