Misplaced Pages

#133866

49-569: UGR may refer to: University of Granada Unified Glare Rating Unitized Group Ration Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title UGR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UGR&oldid=933224676 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

98-523: A maritime-influenced Mediterranean climate , similar to nearby Spanish and Moroccan cities such as Tarifa , Algeciras or Tangiers . The average diurnal temperature variation is relatively low; the average annual temperature is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F) with average yearly highs of 21.4 °C (70.5 °F) and lows of 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) though the Ceuta weather station has only been in operation since 2003. Ceuta has relatively mild winters for

147-543: A period of political instability persisted, under competing interests from the Marinids and Granada as well as autonomous rule under the native Banu al-Azafi . The Fez finally conquered the region in 1387, with assistance from Aragon . On the morning of 21 August 1415, King John I of Portugal led his sons and their assembled forces in a surprise assault that would come to be known as the Conquest of Ceuta . The battle

196-462: A small Hindu community that had existed in Ceuta since 1893, connected to Gibraltar's. When Spain recognized the independence of Spanish Morocco in 1956, Ceuta and the other plazas de soberanía remained under Spanish rule. Spain considered them integral parts of the Spanish state, but Morocco has disputed this point. Culturally, modern Ceuta is part of the Spanish region of Andalusia . It

245-582: A small village of Muslims and Christians surrounded by ruins until its resettlement in the 9th century by Mâjakas, chief of the Majkasa Berber tribe, who started the short-lived Banu Isam dynasty. His great-grandson briefly allied his tribe with the Idrisids , but Banu Isam rule ended in 931 when he abdicated in favor of Abd ar-Rahman III , the Umayyad ruler of Córdoba, Spain . Chaos ensued with

294-503: Is also considered the national leader in Computer Science Engineering. UGR also plays a major role in scientific output, placing high in national ranks and being one of the best world universities in computing and mathematics studies. UGR is composed of 5 Schools, 22 Faculties and 116 Departments responsible for teaching and researching into specific subject areas. They are spread over five different campuses in

343-429: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages University of Granada The university's Center for Modern Languages (CLM) receives over 10,000 international students each year. In 2014, UGR was voted the best Spanish university by international students. Outstanding in varied fields from Classics to Modern Languages and Computer Science, it has been recognised as

392-694: Is known officially in Spanish as Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (English: Autonomous City of Ceuta ), with a rank between a standard municipality and an autonomous community . Ceuta is part of the territory of the European Union . The city was a free port before Spain joined the European Union in 1986. Now it has a low-tax system within the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union . Since 1979, Ceuta has held elections to its 25-seat assembly every four years. The leader of its government

441-663: Is one of the special member state territories of the European Union , and it is one of several Spanish territories in Africa , which include Melilla and the Canary Islands . It was a regular municipality belonging to the province of Cádiz prior to the passing of its Statute of Autonomy in March 1995, as provided by the Spanish Constitution, henceforth becoming an autonomous city. Ceuta, like Melilla and

490-700: The Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea , the Strait of Gibraltar is an important military and commercial chokepoint . The Phoenicians realized the extremely narrow isthmus joining the Peninsula of Almina to the African mainland made Ceuta eminently defensible and established an outpost there early in the 1st millennium   BC. The Greek geographers record it by variations of Abyla ,

539-456: The Canary Islands , was classified as a free port before Spain joined the European Union . Its population is predominantly Christian and Muslim , with a small minority of Sephardic Jews and Sindhi Hindus , from Pakistan. Spanish is the official language. Spanish and Darija Arabic are the two main spoken languages. The name Abyla has been said to have been a Punic name ("Lofty Mountain" or "Mountain of God ") for Jebel Musa ,

SECTION 10

#1732776668134

588-588: The Congress of Deputies , the lower house of the Cortes Generales (the Spanish Parliament). As of the November 2019 election, this post is held by María Teresa López of Vox . Ceuta is subdivided into 63 barriadas ("neighborhoods"), such as Barriada de Berizu, Barriada de P. Alfonso, Barriada del Sarchal, and El Hacho. Ceuta maintains its own police force. The defence of

637-691: The Iberian Union . During the Iberian Union, 1580 to 1640, Ceuta attracted many settlers of Spanish origin and became the only city of the Portuguese Empire that sided with Spain when Portugal regained its independence in the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640. On 1 January 1668, King Afonso VI of Portugal recognised the formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain and ceded Ceuta to King Carlos II of Spain by

686-571: The Islamic conquest of the Maghreb around 710. Instead, the rapid Muslim conquest of Spain produced romances concerning Count Julian of Septem and his betrayal of Christendom in revenge for the dishonor that befell his daughter at King Roderick 's court. Allegedly with Julian's encouragement and instructions, the Berber convert and freedman Tariq ibn Ziyad took his garrison from Tangiers across

735-805: The Peninsula of Almina overlooking the port is one of the possible locations of the southern pillar of the Pillars of Hercules of Greek legend (the other possibility being Jebel Musa ). The Ceuta Peninsula has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because the site is part of a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, at the western end of the Mediterranean for large numbers of raptors , storks and other birds flying between Europe and Africa. These include European honey buzzards , black kites , short-toed snake eagles , Egyptian vultures , griffon vultures , black storks , white storks and Audouin's gulls . Ceuta has

784-536: The Spanish Army of Africa and rebelled against the Spanish republican government; his military uprising led to the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. Franco transported troops to mainland Spain in an airlift using transport aircraft supplied by Germany and Italy . Ceuta became one of the first battlegrounds of the uprising: General Franco's rebel nationalist forces seized Ceuta, while at the same time

833-570: The Treaty of Lisbon . The city was attacked by Moroccan forces under Moulay Ismail during the Siege of Ceuta (1694–1727) . During the longest siege in history, the city underwent changes leading to the loss of its Portuguese character. While most of the military operations took place around the Royal Walls of Ceuta , there were also small-scale penetrations by Spanish forces at various points on

882-541: The University of Delaware . Ceuta Ceuta ( UK : / ˈ sj uː t ə / , US : / ˈ s eɪ uː t ə / , Spanish: [ˈθewta, ˈsewta] ; Arabic : سَبْتَة , romanized :  Sabtah ) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . Ceuta

931-521: The hinterland and made the more defensible Septem their regional capital in place of Tingis. Epidemics , less capable successors and overstretched supply lines forced a retrenchment and left Septem isolated. It is likely that its count ( comes ) was obliged to pay homage to the Visigoth Kingdom in Spain in the early 7th century. There are no reliable contemporary accounts of the end of

980-455: The province of Cádiz on the Spanish mainland by the Strait of Gibraltar and it shares a 6.4 km (4 mi) land border with M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture in the Kingdom of Morocco . It has an area of 18.5 km (7 sq mi; 4,571 acres). It is dominated by Monte Anyera, a hill along its western frontier with Morocco, which is guarded by a Spanish military fort. Monte Hacho on

1029-617: The Mauretanian king Ptolemy in AD   40 and seized his kingdom, which Claudius organized in AD ;42, placing Septem in the province of Tingitana and raising it to the level of a colony . It subsequently was Romanized and thrived into the late 3rd century, trading heavily with Roman Spain and becoming well known for its salted fish . Roads connected it overland with Tingis (Tangiers) and Volubilis . Under Theodosius I in

SECTION 20

#1732776668134

1078-726: The Moroccan coast, and seizure of shipping in the Strait of Gibraltar. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) , Spain allowed Britain to occupy Ceuta. Occupation began in 1810, with Ceuta being returned at the conclusion of the wars. Disagreements regarding the border of Ceuta resulted in the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) , which ended at the Battle of Tetuán . In July 1936, General Francisco Franco took command of

1127-614: The Romans eventually accepted his conquests and he continued to raid them anyway, he soon lost control of Tingis and Septem in a series of Berber revolts. When Justinian decided to reconquer the Vandal lands , his victorious general Belisarius continued along the coast, making Septem a westernmost outpost of the Byzantine Empire around 533. Unlike the former ancient Roman administration, however, Eastern Rome did not push far into

1176-738: The Spanish heritage classification. Recent major new facilities include the Granada Health Science Technological Park , housing infrastructures and facilities devoted to its four main uses: teaching (98,000 m ), health care (120,000 m ), and research and business development (170,000 m ), with the participation of Spanish CSIC institution. According to several rankings, the University of Granada ranks among top five best Spanish universities and holds first place in Translation and Interpreting studies. It

1225-566: The ancient name of nearby Jebel Musa . Beside Calpe , the other Pillar of Hercules now known as the Rock of Gibraltar , the Phoenicians established Kart at what is now San Roque , Spain . Other good anchorages nearby became Phoenician and then Carthaginian ports at what are now Tangiers and Cádiz . After Carthage 's destruction in the Punic Wars , most of northwest Africa

1274-489: The bastions of Coraza Alta, Bandera and Mallorquines. Luís de Camões lived in Ceuta between 1549 and 1551, losing his right eye in battle, which influenced his work of poetry Os Lusíadas . In 1578 King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir (known as the Battle of Three Kings) in what is today northern Morocco, without descendants, triggering the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis . His granduncle,

1323-499: The birth hour of the university. This explains its motto " Universitas Granatensis 1531 " and his official seal, based in its founder coat of arms with representations of the imperial double-headed eagle and Spanish kingdoms. The rectorate of the university of Granada is situated in the Royal Hospital of Granada , inaugurated in 1526 as well during the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and listed nowadays as BIC in

1372-511: The city came under fire from the air and sea forces of the official republican government. The Llano Amarillo monument was erected to honor Francisco Franco ; it was inaugurated on 13 July 1940. The tall obelisk has since been abandoned, but the shield symbols of the Falange and Imperial Eagle remain visible. Following the 1947 Partition of India , a substantial number of Sindhi Hindus from current-day Pakistan settled in Ceuta, adding to

1421-597: The city of Granada ( Centro , Cartuja , Fuentenueva , Aynadamar and Ciencias de la Salud ), plus two more campuses located in the cities of Ceuta and Melilla , Spanish territories in Northern Africa . The University of Granada also offers a wide range of postgraduate programmes (Master's Degrees, Doctorate Programmes and UGR's Postgraduate studies), made up of studies adapted to the European model . The UGR began admitting international students in 1992 with

1470-480: The city to pursue further enterprises in the area. From 1415 to 1437, Pedro de Meneses became the first governor of Ceuta. The Marinid Sultanate started the 1419 siege but was defeated by the first governor of Ceuta before reinforcements arrived in the form of John, Constable of Portugal and his brother Henry the Navigator , who were sent with troops to defend Ceuta. Under King John I 's son, Duarte ,

1519-516: The coat of arms derived from that of the Kingdom of Portugal was added to the center; the original Portuguese flag and coat of arms of Ceuta remained unchanged, and the modern-day Ceuta flag features the configuration of the Portuguese shield . John's son Henry the Navigator distinguished himself in the battle, being wounded during the conquest. The looting of the city proved to be less profitable than expected for John I, so he decided to keep

UGR - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-590: The colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury. Trans-Saharan trade journeyed instead to Tangier . It was soon realized that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. In 1437, Duarte's brothers Henry the Navigator and Fernando, the Saint Prince persuaded him to launch an attack on the Marinid sultanate. The resulting Battle of Tangier (1437) , led by Henry,

1617-404: The elderly Cardinal Henry , succeeded him as King, but Henry also had no descendants, having taken holy orders . When the cardinal-king died two years after Sebastian's death, three grandchildren of King Manuel I of Portugal claimed the throne: Philip prevailed and was crowned King Philip I of Portugal in 1581, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires in what is historically referred to as

1666-648: The enclave is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces ' General Command of Ceuta (COMGECEU). The Spanish Army 's combat components of the command include: The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements. In 2023, the Spanish Navy replaced the Aresa -class patrol boat P-114 in the territory with the Rodman -class patrol boat Isla de León . Ceuta itself

1715-720: The fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. Following this, Ceuta and Muslim Iberia were controlled by successive North African dynasties. Starting in 1084, the Almoravid Berbers ruled the region until 1147, when the Almohads conquered the land. Apart from Ibn Hud 's rebellion in 1232, they ruled until the Tunisian Hafsids established control. The Hafsids' influence in the west rapidly waned, and Ceuta's inhabitants eventually expelled them in 1249. After this,

1764-720: The founding of the School for Languages ( Centro de Lenguas Modernas ). As of 2009–2010, there were some 5,000 international students, including Erasmus programme exchange students from the European Union . The CLM has agreements with 20 universities and study abroad organizations in the U.S. and in Canada in order to bring North Americans to the UGR, including the American Institute For Foreign Study , Arcadia University , International Studies Abroad and

1813-418: The late 4th century, Septem still had 10,000 inhabitants, nearly all Christian citizens speaking African Romance , a local dialect of Latin. Vandals , probably invited by Count Boniface as protection against the empress dowager , crossed the strait near Tingis around 425 and swiftly overran Roman North Africa . Their king, Gaiseric , focused his attention on the rich lands around Carthage ; although

1862-463: The latitude, while summers are warm yet milder than in the interior of Southern Spain, due to the moderating effect of the Straits of Gibraltar. Summers are very dry, but yearly precipitation is still at 849 mm (33.4 in), which could be considered a humid climate if the summers were not so arid. Since 1995, Ceuta is, along with Melilla , one of the two autonomous cities of Spain. Ceuta

1911-459: The position of the city was consolidated with the taking of Ksar es-Seghir (1458), Arzila and Tangier (1471) by the Portuguese. The city was recognized as a Portuguese possession by the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) and by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). In the 1540s the Portuguese began building the Royal Walls of Ceuta as they are today including bastions , a navigable moat and a drawbridge. Some of these bastions are still standing, like

1960-485: The second best university in Spain and as one of the most important among European ancient universities. In 1526 a college was founded in Granada by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for the teaching of logic , philosophy , theology and canon law . On 14 July 1531, the establishment of a studium generale with the faculties of theology, arts and canon law was granted by a papal bull by Clement VII , marking

2009-750: The southern Pillar of Hercules . The name of the mountain was in fact Habenna ( Punic : 𐤀𐤁‬𐤍‬ , ʾbn , "Stone" or " Stele ") or ʾAbin-ḥīq ( 𐤀𐤁‬𐤍𐤇‬𐤒 , ʾbnḥq , "Rock of the Bay"), about the nearby Bay of Benzú . The name was hellenized variously as Ápini ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἄπινι ), Abýla ( Ἀβύλα ), Abýlē ( Ἀβύλη ), Ablýx ( Ἀβλύξ ), and Abilē Stḗlē ( Ἀβίλη Στήλη , "Pillar of Abyla") and in Latin as Abyla Mons ("Mount Abyla") or Abyla Columna ("the Pillar of Abyla"). The settlement below Jebel Musa

UGR - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-639: The strait and overran the Spanish so swiftly that both he and his master Musa bin Nusayr fell afoul of a jealous caliph , who stripped them of their wealth and titles. After the death of Julian, sometimes also described as a king of the Ghomara Berbers , Berber converts to Islam took direct control of what they called Sebta. It was then destroyed during their great revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate around 740. Sebta subsequently remained

2107-586: Was a debacle. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the Portuguese army to depart unmolested, which he reneged on. Possession of Ceuta indirectly led to further Portuguese expansion . The main area of Portuguese expansion, at this time, was the coast of the Maghreb , where there was grain, cattle, sugar, and textiles, as well as fish, hides, wax, and honey. Ceuta had to endure alone for 43 years, until

2156-420: Was almost anticlimactic, because the 45,000 men who traveled on 200 Portuguese ships caught the defenders of Ceuta off guard and suffered only eight casualties. By nightfall the town was captured. On the morning of 22 August, Ceuta was in Portuguese hands. Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches was asked to hoist what was to become the flag of Ceuta , which is identical to the flag of Lisbon , but in which

2205-403: Was attached to the province of Cádiz until 1995, the Spanish coast being only 20 km (12.5 miles) away. It is a cosmopolitan city, with a large ethnic Arab-Berber Muslim minority as well as Sephardic Jewish and Hindu minorities. On 5 November 2007, King Juan Carlos I visited the city, sparking great enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government. It

2254-848: Was later renamed for the seven hills around the site, collectively referred to as the "Seven Brothers" ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἑπτάδελφοι , translit.   Heptádelphoi ; Latin : Septem Fratres ). In particular, the Roman stronghold at the site took the name "Fort at the Seven Brothers" ( Castellum ad Septem Fratres ). This was gradually shortened to Septem ( Σέπτον Sépton ) or, occasionally, Septum or Septa . These clipped forms continued as Berber Sebta and Arabic Sabtan or Sabtah ( سبتة‎ ), which themselves became Ceuta in Portuguese ( pronounced [ˈseu̯tɐ] ) and Spanish (locally pronounced [ˈseu̯ta] ). Controlling access between

2303-515: Was left to the Roman client states of Numidia and—around Abyla— Mauretania . Punic culture continued to thrive in what the Romans knew as "Septem". After the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BC, Caesar and his heirs began annexing North Africa directly as Roman provinces but, as late as Augustus , most of Septem's Berber residents continued to speak and write in Punic . Caligula assassinated

2352-642: Was the Mayor until the Autonomy Statute provided for the new title of Mayor-President . As of 2011 , the People's Party (PP) won 18 seats, keeping Juan Jesús Vivas as Mayor-President, which he has been since 2001. The remaining seats are held by the regionalist Caballas Coalition (4) and the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, 3). Owing to its small population, Ceuta elects only one member of

2401-583: Was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited Ceuta in 80 years. Since 2010, Ceuta (and Melilla) have declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha , or Feast of the Sacrifice, an official public holiday. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spanish ruled territory since the Reconquista . Ceuta is separated by 17 km (11 mi) from

#133866