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85-529: Mexico was born as an independent country in 1821. Don Guadalupe Victoria , the first president of the nation, saw the need to create educational institutions throughout the country to provide education to people, especially the indigenous population, who did not have access to it during colonial times. The Political Constitution of the State of Mexico was signed in Texcoco in 1827; some of its articles established

170-544: A Bachelor of Laws . In 1812, he joined the insurgent forces of Hermenegildo Galeana and fought alongside José María Morelos at the Siege of Cuautla . He also participated in the assault on Oaxaca and joined the troops of Nicolás Bravo in Veracruz . He dedicated himself and his troops to controlling the passage of El Puente del Rey and became famous for his successful attacks on military convoys until 1815, when he

255-665: A republican form of government. Victoria joined Antonio López de Santa Anna 's revolt , and de Iturbide was exiled in 1823. Victoria then served as part of the Provisional Government from 1823 to 1824, when congress ratified the Constitution of 1824, and elected Victoria as Mexico's first president. As president he established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom, the United States,

340-888: A Mexican general and politician who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence and after the adoption of the Constitution of 1824 , was elected as the first president of the United Mexican States . He was a deputy in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power following the downfall of the First Mexican Empire , which

425-632: A conspiracy of supporters of Iturbide and an anti-Spanish rebellion. On 31 January 1824, the Constitutive Act of the Federation was approved, which was an interim status of the new government. The nation formally assumed sovereignty and was made up of free, sovereign and independent states. During the following months, the constitutional debates continued. On 4 October 1824, the Federal Constitution of United Mexican States

510-667: A decree establishing the reopening of the Literary Institute, an initiative attributed to the Secretary of War and Finance, Ignacio Ramirez Calzada, El Nigromante . Seven months later, on June 7, 1847, the Institute reopened and students from different parts of the State arrived due to the restoration of scholarships to students of municipalities across the state. In 1849, after the Mexican-American War ,

595-558: A full remodeling of the Institute. He hired architect José Luis González Collazo for the design, and engineer Anselmo Camacho, a former mathematics professor at the institute, to build it. The latter made some modifications to the design that resulted in the façade of the Historic Rectory Building. During the Porfiriato, the government period after Benito Juárez's term, the Institute stood out for participating at

680-561: A haughty village girl, only to have her elope with the cold-blooded bandit, "Zarco Blue Eyes." He founded several newspapers and magazines including El Correo de México ("The Mexico Post"), El Renacimiento ("The Renaissance") (1869), El Federalista ("The Federalist"), La Tribuna ("The Tribune") and La República ("The Republic"). Altamirano was president of the Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística (Mexican Society for Geography and Statistics) from 1881 to 1889. He

765-667: A lack of military equipment, resulted in the occupied positions being recovered by the Spaniards in February 1817. By mid-1817, Guadalupe Victoria had lost all the towns of his command. After his defeat in Palmillas , he was abandoned by his men and faced intense persecution. He hid in the jungle, where he survived eating herbs, fruits and animals. He refused to accept a pardon from the Viceroy for his actions and remained hidden in

850-495: A nun, Lorenzo de Zavala decided to expropriate the land and turn it into the new premises for the Institute. With the establishment of the centralist government in Mexico, which lasted from 1835 to 1846, state institutes all over the country were closed by decree of president Antonio López de Santa Anna. However, on November 7, 1846, after being appointed as interim governor of the State of Mexico, Francisco Modesto de Olaguíbel signed

935-653: A protector of the younglings. In honor of such remarkable characters, the UAEM awards the most outstanding teachers and students of each generation with the Ignacio Ramirez Calzada and the Ignacio Manuel Altamirano medals, respectively. As a result of the interference of the church in the education system, the Institute's education was tinted with religious elements at the beginning. For instance, every morning students, whether living at

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1020-569: A single nation. Iturbide refused the proposition. Both men supported independence, but felt a mutual distrust. A regency was created to serve as executive, led by Iturbide, who ruled until 18 May 1822, when he was proclaimed emperor. Iturbide chose all members of the Provisional Governing Board , which would serve as Legislative and rule until 24 February 1822, when the First Constituent Congress

1105-594: A small garrison quickly joined him. On 24 February 1821, Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero proclaimed the Plan of Iguala . Iturbide began a tour of the Bajío region to spread the movement. Several royalist military leaders joined the Plan of Iguala and so did some retired insurgent leaders, including Nicolás Bravo and Ignacio López Rayón . Guadalupe Victoria also joined. On 6 April, Victoria proclaimed independence in

1190-453: A soiree full of music and literature at the theatre of Toluca, where they recited poetry and performed some musical pieces . Likewise, a ball to crown the queen was held in the western courtyard of the Institute, which today is known as the Patio del Centenario [Centennial Courtyard] in honor of the 100th anniversary. Two icons of the university were created on the occasion of this celebration:

1275-626: A viceregal pardon; only Vicente Guerrero kept up the fight. The installation of the Cortes of Cádiz in Spain and the deterioration of the Spanish monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula helped revitalize the struggle for Mexican independence at the end of 1820. Victoria was informed about the progress of the insurrection and reappeared on 30 December of that year in the town of Soledad, where

1360-541: Is considered the father of positivism: Auguste Comte . Upon his return, based on the scientific method, Barreda designed the curriculum of the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria , which removed all religion-related courses to privilege science. Subsequently, each state was requested through a letter to renew the curriculum of their institute, to conform to that of the ENP. Mariano Riva Palacio , governor of

1445-610: The Academy of San Carlos who had caused a huge stir by showing a nude painting for the first time. For this, he was not acclaimed in Mexico since society was conservative at that time. However, in Colombia , he not only achieved the status of excellent painter, but also managed to establish a school. Another graduate from the Academy of San Carlos who joined the institute as a professor was Luis Coto y Maldonado, an artist from Toluca who

1530-606: The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was signed. Guadalupe Victoria met with Agustín de Iturbide on 17 June 1821 in San Juan del Río and asked him to adopt the Plan of Iguala to create a republican government . Victoria recommended as ruler a former insurgent who was unmarried and had not accepted the pardon . This man would marry an indigenous Guatemalan woman to unite both territories into

1615-778: The Exposition Universelle held in Paris in 1889 , where dissected animals from the collection of the Natural Sciences Cabinet were exhibited. Typography , lithography , and carpentry workshops, among others, became part of the Escuela de Artes y Oficios [Arts and Crafts School]. At first, the Escuela Normal de Profesores [Teacher Training College] and the Anexa a la Normal [Annexed School to

1700-553: The Federal Republic of Central America , and Gran Colombia . He also founded the National Museum, promoted education, and ratified the border with the United States of America. He decreed the expulsion of the Spaniards remaining in the country and defeated the last Spanish stronghold in the castle of San Juan de Ulúa . In 1829, Victoria peacefully passed the presidency to general Vicente Guerrero. Victoria

1785-662: The French invasion of Mexico in 1862, Altamirano understood how dire the situation was for Mexico, since unlike the U.S. invasion (1846–48), which united Mexicans against the invader, the French were supported by Mexican conservatives. His best-known novel is El Zarco , which is set in Yautepec, Morelos during the Reform War of 1857–1860. It tells the story of an honorable and courageous Indian blacksmith who falls in love with

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1870-662: The Treaty of Córdoba . On 27 September 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, forming a column headed by Agustín de Iturbide. Among the officers who entered the city that day were Pedro Celestino Negrete , Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo, Anastasio Bustamante , Melchor Múzquiz , José Joaquín de Herrera , Manuel Mier y Terán , Luis Quintanar , Miguel Barragán , Vicente Filisola , Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria. On 28 September 1821,

1955-505: The Virgin of Guadalupe , and Victoria for the victory. In 1815, Victoria commanded insurgents in the region of Veracruz. Using guerrilla warfare tactics, he obtained control of the Puente del Rey ("King's Bridge"), a strategic position that connected Xalapa to the port of Veracruz . When he learned that royalist troops were coming to fight, he reinforced the defenses on the bridge, but

2040-618: The colonial government , because it gave great military prestige to Morelos, as well as a privileged geographical position because of the roads and towns that could be controlled from that site. Due to his success in Oaxaca, by order of the Congress of Chilpancingo , Victoria was granted the command of the insurgent army in Veracruz. At the same time, José Miguel Fernández y Félix decided to change his name to Guadalupe due to his devotion to

2125-575: The siege of Cuautla , the capture of Oaxaca , and many battles in Veracruz . In 1817, his troops deserted him, and he stayed in hiding until 1821, when the independence movement was reinvigorated by generals Vicente Guerrero and Agustín de Iturbide , and he helped re-capture Veracruz. Victoria remained an important and popular figure in the army during the First Mexican Empire , after the Declaration of Independence , wherein de Iturbide served as Emperor Agustín. The two were at odds due to de Iturbide's suspension of congress and his refusal to install

2210-674: The American army arrived in Toluca and took over the Institute as headquarters, which forced students to take refuge in the Convento del Carmen. This is how the cloister became a temporary seat of the Institute. During this time, and prior to the War of the Reform , church, state and education went hand in hand. In fact, the first rector of the school founded in 1827, which later became the Institute,

2295-667: The Church-State separation and the expropriation of ecclesiastical properties, i.e. the Mexican Reform ). Therefore, he was simultaneously catholic and liberal, a strong believer of the Christian faith and a believer of the Human capacity of always (morally) progress. He was an enthusiast of Reason and civilizational Progress and believed in the superior capability of science to free Humanity of its atavisms. He also believed in

2380-429: The Constitution, and which he scrupulously observed. Ignacio Manuel Altamirano Ignacio Manuel Altamirano Basilio ( Spanish pronunciation: [iɣˈnasjo maˈnwel altamiˈɾano βaˈsiljo] ; 13 November 1834 – 13 February 1893) was a Mexican radical liberal writer, journalist, teacher and politician. He wrote Clemencia (1869), which is often considered to be the first modern Mexican novel. Altamirano

2465-490: The Emperor, and the absence of solutions to the serious problems that the country was facing, increased conspiracies to change the imperial system. Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata and was later joined by Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo . On 6 December 1822, Guadalupe Victoria came out of hiding to join the movement. Knowing his reputation and popularity, Santa Anna appointed him leader of

2550-549: The Executive role to a triumvirate named the Supreme Executive Power. Its members were Pedro Celestino Negrete , Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria, with alternates being Miguel Domínguez , Mariano Michelena and Vicente Guerrero. On 7 April 1823, Congress nullified the designation of Iturbide as Emperor (and therefore the recognition of his abdication) and made it seem as if the coronation of Iturbide

2635-530: The Institute during the Revolution were Andrés Molina Enríquez , a great social scientist who fought the lack of progress and misery that Mexican peasants suffered; Pascual Morales Molina, part of the constitutionalist army and eventually governor of the State of Mexico, and Gustavo Baz Prada , who as a minor and medical student decided to join the Zapatistas . Baz Prada became governor of the state during

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2720-416: The Institute, where Grand Plaza Toluca is located now. In the case of teachers, the situation was different. Some of them were dismissed from their jobs, such as Josué Mirlo, while others, such as Horacio Zuniga, decided to abandon the Institute and not teach there again in support of the movement. Finally, on December 31, 1943, governor Isidro Fabela signed the decree that granted the long-awaited autonomy to

2805-529: The National Museum, garrisoned Yucatán to thwart a contemplated Cuba-based Spanish invasion , and unmasked a conspiracy led by a monk named Joaquín Arenas to restore Spanish rule. Victoria also facilitated the activities of the Lancasterian Society , which was dedicated to education, and he created the naval force that enabled his greatest achievement: the complete independence of Mexico, when on 18 November 1825, general Miguel Barragán took

2890-528: The Plan of Casa Mata. Iturbide was forced to reinstate the Congress. In a vain attempt to keep a favorable situation for his supporters, he abdicated the crown of the Empire on 19 March 1823. On 26 March 1823, it was determined that Iturbide would have to leave the country with his family. He was escorted by General Nicolás Bravo as requested by the former emperor. On 31 March 1823, Congress met and granted

2975-520: The Revolution, a position he held again years later after being rector of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. As a rector, he made internships compulsory for medical students, a measure that became extensive to the rest of degree programs. In 1928, the Institute celebrated its one hundredth anniversary, but due to the lack of financial resources, high-school students had to make use of their creativity and celebrate in

3060-547: The Seminary of Durango. Having no resources to pay for food, he made copies of a Latin grammar text to sell to other students for two reales . In 1807, he went to Mexico City, where he enrolled in the college of San Ildefonso to pursue degrees in Canon Law and Civil Law . He studied under a tense atmosphere, because the school was militarized by a colonial order. On 24 April 1811, he submitted his review and graduated as

3145-479: The State of Mexico, after receiving the approval of the State Congress, which was chaired by José María Luis Mora . While the latter and Lorenzo de Zavala were liberals, each had a different vision for the Institute. Mora believed freedom was the most important moral value that could be transmitted to students, so he thought the Institute had to be financially supported by citizens, without the interference of

3230-458: The State of Mexico, carried out the task. It was during this period that institutes became self-aware and started forging their own identity. This was reflected in the creation of its banner on September 15, 1887, when governor José Zubieta gave students the first institutional banner, inspired by the motto "Homeland, Science and Labor". Dean Joaquin Ramos explained the icons on the coat of arms with

3315-487: The Teacher Training College] were located at the Institute, but later moved to new premises. This is considered the golden era of the Institute since its professors laid its cultural foundations. It was quite evident that students were different ages and came from various backgrounds. Boys wearing palm hats and indigenous garments coexisted with boys in suits and modern hats. Some of them used to live at

3400-438: The United States and Victoria said to him: "…You go to Veracruz to hold your position and when you see the head of Victoria, take a ship… it is an honor for you stay by my side to defend the cause of freedom." On 22 January 1823, Santa Anna reported to Victoria: I was attacked from all directions by the imperial forces. On 1 February 1823, a radical shift occurred when the imperial Generals Echeverría, Lobato and Cortázar signed

3485-464: The battle in the Juego de Pelota, which was surrounded by a moat that insurgent soldiers did not dare to cross; Guadalupe Victoria threw his sword across the moat and said ¡Va mi espada en prenda, voy por ella! ( There goes my sword as pledge, I'm going for it! ). He swam across the moat and cut the rope of a bridge to allow the insurgent troops into the city. The loss of Oaxaca was a heavy blow to

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3570-579: The boarding school or not, had to pray and sing a religious hymn, whose last stanza mentioned the Father , the Son and the Holy Spirit . At that time, comprehensive education involved arts. Felipe Sánchez Solís, who was once director of the Institute, taught drawing classes for a while, and when he was no longer able to continue, he asked permission to call Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez , a painter graduated from

3655-523: The boarding school; others lived under the half-boarding regime, while the rest did not live at the school, but all of them spent time together in the premises. At that time, the spirit of rebellion lingered among students and professors. During the Mexican Revolution , the institution did not close doors. Its presence was portrayed on one of the faces of a peso banknote printed in 1915 in the State of Mexico. Among other characters who studied at

3740-532: The creation of an institution that managed all levels of public education. That year, the capital of the state moved to San Agustín de las Cuevas, today known as Tlalpan . It was there, in the Casa de las Piedras Miyeras (House of the Miyeras Stones), that the new Seminary inaugurated by governor Lorenzo de Zavala , started classes on September 4. On March 3, 1828, this school became the Literary Institute of

3825-451: The current institutional coat of arms. Another element of identity born during this period is the façade of the rectory building. The removal of the chapel from the old beaterio , because of the separation of state and church , marks the end of the remodeling process of the building. This is how the premises became the seat of a completely liberal institution. At the end of the nineteenth century, governor José Vicente Villada ordered

3910-402: The exception of Guadalupe Victoria, who remained jailed, but who soon after escaped from prison and hid in Veracruz. Congress asked to review the case of Guadalupe Victoria, who had been elected deputy by Durango . Victoria was a fugitive, indicted on charges of conspiracy. He was requested to present himself to congress, but he preferred to stay hidden. On 21 July 1822, Agustín de Iturbide

3995-607: The first president of the United Mexican States for the period 1825–1829. On 8 October, the president and vice-president Nicolás Bravo swore the constitution. Guadalupe Victoria took office as interim president from 10 October 1824 to 31 March 1825. His constitutional term in office began on 1 April 1825. The inauguration was solemn and austere as required by his republicanism. That day, Victoria affirmed ¡La Independencia se afianzará con mi sangre y la libertad se perderá con mi vida! ( Independence will be reinforced with my blood and freedom will be lost with my life ). As president of

4080-529: The first one was the Colegio Civil del Estado de Puebla. The Literary Institute of the State of Mexico, which received this name in 1828, was the sixth. Some of these institutes still exist, such as el Ateneo Fuente de Coahuila, el Instituto Veracruzano, el Colegio Rosales de Sinaloa, el Italiano Tamaulipeco, and el Colegio Primitivo y Nacional de San Nicolás de Hidalgo in Michoacán. After the Reform War, Gabino Barreda , minister of Education during Benito Juárez 's term, traveled to Europe, where he learned about who

4165-400: The first president's most positive achievements were the establishment of the National Treasury when he held for the first time the Grito de Dolores . In addition, he established the Military Academy , restored Mexico City, improved education, accorded amnesty to political prisoners, laid plans for a canal in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , opened new ports for shipping, began construction on

4250-408: The first woman teacher of the institute. Another important student figure during this transition was Ladislao S. Badillo, who was known as the leader or martyr of autonomy, as he died before the fight was over. During this period, students' blood was shed and their freedom taken away. Many of them were imprisoned, even though police officers did not like to do so, since the prison was right in front of

4335-429: The following words: "On a green field, representing hope , there is a crown made of olive and oak branches as a symbol of homeland . At the top, a star represents science . Finally, in the centre of the emblem, embroidered in gold thread, there is a beehive surrounded by a community of working bees as an expression of labor ". These symbols, as well as the green and gold colors of this first banner, are part of

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4420-476: The headquarters of the insurgents, and from there they controlled the area of Misantla , Puente Nacional and Huatusco . Also in 1816, when the new viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca arrived at New Spain , Victoria attacked his convoy to Mexico City and came very close to capturing him. In late 1816, Victoria regained Nautla, defeating the royalist garrison. He also occupied Barra de Palmas , Barra Nueva and La Laguna . The strong royalist offensive, as well as

4505-419: The house of Miguel Domínguez in Querétaro . They wrote to Pedro Celestino Negrete inviting him to participate, but he thought that it was a conspiracy and told Iturbide. Seventeen people were arrested, including Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo and Miguel Barragán . The "conspiracy" was only meetings during which they talked about the future of government. Almost immediately, participants were released, with

4590-478: The institute came back to Toluca to pursue the Institute's autonomy . Becoming an autonomous institution was not an easy process, but a struggle that lasted about ten years. Some of the students that took part from the very beginning had become teachers by the end of it. There was José Yurrieta Valdés, dean of the UAEM for many years, Carlos Mercado Tovar, once rector of the UAEM, and Guillermo Molina Reyes, nephew to Andrés Molina Enríquez and son to Flor de María Reyes,

4675-400: The institution, which entered into force on January 15, 1944. 19°17′02″N 99°40′41″W  /  19.2839°N 99.6781°W  / 19.2839; -99.6781 Guadalupe Victoria Guadalupe Victoria ( Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaðaˈlupe βikˈtoɾja] ; 29 September 1786 – 21 March 1843), born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix , was

4760-411: The institutional anthem and the Monumento al maestro [Monument to Teachers]. The anthem was a creation of two professors: Horacio Zúñiga, who taught literature , and Felipe Mendoza, who taught music . On March 3, 1928, the foundation stone of the Monumento al maestro was laid, and five years later, with the support of students who organized various fundraising events, it was finished. The monument bears

4845-405: The jungles of Veracruz, where he developed epilepsy . His sporadic appearances in the towns turned him into a legend among the inhabitants of the region. Guadalupe Victoria spent almost four years hiding in the jungle. They were difficult years for the independence movement and the colonial government thought that the movement had been suppressed. During this time most of the insurgents accepted

4930-448: The last Spanish stronghold, the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz . In politics, his actions were conciliatory. He tried to apply policies that would attract different sides and formed his cabinet with prominent members of the different factions. However, the old conflicts since the days of Iturbide resurfaced. Victoria faced the contradiction of religious intolerance against freedom of speech and press , which were declared in

5015-424: The movement and together they proclaimed the Plan of Veracruz. On 31 December, Santa Anna was defeated by General Calderón. Forced to retreat, on 24 December he met with a group of 300 troops of Guadalupe Victoria in Puente del Rey. Santa Anna again took advantage of the popularity of Guadalupe Victoria by encouraging people to join the cause. When Santa Anna and Victoria were defeated, Santa Anna tried to flee to

5100-481: The new republic, Victoria was in charge of rebuilding an economy devastated by the long war of independence and the economic blockade promoted by the Spanish Crown . To resolve the lack of supplies, a result of the trade embargo , he created the country's merchant marine , which opened trade routes with the ports of the countries of the Americas that had recognized the national independence and with which diplomatic relations were established. However, his main concern

5185-527: The opportunity, as he was imprisoned and executed in 1867. In the Institute, there were two emblematic characters: Ignacio Manuel Altamirano , and Ignacio Ramírez Calzada, El Nigromante. Like many other children, Altamirano received a municipal scholarship to study at the Institute. He was an intelligent indigenous child from the community of Tixtla , now state of Guerrero. At the Institute, he met Ignacio Ramírez, who had been invited to teach but would never become his professor, at least not formally. Altamirano

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5270-403: The public treasury. The first curriculum included courses on Law , in order to turn young people into fair rulers. Foreign language courses such as French , English and German , were mandatory, since books could only be read in those languages. Likewise, Drawing classes were a must, since they were part of the comprehensive education the Institute intended to provide to students. In 1830,

5355-402: The same year, it was decreed that his name would be written in golden letters in the session hall of the Chamber of Deputies . Victoria is considered a national hero and one of the most popular presidents in the history of early Mexico. There are numerous streets, airports, schools, and cities (most notably Victoria de Durango and Ciudad Victoria ) named in his honor. Guadalupe Victoria

5440-419: The seat of the government powers moved to Toluca, and so did the Institute, as stipulated in its creation decree. In Toluca, students were lodged in the Convento de La Merced, which became the first site of the Institute in the capital of the State, but this did not last long. In 1833, Lorenzo de Zavala expropriated a property known as "El Beaterio", with the purpose of locating the Institute there. "El Beaterio"

5525-406: The state government. However, Zavala advocated toward equality. He believed that a school had to be financed with public funds and scholarships to favour young people from different regions who had limited resources. It was Zavala's idea that prevailed, thus the local Congress declared that poor and preferably indigenous students should be sent to the Institute from each town or district supported by

5610-407: The town of Soledad. In late May, with the exception of the capital, the province of Veracruz was up in arms. The Army of the Three Guarantees was created on 24 February 1821 as part of the Plan of Iguala and continued battling Spanish royalist forces that refused to accept Mexican independence. These battles continued until 21 August 1821, when Iturbide and Spanish Viceroy Juan O'Donojú signed

5695-447: The words "youth and senectitude". The authors of the monument were sculptor Ignacio Asúnsolo and architect Vicente Mendiola, who were a student and a professor of the institute respectively. At that time, the Institute did not provide higher education . This led students to join other institutions to obtain a higher degree, such as the Universidad Nacional, which became autonomous in 1929. After learning about this fact, many alumni from

5780-455: Was (the Army alone accounted for $ 12 million of the budget), persuaded him to accept two loans, each of over £3 million pounds . These loans, negotiated through banking houses such as Barclay and Goldschmidt, averted bankruptcy and helped retain social peace, factors that undoubtedly enabled Victoria to serve out his full term. Despite these financial problems, there were some highly positive aspects to Victoria's administration. Two of

5865-442: Was Priest José María Alcántara. When Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg arrived in Toluca in October 1864, as part of his national tour to learn about people's needs across the country, he stayed at the Convento del Carmen. When he realized how deteriorated the building was, he promised to send a bag of gold coins for its restoration. However, his promise was not kept, either because he never intended to do so or because he did not have

5950-410: Was a large house in Toluca intended to host "beatas", women who lived under certain rules and were devoted to educating girls. However, this objective was never met. Instead, a chapel and two schools for girls were built, one for the Spanish girls and another for the indigenous ones respectively. After the Mexican War of Independence , since the place had been practically abandoned and was guarded only by

6035-476: Was a logical mistake in the establishment of Independence. Congress abolished the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba, leaving the country free to choose any system of government it wished. Despite being elected to be part of the Supreme Executive Power, Victoria remained in military control of Veracruz, where he oversaw the transportation of Iturbide to Europe and organized resistance against Spanish attacks from San Juan de Ulúa. The Supreme Executive Power

6120-637: Was also public prosecutor, magistrate and president of the Supreme Court , as well as senior officer of the Ministry of Public Works and the Economy. Despite being a liberal politician, Altamirano was a devoted catholic. In contrast with othe Mexican liberals from his epoch, as Ignacio Ramírez or Vicente Riva Palacio , he was not a skeptical in religion or radical anticlerical (although he supported

6205-500: Was born as José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix on 29 September 1786 in Tamazula in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain (now the Mexican state of Durango ). His parents, who died early in his childhood, were Manuel Fernández de Victoria and María Alejandra Félix Niebla. He was baptized by his paternal uncle Agustín Fernández, at that time the priest of Tamazula, with whom he lived after being orphaned. He studied at

6290-573: Was born in Tixtla , Guerrero , of indigenous Chontal Maya heritage. His father was the mayor of Tixtla, this allowed Ignacio to attend school there. He later studied in Toluca thanks to a scholarship that was granted him by Ignacio Ramírez , of whom he was a disciple. As a liberal politician, Altamirano opposed Benito Juárez 's continuation in office in 1861, allying himself with other liberal foes of Juárez and supporting Jesús González Ortega . With

6375-656: Was commissioned to direct the former provinces, now Free States, to create the Federal Republic and also to call elections for a new constituent congress. The Executive had to overcome a series of political difficulties, such as the case of the Central American provinces that chose not to join Mexican Federation, and the provinces of Oaxaca , Yucatán , Jalisco and Zacatecas that declared themselves free and sovereign states. They also faced

6460-557: Was crowned Emperor of Mexico, but the workings of the Constitutional Empire soon demonstrated the incompatibility of its two main components, the Emperor and the Constituent Congress. The deputies were imprisoned after expressing their disagreement with Iturbide and finally, Iturbide decided to eliminate the Congress, establishing instead a National Board. The lack of a Congress, the arbitrary actions of

6545-413: Was defeated. The assault on Oaxaca took place on 25 November 1812. Insurgents led by José María Morelos defeated the royalist forces of Lieutenant General Gonzalez Saravia. Other members of the insurgent forces that participated in the assault of Oaxaca were Hermenegildo Galeana , Nicolás Bravo , Mariano Matamoros , Manuel Mier y Terán , and Vicente Guerrero . Guadalupe Victoria engaged in

6630-551: Was followed by the 1824 Constitution and his presidency. He later served as Governor of Puebla . Born in Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain (now Durango ), he graduated from the College of San Ildefonso with a Bachelor of Laws degree. He joined the Mexican War of Independence under general José María Morelos . During the war, he became one of the most prominent independence generals, participating in numerous battles, including

6715-474: Was installed. Almost all members were notable for their social position, wealth and titles. They were also all former fervent supporters of the Spanish rule. None of the former insurgents, such as Vicente Guerrero , Nicolás Bravo , Ignacio López Rayón , Guadalupe Victoria and Andrés Quintana Roo , were called to participate. In early 1822, some of the former insurgents with republican ideas began meeting at

6800-513: Was not old enough to attend his lectures, but he would sneak around and listen to his lessons from outside the classroom. They became friends and, eventually, colleagues, since Altamirano started to study law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico . In general, he was known for being a rebellious child, and since he did not allow others to mock him or other indigenous children because of their background, he became

6885-464: Was proclaimed. The Congress called for presidential elections in August 1824. Each state legislature would appoint two candidates, and the two who received the most votes would be elected as president and vice president. The results were announced on 1 October and by majority of 17 states, Guadalupe Victoria was elected president of the republic. On 2 October 1824, Guadalupe Victoria was declared

6970-597: Was still forced to retreat to Nautla in July of that year. To have a point of supply from the Gulf of Mexico , Victoria took control of the Boquilla de Piedras , a port located between Tuxpan and the port of Veracruz. This port was fitted with docks, warehouses and batteries for defense and remained under the control of Victoria until November 1816, when it was retaken by the royalist army. Shortly afterwards, Naolinco became

7055-457: Was the only president to complete his full term in more than 30 years of an independent Mexico. He later served as a senator for Durango and Veracruz, governor of Puebla, and president of the senate. He negotiated an end to the Pastry War with France in 1838. He died in 1843 at the age of 56 from epilepsy in the fortress of Perote , where he was receiving medical treatment. On 8 April of

7140-408: Was to achieve recognition from European countries. The government of Victoria was hampered by severe financial problems. His expenses averaged $ 18 million spanish dollars —colloquially known as pesos —annually, but he was only collecting half that amount in revenues. In order to resolve that problem, Victoria was forced to seek foreign aid. The United Kingdom, knowing how hard-pressed Victoria

7225-406: Was ver keen on portraying the city, as opposed to José María Velasco , who preferred painting landscapes. It is because of Coto y Maldonado's work that interesting aspects of the Toluca of that time are known today, such as the original white color of the facade of the famous portals of the city, captured in the painting entitled Los Portales. From all the institutes created between 1825 and 1879,

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