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113-461: The Unity Party grew out of the grassroots group named Runners for Clark which supported General Wesley Clark's 2004 presidential campaign by raising campaign contributions and awareness of Clark's run for the presidency; Runners for Clark morphed into Unity Runners and then into the Unity Party. Bill Hammons of Texas, New York and Colorado founded the Unity Party in 2004 as chairman and ran as

226-485: A Kosovo peacekeeping force . NATO suffered no combat deaths, although two crew members died in an Apache helicopter crash. A F-117A was downed near the village of Budjanovci . The bombing resulted in an estimated 495 civilian deaths and 820 wounded, as reported to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia . Yugoslavia estimated that the number of civilians killed

339-571: A political action committee , "WesPAC", which he formed after the 2004 primaries and used to support Democratic Party candidates in the 2006 midterm elections . Clark was considered a potential candidate for the Democratic nomination in 2008 , but, on September 15, 2007, endorsed Senator Hillary Clinton . After Clinton dropped out of the presidential race, Clark endorsed the then-presumptive Democratic nominee, Barack Obama . Clark has his own consulting firm, Wesley K. Clark and Associates, and

452-608: A relay . Clark has often repeated the anecdote that he decided he wanted to go to West Point after meeting a cadet with glasses who told Clark (who wore glasses as well) that one did not need perfect vision to attend West Point as Clark had thought. Clark applied, and he was accepted on April 24, 1962. Clark's military career began July 2, 1962, when he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York . He later said that Douglas MacArthur 's famous " Duty, honor, country " speech

565-466: A "show of hands" at a party assembly. By 2017, the party had spread to 37 states. In September 2017, Unity Party members decided to begin referring to themselves as "Uniters." In October 2018, Hammons was quoted as saying, "God did not ordain two parties in the United States," and went on to say one goal of his gubernatorial run was to help put a Unity Party presidential candidate at the top of

678-600: A Republican if Karl Rove had returned my phone calls." Clark later claimed he was simply joking, but both Owens and Holtzman said the remark was delivered "very directly" and "wasn't a joke". Katharine Q. Seelye wrote that many believed Clark had chosen to be a Democrat in 2004 only because it was "the only party that did not have a nominee". On May 11, 2001, Clark also delivered a speech to the Pulaski County Republican Party in Arkansas saying he

791-485: A ceremonial head when Clark was initially not invited to a summit in Washington, D.C., to commemorate NATO's 50th anniversary, despite being its supreme military commander. Clark eventually secured an invitation to the summit, but was told by Cohen to say nothing about ground troops, and Clark agreed. Clark returned to SHAPE following the summit and briefed the press on the continued bombing operations. A reporter from

904-507: A company composed of wounded soldiers, at Fort Knox. Clark has said this command is what made him decide to continue his military career past the eight-year commitment required by West Point, which would have concluded in 1974. Clark completed his Armor Officer Advanced Course while at Fort Knox, taking additional elective courses and writing an article that won the Armor Association Writing Award. His next posting

1017-679: A degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics . He later graduated from the Command and General Staff College with a master's degree in military science . He commanded an infantry company in the Vietnam War , where he was shot four times and awarded a Silver Star for gallantry in combat. Clark served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe of NATO from 1997 to 2000, commanding Operation Allied Force during

1130-627: A global effort to strengthen American relations with other nations, reviewing the PATRIOT Act , and investing $ 100 billion in homeland security . Finally, he released a budget plan that claimed to save $ 2.35 trillion over ten years through a repeal of the Bush tax cuts, sharing the cost of the Iraq War with other nations, and cutting government waste. Some have speculated that Clark's inexperience at giving " soundbite " answers hurt him in

1243-791: A peace. This process came to an unsuccessful end, however, following the Račak massacre . Then U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright tried to force Yugoslavia into allowing separation of Kosovo with the Rambouillet Agreement , which Yugoslavia refused. Clark was not at the Rambouillet talks. He separately tried to convince Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milošević by telling him "there's an activation order. And if they tell me to bomb you, I'm going to bomb you good." Clark later alleged that Milošević launched into an emotional tirade against Albanians and said that they'd been "handled" in

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1356-498: A position with Stephens Inc, an investment firm headquartered there. He took several other board positions at defense-related firms, and in March 2003 he amicably left Stephens Inc to found Wesley K. Clark & Associates. Clark wrote two books, Waging Modern War and Winning Modern Wars . He also authored forewords for a series of military biographies and a series of editorials. In 2021 he published academic article Hybrid Warfare and

1469-488: A result of his work on Haig's staff, Clark was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was awarded the Legion of Merit . After his European post, he moved on to Fort Carson, Colorado , where he served first as the executive officer of the 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division from August 1979 to February 1980, then as the commander of the 1st Battalion, 77th Armor , 4th Infantry Division from February 1980 to July 1982. According to

1582-414: A secretary at a bank. Victor raised Wesley as his son, and officially adopted him on Wesley's 16th birthday. Wesley's name was changed to Wesley Kanne Clark. Victor Clark's name actually replaced that of Wesley's biological father on his birth certificate , something Wesley would later say that he wished they had not done. Veneta raised Wesley without telling him of his Jewish ancestry to protect him from

1695-718: A tie for third place with Edwards in the New Hampshire primary and a narrow victory in the Oklahoma primary over Edwards. However, he saw his third-place finishes in Tennessee and Virginia as signs that he had lost the South , a focus of his campaign. He withdrew from the race on February 11, 2004, and announced his endorsement of John Kerry at a rally in Madison, Wisconsin , on February 13. Clark believed his opting out of

1808-498: A vision well beyond that of a new shuttle or space plane. "I would like to see mankind get off this planet. I'd like to know what's out there beyond the solar system." Clark thought such a vision could probably require a lifetime of research and development in various fields of science and technology. Then at the end of his remarks, Clark dropped a bombshell when he said "I still believe in E = mc ² . But I can't believe that in all of human history we'll never ever be able to go beyond

1921-634: A war. This led to accusations of antisemitism. Paul Noel Fiorino Paul Noel Fiorino (born November 22, 1954) is an American ballet instructor and perennial candidate who is the national Unity Party of America 's nominee for president of the United States for the 2024 presidential election . Fiorino will not appear on the Colorado presidential ballot because of the ballot-qualified, Unity Party of Colorado nominating Cornel West . He previously has run for Mayor of Denver , for Governor of Colorado , and for United States Senate . Fiorino

2034-590: A whole (earning him "Distinguished Cadet" stars on his uniform) and graduated as valedictorian of his class. The valedictorian is allowed to choose their career specialty in the Army, and Clark selected armor . He met Gertrude Kingston (whom he later married) at a USO dance for midshipmen and West Point cadets. Clark applied for a Rhodes Scholarship during his senior year at West Point, and learned in December 1965 that he had been accepted. He spent his summer at

2147-639: Is chairman and CEO of Enverra, a licensed boutique investment bank. He has worked with over 100 private and public companies on energy, security, and financial services. Clark is engaged in business in North America , Africa , Europe , the Middle East , Latin America and Asia . Between July 2012 and November 2015, he was an honorary special advisor to Romanian prime minister Victor Ponta on economic and security matters. Clark's father's family

2260-462: Is higher than 2,000 and that more than 5,000 have been wounded. Human Rights Watch estimates the number of civilian deaths due to NATO bombings as somewhere between 488 and 527. Milošević's term in office in Yugoslavia was coming to an end, and the elections that came on September 24, 2000, were protested due to allegations of fraud and rigged elections. This all came to a head on October 5 in

2373-405: Is you have to put yourself in a position—on balance, I probably would have voted for it." Finally, Clark's press secretary clarified his position as "you said you would have voted for the resolution as leverage for a UN-based solution." After this series of responses, although Clark opposed the war, The New York Times ran a story with the headline "Clark Says He Would Have Voted for War". Clark

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2486-624: The Los Angeles Times asked a question about the effect of bombings on Serbian forces, and Clark noted that merely counting the number of opposing troops did not show Milošević's true losses because he was bringing in reinforcements. Many American news organizations capitalized on the remark in a way Clark said "distorted the comment" with headlines such as "NATO Chief Admits Bombs Fail to Stem Serb Operations" in The New York Times . Clark later defended his remarks, saying this

2599-661: The 2000 presidential election , won by George W. Bush . Clark had a conversation with Condoleezza Rice in which she told him that the war in Kosovo would not have occurred under Bush. Clark found such an admission unsettling, as he had been selected for the SACEUR position because he believed more in the interventionist policies of the Clinton administration. He said he would see it as a sign that things were "starting to go wrong" with American foreign policy under Bush. Clark supported

2712-637: The Colorado Democratic Party . Fiorino is also a singer-songwriter who released a gospel album, Guitar and Voice , in 2012 which was inspired by his experience with Guillain-Barre syndrome . According to Fiorino, he was a coach in the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles . Fiorino first ran for office in 2006 where he attempted to become an independent candidate for Governor of Colorado alongside Heather Anne McKibben. He attempted to email media outlets, complaining about

2825-805: The Distinguished Service Order (1999), became Commander-in-Chief, Land Command (2000), and finally, in 2003, Chief of the General Staff , the highest position in the British Army. Clark received another call from General Shelton in July 1999 in which he was told that Secretary Cohen wanted Clark to leave his command in April 2000, less than three years after he assumed the post. Clark was surprised by this, because he believed SACEURs were expected to serve at least three years. Clark

2938-676: The House and Senate . Clark was the most-requested surrogate of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee throughout the 2006 campaign, and sometimes appeared with the leadership of the Democratic Party when they commented on security issues. Clark has opposed taking military action against Iran and in January 2007 he criticized what he called "New York money people" pushing for

3051-627: The Kosovo War . He spent 34 years in the U.S. Army, receiving many military decorations , several honorary knighthoods , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2003, Clark launched his candidacy for the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries . After winning only the Oklahoma state primary , he withdrew from the race in February 2004, endorsing and campaigning for the eventual Democratic nominee, John Kerry . Clark leads

3164-613: The School of the Americas and his belief that the United States must continue aid to some South American nations to effectively fight the War on Drugs . Clark was quickly confirmed by a voice vote the same day as his confirmation hearing, giving him the command of 109,000 American troops, their 150,000 family members, 50,000 civilians aiding the military, and all American military activities in 89 countries and territories of Europe, Africa, and

3277-568: The Srebrenica massacre to conversations Clark had had with Milošević during his career. Some anti-war activist groups also label Clark and Bill Clinton (along with several others) as war criminals for NATO's entire bombing campaign, saying the entire operation was in violation of the NATO charter . One of Clark's most controversial decisions during his SACEUR command was his attempted operation at Priština International Airport immediately after

3390-598: The U.S. News & World Report website, and "Clark Campaigns at Light Speed" in Wired magazine. Several polls from September to November 2003 showed Clark leading the Democratic field of candidates or as a close second to Howard Dean with the Gallup poll having him in first place in the presidential race at 20% as late as October 2003. The John Edwards campaign brought on Hugh Shelton—the general who had said Clark

3503-727: The United States Army Airborne School at Fort Benning , Georgia. He completed his master's degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Magdalen College at the University of Oxford in August 1968. While he was at Oxford, a Jewish cousin of Clark's who lived in England telephoned him and informed him of his Jewish heritage, having received permission from Veneta Clark. Clark spent three months after graduation at Fort Knox , Kentucky, going through

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3616-599: The White House , such as President Clinton and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, who allowed him to circumvent the Pentagon in promoting his strategic ideas. Clark felt, however, that he was not being included enough in discussions with the National Command Authority , leading him to describe himself as "just a NATO officer who also reported to the United States". This command conflict came to

3729-479: The federal income tax , a health care tax deduction , Social Security reform, term limits , and gerrymandering reform. Wesley Clark Wesley Kanne Clark (born Wesley J. Kanne , December 23, 1944) is a retired United States Army officer. He graduated as valedictorian of the class of 1966 at West Point and was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to the University of Oxford , where he obtained

3842-729: The 1920s as a prosecutor and served in local offices. He served as a delegate to the 1932 Democratic National Convention that nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt as the party's presidential candidate (though his name does not appear on the published roll of convention delegates). His mother was of English ancestry and was a Methodist. Kanne came from the Kohen family line, and Clark's son has characterized Clark's parents' marriage, between his Methodist mother, Veneta (née Updegraff), and his Jewish father, Benjamin Jacob Kanne, as "about as multicultural as you could've gotten in 1944". Clark

3955-551: The 1940s by ethnic cleansing . On orders from President Clinton, Clark started the bombings codenamed Operation Allied Force on March 24, 1999, to try to enforce U.N. Resolution 1199 following Yugoslavia's refusal of the Rambouillet Agreement. However, critics note that Resolution 1199 was a call for cessation of hostilities and did not authorize any organization to take military action. US Secretary of Defense William Cohen felt that Clark had powerful allies at

4068-464: The 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division there from April 1986 to March 1988. Veneta Clark, Wesley's mother, died of a heart attack on Mother's Day in 1986. Regarding his term as brigade commander, one of his battalion commanders called Clark the "most brilliant and gifted officer [he'd] ever known". After Fort Carson, Clark returned to the Command and General Staff College to direct and further develop

4181-438: The 7th United National Convention over Google Meet . However, the Colorado faction of the party, which has the party's ballot access, met on April 13, 2024 and nominated independent Cornel West . Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 3rd party presidential campaign had approached the Unity Party of Colorado for their nomination. As of 2014, the Unity Party platform was outlined as supporting a balanced budget amendment , an elimination of

4294-753: The American journalist David Halberstam , the commander at Fort Carson, then Major General John Hudachek, had a reputation of disliking West Point graduates and fast-rising officers such as Clark. Still, Clark was selected first in his year group for full colonel and attended the National War College immediately after his battalion command. Clark graduated in June 1983, and was promoted to full colonel in October 1983. Following his graduation, Clark worked in Washington, D.C., from July 1983 to 1984 in

4407-549: The Armor Officer Basic Course, then went on to Ranger School at Fort Benning. He was promoted to captain and was assigned as commander of the A Company of the 1st Battalion, 63rd Armor, 24th Infantry Division at Fort Riley , Kansas . Clark was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division and flew to Vietnam in July 1969, during the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . He worked as a staff officer, collecting data and helping in operations planning, and

4520-850: The Battle Command Training Program (BCTP) there until October 1989. The BCTP was created to use escalation training to teach senior officers war-fighting skills, according to the commanding general at the time. On November 1, 1989, Clark was promoted to brigadier general . Clark returned to Fort Irwin and commanded the National Training Center (NTC) from October 1989 to 1991. The Gulf War occurred during Clark's command, and many National Guard divisional round-out brigades trained under his command. Multiple generals commanding American forces in Iraq and Kuwait said Clark's training helped bring about results in

4633-656: The CGSC with a thesis on American policies of gradualism in the Vietnam War. Clark's theory was one of applying force swiftly to achieve escalation dominance, a concept that would eventually become established as U.S. national security policy in the form of the Weinberger Doctrine and its successor, the Powell Doctrine . Clark was promoted to major upon his graduation from the CGSC. In 1975, Clark

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4746-711: The Challenge of Cyberattacks in The Challenge to NATO: Global Security and the Atlantic Alliance. Clark had amassed only about $ 3.1 million towards his $ 40 million goal by 2003, and he began considering running for public office instead of pursuing his business career. Clark is also a member of the Atlantic Council 's board of directors. Clark has said that he began to truly define his politics only after his military retirement and

4859-688: The Chinese embassy in Belgrade on May 7, 1999. The operation had been organized against numerous Serbian targets, including "Target 493, the Federal Procurement and Supply Directorate Headquarters", although the intended target building was actually 300 meters away from the targeted area. The embassy was located at this mistaken target, and three Chinese journalists were killed. Clark's intelligence officer called Clark taking full responsibility and offering to resign, but Clark declined, saying it

4972-618: The Clark Community Network of blogs, which remains in use and made heavy use of Meetup.com , where DraftWesleyClark.com had established the second-largest community of Meetups at the time. Clark's loyalty to the Democratic Party was questioned by some as soon as he entered the race. Senator Joe Lieberman called Clark's party choice a matter of "political convenience, not conviction". Republican governor Bill Owens of Colorado and University of Denver president Marc Holtzman have claimed Clark once said "I would have been

5085-741: The Director, Strategic Plans and Policy (J5), on the staff of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), from April 1994 to June 1996. In this position, he helped develop and coordinate world-wide US military policy and strategy. He participated with Richard Holbrooke in the Dayton Peace Process , which ended the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. During this period, he also participated in "back-stopping" nuclear negotiations in Korea, planning

5198-526: The European theater and the Balkans following his USSOUTHCOM position when he was appointed to U.S. European Command in the summer of 1997 by President Clinton. He was, as with SOUTHCOM, not the original nominee for the position. The Army had already selected another general for the post. Because President Clinton and General Shalikashvili believed Clark was the best man for the post, he eventually received

5311-510: The House of Representatives, the party only ran candidates in the state of Colorado, who averaged between 0.5% and 1% of the vote in their respective districts. The Unity Party's best performance came from James Triebert, who ran for Adams County Commissioner against Democrat Chad Tedesco. He won 29.1% of the vote, with 57,387 votes. On December 21, 2023, Donnie Harold Harris, the President of

5424-409: The Iowa caucus was one of his campaign's biggest mistakes, saying to one supporter the day before he withdrew from the race that "everything would have been different if we had [been in Iowa]." Clark continued to speak in support of Kerry (and the eventual Kerry/Edwards ticket) throughout the remainder of the 2004 presidential campaign, including speaking at the 2004 Democratic National Convention on

5537-478: The Middle East. The position made Clark the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), which granted him overall command of NATO military forces in Europe. The largest event of Clark's tenure as SACEUR was NATO's confrontation with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the Kosovo War . On September 22, 1998, the United Nations Security Council introduced Resolution 1199 calling for an end to hostilities in Kosovo , and Richard Holbrooke again tried to negotiate

5650-403: The Press . Clark announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential primary elections from Little Rock on September 17, 2003, months after the other candidates. He acknowledged the influence of the Draft Clark movement, saying they "took an inconceivable idea and made it conceivable". The campaign raised $ 3.5 million in the first two weeks. The internet campaign would also establish

5763-420: The Radio Television of Serbia headquarters on April 23, 1999. The attack which killed sixteen civilian employees was labeled as a war crime by Amnesty International and as an act of terrorism by Noam Chomsky . NATO expressed its justification for the bombing by saying that the station operated as a propaganda tool for the Milošević regime. Operation Allied Force experienced another problem when NATO bombed

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5876-503: The Unity Party of America candidate for Colorado's 2nd congressional district, centered on Boulder, in 2008 and again in 2010. By that point, the Unity Party had expanded beyond Colorado to 27 states. He then ran for the U.S. Senate in Colorado in 2014 before running for the Senate again in 2016 and then for Colorado governor in 2018 (the "Unity" voter affiliation option in Colorado is a direct result of his Senate candidacy). In 2012, veteran and Gold Star father Jim Pirtle of Colorado Springs

5989-408: The Unity Party stood Tim Wolf as their candidate, in a crowded field which saw three third parties, including the ideologically similar Colorado Center Party , contest the election. On 24 August 2023, Richard Ward, the Libertarian candidate for Colorado's 8th congressional district in 2022 who won 3.9% of the vote, announced that he would be switching party affiliation to the Unity Party, citing

6102-475: The Unity party of Indiana, and Hammons announced that for the first time in the Unity Party's history that there will be a Unity Presidential primary which will determine the candidate in time for the April 13, 2024, Unity party convention. Additionally, the pair announced that former party chairman Elijah Herson will be moderating a debate. On April 6, 2024, The Unity Party nominated Paul Noel Fiorino and Matthew May for president and vice president respectively at

6215-530: The administration's War in Afghanistan in response to the September 11, 2001, attacks but did not support the Iraq War . Clark met with a group of wealthy New York Democrats including Alan Patricof to tell them he was considering running for the presidency in the 2004 election. Patricof, a supporter of Al Gore in 2000, met with all the Democratic candidates but supported Clark in 2004. Clark said that he voted for Al Gore and Ronald Reagan , held equal esteem for Dwight D. Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman , and

6328-441: The airfield. The stand-off lasted two weeks. Russian forces continued to occupy the airport, until eventually an agreement was secured for them to be integrated into peace-keeping duties, while remaining outside of NATO command. Jackson's refusal was criticized by some senior U.S. military personnel, with General Hugh Shelton calling it "troubling". During hearings in the United States Senate , Senator John Warner suggested that

6441-407: The anti-Jewish activities of the Ku Klux Klan in the southern U.S. Although his mother was Methodist, Clark chose a Baptist church after moving to Little Rock and continued attending it throughout his childhood. He graduated from Hall High School with a National Merit Scholarship . He helped take their swim team to the state championship, filling in for a sick teammate by swimming two legs of

6554-442: The area. The British commander of the Kosovo Force, General Mike Jackson , however, refused to allow the British forces led by Captain James Blunt to block the Russians through military action saying "I'm not going to start the Third World War for you." Jackson has said he refused to take action because he did not believe it was worth the risk of a military confrontation with the Russians, instead insisting that troops encircle

6667-508: The ballot in Colorado in 2020. In June 2019, Rebecca Keltie of Colorado Springs became the first female Unity Party candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives, and in September 2019 the Unity Party U.S. Senate candidacy of Arvada's Joshua Rodriguez created the first-ever contested Unity Party nomination race. Bill Hammons and Eric Bodenstab were nominated for President and Vice President, respectively, in an online convention held over WebEx on April 4, 2020. Hammons and Bodenstab made it onto

6780-401: The ballot in Colorado, Louisiana and New Jersey. On 18 September 2020, Ian Silverii, columnist for the Denver Post , gave the Unity Party as an alternative to the Colorado Republican Party after the Republicans failed to give any official platform for their 2020 state convention, instead republishing their 2016 platform. During the 2022 House of Representatives election in District 2 ,

6893-413: The ballot-qualifies Unity Party of Colorado rejected Fiorino as their nominee, choosing to nominate Socialist Cornel West by a margin of 95%-5% at their nominating convention. Fiorino has been a candidate for Mayor of Denver and Denver City Council , most recently in 2023 as a write-in candidate . He has also run in every Colorado gubernatorial election since 2006. In 2014, Fiorino was invited to

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7006-464: The center's research" and "teaching [the] contemporary role of the United States in the international community". Clark campaigned heavily throughout the 2006 midterm election campaign , supporting numerous Democrats in a variety of federal, statewide, and state legislature campaigns. Ultimately his PAC aided 42 Democratic candidates who won their elections, including 25 who won seats formerly held by Republicans and 6 newly elected veteran members of

7119-443: The commanding general of TRADOC prepare the army for war and develop new post- Cold War strategies. Clark pushed for technological advancement in the army to establish a digital network for military command, which he called the "digitization of the battlefield". He was promoted to major general in October 1992 at the end of this command. Clark's divisional command came with the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood , Texas. Clark

7232-420: The competing presidential campaign of John Edwards in 2003–2004, said of Clark during his 2004 campaign that "the reason he came out of Europe early had to do with integrity and character issues, things that are very near and dear to my heart. I'm not going to say whether I'm a Republican or a Democrat . I'll just say Wes won't get my vote." Shelton never elaborated further on what these issues were. Clark

7345-405: The controversy subsided. Clark said it was his "first experience in the rough and tumble of high visibility ... and a painful few days". Conservative pundit Robert Novak later referred to the hat exchange in a column during Clark's 2004 presidential campaign, citing it as a "problem" with Clark as a candidate. Clark was sent to Bosnia by Secretary of Defense William Perry to serve as

7458-429: The country asking him to run. One of DraftClark2004's founders, Brent Blackaby, said of the draft effort: "Just fifty-two years ago citizens from all over the country were successful in their efforts to draft General Eisenhower. We intend to do the same in 2004 by drafting General Clark. If he runs, he wins." In June 2003, Clark said that he was "seriously consider[ing]" running for president in an appearance on Meet

7571-445: The end of the Kosovo War. Russian forces had arrived in Kosovo and were heading for the airport on June 12, 1999, two days after the bombing campaign ended, expecting to help police that section of Kosovo. Clark, on the other hand, had planned for the Kosovo Force to police the area. Clark called then-Secretary General of NATO, Javier Solana , and was told "of course you have to get to the airport" and "you have transfer of authority" in

7684-476: The field and that he had successfully begun training a new generation of the military that had moved past Vietnam-era strategy. He was awarded another Legion of Merit for his "personal efforts" that were "instrumental in maintaining" the NTC, according to the citation. He served in a planning post after this, as the deputy chief of staff for concepts, doctrine, and developments at Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) at Fort Monroe, Virginia . While there, he helped

7797-420: The final evening. He founded a political action committee , WesPAC, in April 2004. Fox News Channel announced in June 2005 that they had signed General Clark as a military and foreign affairs analyst. He joined the Burkle Center for International Relations at UCLA as a senior fellow. A managing partner of the companies that support the center, Ronald Burkle , described Clark's position as "illuminat[ing]

7910-492: The lack of reporting given to minor candidates, he was not invited to a gubernatorial debate. Fiorino later said that he was first called to run for office because of budget cuts to arts in public schools. On election day, Fiorino received less than 1%, however, he was the first independent candidate to ever appear on a Colorado gubernatorial ballot. The Unity Party of Colorado nominated Fiorino alongside Cynthia Munhos de Aquino Sirianni for Governor of Colorado in 2022. He

8023-440: The launch of DraftWesleyClark.com on April 10, 2003. The organization signed up tens of thousands of volunteers, made 150 media appearances discussing Clark, and raised $ 1.5 million in pledges for his campaign. A different website, DraftClark2004.com, was the first organization to register as a political action committee in June 2003 to persuade Clark to run. They had presented him with 1000 emails in May 2003 from throughout

8136-426: The legal issues did not necessarily bar him from a full term. Clinton signed on to Ralston's reassignment, although David Halberstam wrote that the president and Madeleine Albright were angered at Clark's treatment. Clark spent the remainder of his time as SACEUR overseeing peacekeeper forces and, without a new command to take, was forced into retirement from the military on May 2, 2000. Rumors persisted that Clark

8249-597: The media during his primary campaign. The day after he launched his campaign, for example, he was asked if he would have voted for the Iraq War Resolution, which granted President Bush the power to wage the Iraq War, a large issue in the 2004 campaign. Clark said, "At the time, I probably would have voted for it, but I think that's too simple a question," then "I don't know if I would have or not. I've said it both ways because when you get into this, what happens

8362-407: The military member to a diplomatic negotiating team headed by assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke . Holbrooke later described Clark's position as "complicated" because it presented him with future possibilities but "might put him into career-endangering conflicts with more senior officers". While the team was driving along a mountain road during the first week, the road gave way, and one of

8475-541: The movement that helped lead to the creation of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Clark served in two commands with the 1st Armored Division based in Germany from August 1976 to February 1978, first as S-3 of the 3rd Battalion, 35th Armor and then as S-3 for 3rd Brigade. Clark's brigade commander while in the former position said Clark was "singularly outstanding, notably superb". He

8588-639: The nomination. Shalikashvili noted he "had a very strong role in [Clark's] last two jobs". Clark noted during his confirmation hearing before the Senate Armed Services committee that he believed NATO had shifted since the end of the Cold War from protecting Europe from the Soviet Union to working towards more general stability in the region. Clark also addressed issues related to his then-current command of USSOUTHCOM, such as support for

8701-690: The offices of the Chief and Deputy Chiefs of Staff of the United States Army , earning a second Legion of Merit for his work. He then served as the Operations Group commander at the Fort Irwin Military Reservation from August 1984 to June 1986. He was awarded another Legion of Merit and a Meritorious Service Medal for his work at Fort Irwin and was given a brigade command at Fort Carson in 1986. He commanded

8814-566: The order. Clark said he was not the original nominee, but the first officer chosen "hadn't been accepted for some reason". Clark began planning work for responses to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina upon his appointment in 1994 as the Director, Strategic Plans and Policy (J5) on the JCS staff. While collecting information to outline military options for resolving the conflict, Clark met with Bosnian Serb military leaders including Ratko Mladić , who

8927-401: The public. Once in the campaign, however, several volunteers established a network of connections with the media, and Clark began to explain his stances on a variety of issues. He was, as he had told The Washington Post in October, pro-choice and pro-affirmative action. He called for a repeal of recent Bush tax cuts for people earning more than $ 200,000 and suggested providing healthcare for

9040-677: The refusal might have been illegal, and that if it was legal, rules potentially should be changed. Still, British Chief of the Defence Staff Charles Guthrie agreed with Jackson. Clark was subsequently ordered to step down from his position two months earlier than expected. Jackson continued his career after the Pristina Incident: He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1998), received

9153-750: The restoration of democracy in Haiti , shifting the United States Southern Command headquarters from Panama to Miami , imposing tougher restrictions on Saddam Hussein , rewriting the National Military Strategy , and developing Joint Vision 2010 for future US war-fighting. Army regulations set a so-called "ticking clock" upon promotion to a three-star general, essentially requiring that Clark be promoted to another post within two years from his initial promotion or retire. This deadline ended in 1996 and Clark said he

9266-553: The rightward shift in the Libertarian Party after their takeover by the Mises Caucus . Nominees Hammons and Bodenstab came in 12th place nationally in the 2020 United States presidential election , winning 6,647 votes. Downballot, the party's Senate candidate, Stephen "Seku" Evans, won 8,971 votes, coming in very last place, underperforming Hammons both in his senatorial run and in his 2018 gubernatorial run. In

9379-564: The so-called Bulldozer Revolution . Milošević resigned on October 7. The Democratic Opposition of Serbia won a majority in parliamentary elections that December. Milošević was taken into custody on April 1, 2001, and transferred to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia on June 28 to face charges of war crimes and genocide. Clark was called to testify in a closed session of Milošević's trial in December 2003. He testified on issues ranging from

9492-659: The speed of light to reach where we want to go. I happen to believe that mankind can do it. I've argued with physicists about it. I've argued with best friends about it. I just have to believe it. It's my only faith-based initiative." These comments prompted a series of derisive headlines, such as "Beam Us Up, General Clark" in The New York Times , "Clark is Light-Years Ahead of the Competition" in The Washington Post , "General Relativity (Retired)" on

9605-506: The uninsured by altering the current system rather than transferring to a completely new universal health care system. He backed environmental causes such as promising to reverse "scaled down rules" the Bush administration had applied to the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts and dealing with the potential effects of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles, livestock flatulence and other sources. Clark also proposed

9718-446: The up-to-date address for the relatively new embassy location. The bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999, on the order of Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana after Milošević complied with conditions the international community had set and Yugoslav forces began to withdraw from Kosovo. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 was adopted that same day, placing Kosovo under United Nations administration and authorizing

9831-711: The vehicles fell over a cliff carrying passengers including Holbrooke's deputy, Robert Frasure , a deputy assistant Secretary of Defense, Joseph Kruzel, and Air Force Colonel Nelson Drew. Following funeral services in Washington, D.C., the negotiations continued and the team eventually reached the Dayton Agreement at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio , and later signed it in Paris on December 14, 1995. Clark returned to

9944-408: The visit in the itinerary he submitted to the ambassador, but he learned only afterwards that it was not approved. He said there had been no warning and no one had told him to cancel the visit, although two Congressmen called for his dismissal regardless. Clark later said he regretted the exchange, and the issue was ultimately resolved as President Clinton sent a letter defending Clark to Congress and

10057-757: Was Jewish ; his paternal grandparents, Jacob Kanne and Ida Goldman, immigrated to the United States from Belarus , then part of the Russian Empire , in response to the Pale of Settlement and anti-Jewish violence from Russian pogroms . Clark's father, Benjamin Jacob Kanne, graduated from the Chicago-Kent College of Law and served in the U.S. Naval Reserve as an ensign during World War I, although he never participated in combat. Kanne, living in Chicago , became involved with ward politics in

10170-468: Was "very glad we've got the great team in office, men like Colin Powell , Don Rumsfeld , Dick Cheney , Condoleezza Rice, Paul O'Neill —people I know very well—our president George W. Bush". U.S. News & World Report ran a story two weeks later claiming Clark had considered a political run as a Republican. Clark, coming from a non-political background, had no position papers to define his agenda for

10283-590: Was a "complete misunderstanding of my statement and of the facts," and President Clinton agreed that Clark's remarks were misconstrued. Regardless, Clark received a call the following evening from Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Hugh Shelton , who said he had been told by Secretary Cohen to deliver a piece of guidance verbatim: "Get your fucking face off the TV. No more briefings, period. That's it." The bombing campaign received criticism when it bombed

10396-529: Was a registered independent voter throughout his military career. Clark stated that he decided he was a Democrat because "I was pro-affirmative action, I was pro-choice, I was pro-education ... I'm pro-health care ... I realized I was either going to be the loneliest Republican in America or I was going to be a happy Democrat." Clark said he liked the Democratic party, which he saw as standing for " internationalism ", "ordinary men and women", and "fair play". A " Draft Clark" campaign began to grow with

10509-404: Was an important influence on his view of the military. The speech was given to the class of 1962 several months before Clark entered West Point, but a recording was played for his class when they first arrived. Clark sat in the front in many of his classes, a position held by the highest performer in class. Clark participated heavily in debate , was consistently within the top 5% of his class as

10622-561: Was an unnecessary war, it was an elective war, and it's been a huge strategic mistake for this country." Another media incident started during the New Hampshire primary September 27, 2003, when Clark was asked by Space Shuttle astronaut Jay C. Buckey what his vision for the space program was after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . Clark responded he was a great believer in the exploration of space but wanted

10735-458: Was appointed a White House Fellow in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as a special assistant to its director, James Thomas Lynn . He was one of 14 appointed out of 2,307 applicants. Lynn also gave Clark a six-week assignment to assist John Marsh , then a counselor to the president. Clark was approached during his fellowship to help push for a memorial to Vietnam veterans. He worked with

10848-586: Was awarded the Bronze Star for his work with the staff. Clark was then given command of A Company, 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry of the 1st Infantry Division in January 1970. In February, only one month into his command, he was shot four times by a Viet Cong soldier with an AK-47 . The wounded Clark shouted orders to his men, who counterattacked and defeated the Viet Cong force. Clark had injuries to his right shoulder, right hand, right hip, and right leg, and

10961-613: Was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for his work with the division. The brigade commander had also said that "word of Major Clark's exceptional talent spread", and in one case reached the desk of then Supreme Allied Commander Alexander Haig . Haig personally selected Clark to serve as a special assistant on his staff, a post he held from February 1978 to June 1979. While on staff at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), Clark wrote policy reports and coordinated two multinational military exercises. As

11074-619: Was born Wesley J. Kanne in Chicago on December 23, 1944. His father Benjamin died on December 6, 1948; his mother then moved the family to Little Rock, Arkansas . The move was made to escape the cost of living in the city of Chicago, for the support Veneta's family in Arkansas could provide, and her feeling of being an outsider to the religion of the Kanne family. Once in Little Rock, Veneta married Victor Clark, whom she met while working as

11187-559: Was born on November 22, 1954 in Jamaica, Queens , New York City and moved to Denver, Colorado in 1955. Fiorino grew up in Parker . He graduated from Douglas County High School where he was Class President . It was at this time that he discovered dancing as an alternative for sports and took an interest in ballet. He also attended Metropolitan State University . During the 1970s, Fiorino habitually smoked marijuana . In 1984, he

11300-549: Was chairman of the investment bank Rodman Renshaw, which filed for bankruptcy. The bank's questionable practices and Clark's direct role were detailed in the hit documentary film The China Hustle . Clark began a public speaking tour in the summer of 2000 and approached several former government officials for advice on work after life in government, including House Speaker Newt Gingrich , White House Chief of Staff Mack McLarty , and Richard Holbrooke . Clark took McLarty's advice to move back to Little Rock, Arkansas , and took

11413-417: Was declared as a Unity Party candidate for Congress. In 2016 Bill Hammons stood as the party's candidate during the 2016 United States Senate election in Colorado , earning 9,336 votes, or 0.34% of the electorate. In June 2017, the Unity Party achieved full recognition as a minor party by the state of Colorado, and its candidates in the state no longer need to petition onto the ballot, but instead just need

11526-661: Was endorsed by the Colorado Music and Business Organization and fellow perennial candidate Gary Swing, who won 5% in the 2016 United States Senate election in Arizona . Fiorino was nominated by the Unity Party of America over Google Meet on April 6, 2024. The party is broadly centrist and supports a balanced budget amendment to the United States Constitution, the elimination of the federal income tax , and Congressional term limits . However,

11639-665: Was featured in a PBS documentary titled The Man Who Came to Dance which aired in Colorado and Wyoming . Governor Bill Owens appointed him to the Colorado Board for Physical Fitness and Health in 1998, where he served until 2002. Fiorino served several state party positions, including as the Business Chair of the Colorado Republican Party from 2002 until 2004 and as a 2008 Delegate in

11752-514: Was forced out due to his contentious relationship with some in Washington, D.C.; however, he has dismissed such rumors, calling it a "routine personnel action". The Department of Defense said it was merely a "general rotation of American senior ranks". However, a NATO ambassador told the International Herald Tribune that Clark's dismissal seemed to be a "political thing from the United States". General Shelton, working for

11865-553: Was in command during three separate deployments of forces from Fort Hood for peacekeeping in Kuwait. His Officer Evaluation Report (OER) for his command at Fort Hood called him "one of the Army's best and brightest". Clark was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at Fort Hood and was promoted to lieutenant general at the end of his command in 1994. Clark's next assignment was an appointment as

11978-401: Was later accused of war crimes and genocide . Clark was photographed exchanging hats with Mladić, and the photo drew controversy in the United States. A Washington Post story was published claiming Clark had made the visit despite a warning from the U.S. ambassador . Some Clinton administration members privately said the incident was "like cavorting with Hermann Göring ". Clark listed

12091-736: Was made to leave the SACEUR post early due to "integrity and character issues"—as an advisor, a move that drew criticism from the Clark campaign. Since Dean consistently polled in the lead in the Iowa caucuses , Clark opted out of participating in the caucuses entirely to focus on later primaries instead. The 2004 Iowa caucuses marked a turning point in the campaign for the Democratic nomination, however, as front-runners Dean and Dick Gephardt garnered results far lower than expected, and John Kerry and John Edwards' campaigns benefited in Clark's absence. Clark performed reasonably well in later primaries, including

12204-579: Was not optimistic about receiving such a promotion because rumors at the time suggested General Dennis Reimer did not want to recommend him for promotion although "no specific reason was given". According to Clark's book, General Robert H. Scales said that it was likely Clark's reputation for intelligence was responsible for feelings of resentment from other generals. Clark was named to the United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) post despite these rumors. Congress approved his promotion to full general in June 1996, and General John M. Shalikashvili signed

12317-532: Was not the officer's fault. Defense Secretary Cohen and CIA Director George Tenet took responsibility the next day. Tenet would later explain in testimony before the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence on July 22, 1999, that the targeting system used street addresses, which gave inaccurate positions for air bombings. He also said that the various databases of off-limit targets did not have

12430-411: Was repeatedly portrayed as unsure on this critical issue by his opponents throughout the primary season. He was forced to continue to clarify his position and at the second primary debate he said, "I think it's really embarrassing that a group of candidates up here are working on changing the leadership in this country and can't get their own story straight ... I would have never voted for war. The war

12543-771: Was sent to Valley Forge Army Hospital in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania , to recuperate. He was awarded the Silver Star and the Combat Infantryman Badge for his actions during the encounter. Clark converted to Catholicism, his wife Gertrude's religion, while in Vietnam. He saw his son, Wesley Clark, Jr., for the first time while at the Valley Forge Hospital . Clark commanded C Company, 6th Battalion, 32nd Armor, 194th Armored Brigade ,

12656-673: Was to the office of the Army Chief of Staff in Washington, D.C., where he worked in the " Modern Volunteer Army " program from May to July 1971. He then served as an instructor in the Department of Social Sciences at West Point for three years from July 1971 to 1974. Clark graduated as the Distinguished Graduate and George C. Marshall Award winner from the Command and General Staff College (CGSC), earning his military Master of Arts degree in military science from

12769-535: Was told that this was necessary because General Joseph Ralston was leaving his post as the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and would need another 4-star command within 60 days or he would be forced to retire. Ralston was not going to be appointed Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff due to an extramarital affair in his past, and the SACEUR position was said to be the last potential post for him. Clark said this explanation "didn't wash"; he believed

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