87-866: Ujani Dam , also known as Bhima Dam or Bhima Irrigation Project, on the Bhima River , a tributary of the Krishna River, is an earthfill cum Masonry gravity dam located near Ujjani village of Madha Taluk in Solapur district of the state of Maharashtra in India . The Bhima River, which originates in Bhimashankar of the Western Ghats , and forms the Bhima Valley with its tributary rivers and streams, has twenty-two dams built on it of which
174-451: A breaching section is provided between the NOF block and the earth dam section, controlled by 41 radial gates of 12 m (39 ft)x6.5 m (21 ft) size erected over the crest of the dam. In addition, four river sluices (gate controlled) are also provided in the body of the spillway pier numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 with outlet level at 470 m (1,540 ft), with each sluice designed for
261-431: A common tribunal on 10 April 1969 to adjudicate the river water utilization disputes among the river basin states of Krishna and Godavari rivers under the provisions of Interstate River Water Disputes Act – 1956. The common tribunal was headed by Sri RS Bachawat as its chairman with Sri DM Bhandari and Sri DM Sen as its members. Krishna River basin states Maharashtra , Karnataka and old Andhra Pradesh insisted on
348-428: A discharge capacity of 60 m/s (2,100 cu ft/s) for silt flushing. The energy dissipation arrangements on the downstream slope of the spillway is in the form of high level and low level slotted roller bucket type. Measuring instruments have been installed in the body of the dam to record and analyse various parameters related to the behaviour of the dam over the years as part of the dam safety programme The dam
435-679: A distance of 303 km in Maharashtra, 480 km through the breadth of North Karnataka and the rest of its 1300 km journey in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before it empties into the Bay of Bengal . The river basin is 257,000 km and the States of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh contributes 68,800 km (26.8%), 112,600 km (43.8%) and 75,600 km (29.4%) respectively. The Bachawat commission (KWDT I) went over
522-539: A distance of 70 km (43 mi) towards the east. The average annual precipitation of the basin above the dam in the Upper Bhima River Basin (UBB) has been assessed as 1,096 mm (43.1 in) out of which 945 mm (37.2 in) (87%) occurs during the four monsoon months (mid June to mid September). Thereafter, the basin falls under the rain shadow area towards the east with rainfall incidence ranging between 450–600 mm (18–24 in) and
609-483: A long gap, the central government decided for tribunal adjudication on Krishna river water's sharing dispute between the two states. On the request of Telangana state, the Union Government issued fresh terms of reference to KWDT2 superseding its earlier verdict of distributing unallocated water among all riparian states. As per the latest terms of reference dated 6 October 2023, the unallocated water of KWDT1
696-506: A new tribunal award after its gazette notification by the Union Government. River water availability and water use measurements criteria in a water year are identical for both the Krishna River and Godavari River tribunal awards except for outside the river basin uses. Including regeneration, the total water available to Karnataka for utilization is nearly 734 TMC. Out of this, Upper Krishna Project has been allotted 173 TMC. The tribunal in its report, under Scheme B, has determined that
783-466: A review of its award after 31 May 2000. However no such review was taken up for more than 3 years after that. In April 2004, the second KWDT, was constituted by the Government of India following requests by all three states. This tribunal has started its proceedings from 16.07.07. The second Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal gave its draft verdict on 31 December 2010. The allocation of available water
870-422: A state can fully use its allocated water in any water year (in case of a deficit water year also) by utilizing the carryover storage facility. A state can create carryover storage during the years when water yield in the river is in excess of 2060 TMC plus entitled return flows to use in the water year when water yield in the river is less than total entitlement (nearly 2130 TMC). Thus KWDT-1 allocated water use from
957-435: Is 2,534 m (8,314 ft), which comprises a central portion which is the spillway dam of 602 m (1,975 ft) length, of concrete gravity section of 56.4 m (185 ft) (maximum height above the deepest foundation level). The spillway is flanked by Non Overflow (NOF) concrete gravity dams of 314 m (1,030 ft) length. Earth dam sections flank the NOF dams on the left and right banks. The volume content of
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#17328026247421044-594: Is about 5 mi (8.0 km) upstream of the bridge across the Bhima River on the Pune-Sholapur Road. The basin experiences tropical monsoon climatic conditions. The rainfall is dictated by the southwest monsoon, which varies from 6,000–3,000 mm (240–120 in) (from South to North) near the North–South trending mountain range of the basin but drastically drops to 700 mm (28 in) within
1131-471: Is above the left canal's MDDL The high density of phytoplankton (of many species) in the Ujjani Reservoir is conducive to proliferation of fish species. Production of fish resources from the reservoir has been estimated at 712 tonnes per year, and 19 percent of the catch consists species of major carps . Fish yield is reported to be 2450 kg/km of the water spread area of the reservoir. With
1218-545: Is also made in the year 2014 to avert the unsustainable ground water use or ground water mining in the state of California . Already the water utilisation in Krishna river basin is touching the maximum limit constricting the salt export to the Sea. Detailed study shall be conducted by experts to decide the minimum water needed for the salt export to the sea. India should learn from the bad experience of Australia in over exploiting
1305-471: Is also transferring and using Godavari water for the needs of Hyderabad city water supply from Singoor project , Manjira project and Yellampalli projects. 80% of the Godavari water used for the requirements of Hyderabad city is available as regenerated water and is being used for irrigation purpose in Krishna basin area of Telangana as per clause VII A of the final order of KWDT I. Also, Telangana state
1392-488: Is constructed to supply water for vast lands in catchment area of Sina tributary from main Bhima river. Most of the hydro power (450 MW from Bhira, Khopoli and Bhivpuri) is generated by diverting water from the Bhima river basin to west flowing Kundalika , Patalganga and Ulhas rivers respectively. The diverted water is nearly 42.5 TMC which is mostly going waste to Arabian sea after generating hydro power. State government
1479-581: Is constructed to supply water for vast lands in catchment area of Sina tributary . The storage created by the Ujjani Dam has resulted in the irrigation of 500 km (190 sq mi), particularly in Solapur district, resulting in doubling the yield of sorghum (jowar) and tripling the yield of groundnut . Farmers management organizations set up in the command area of the project are an important component of equitable distribution of irrigation under
1566-404: Is extended (less than 100 m long) to connect to the nearby left canal. The hydro power unit is operated in pumping mode to pump water from the tail pond to the left canal when the reservoir level is below the canal's minimum draw down level (MDDL). The pen stock extension piping is detached when water pumping to the canal is not required to restore its normal power generation when the reservoir level
1653-779: Is feasible by KWDT-2 in excess of water use allocations made by KWDT-1 earlier. Ultimately, the Krishna River basin would be net importer of water from the adjoining rivers such as Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh and west flowing rivers in Karnataka. Then the total salt load generated in Krishna basin shall be discharged directly into the Sea by releasing more than 850 tmc water to the downstream of Prakasam Barrage to maintain water salinity below 500 ppm. Subject to all riparian states agreement not to use groundwater as an alternative source to surface water resource (i.e. to use groundwater sparingly), KWDT-1 excluded groundwater use from
1740-466: Is founded on massive basaltic rock formations. The reservoir created by the dam has a water spread area of 357 km (138 sq mi) at the High Flood Level (HFL) and 336.5 km (129.9 sq mi) at Full Reservoir Level causing submergence of land and houses in 82 villages. The reservoir stretches upstream of the dam to a length of around 50 km, and the maximum width of
1827-534: Is fourth riparian state in the Krishna River basin. The state wants the central government to start again the tribunal proceeding afresh as it was not party to the earlier KWDT1 and KWDT2 adjudications. Karnataka and Maharashtra are opposing the tribunal proceeding afresh and stated that the extension of the tribunal period is only for resolving the water disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. The extended KWDT2 decided to confine redistribution of water between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states only. After
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#17328026247421914-588: Is not taking place. The uplands of Krishna River basin located in Maharashtra and Karnataka are situated on the Deccan Traps which comprises thick seems of basalt rock formations. Basalt rock is prone to chemical weathering contributing more TDS to the river water. Water is not safe for drinking if the TDS exceeds 500 mg/L. The average yearly salt export requirement is nearly 12 million tons in Krishna basin area up to Prakasam Barrage. At least 850 TMC water
2001-417: Is planning to reduce the use of Bhima river basin water for power generation and use river basin water fully for drinking and irrigation purposes inside the basin as the available water is inadequate. However, Bhira hydro station can be operated in pumped storage mode to generate peaking power without releasing water to Arabian sea. Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal The government of India constituted
2088-500: Is required for salt export purpose to maintain water TDS below 500 mg/L. This is including 360 TMC of Krishna River water being used outside the Krishna basin in AP. This water used outside the basin area is also serving the salt export purpose since salts are transferred outside the basin. Thus another 490 TMC is to be let to the sea for salt export purpose. If salt export and environmental needs are considered, no further water allocation
2175-797: Is soon joined by its tributary, the Aria River from the right (west) which flows into the Chas Kaman Reservoir. Upstream on the Aria is the Rajgurunagar-Kalmodi Dam impounding the Kalmodi Reservoir. The Chas Kaman Reservoir is impounded by the Chas Kaman Dam, the most upstream dam on the Bhima River proper. The village of Chas is on the left bank some 16 km below the dam. Some 5 km along
2262-604: Is the Chas Kaman Dam in Khed Taluka , Pune district . The largest dam by capacity is Ujjani Dam , near Tembhurni, Solapur District. Total Water storage capacity of Bhima basin is about 300 TMC in Maharashtra state. Nearly 30 barrages are constructed across the main Bhima river from the downstream of Ujjani dam in Maharashtra and Karnataka states to harness all the water available in the river in excess of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal allocations. Bhima to Sina interlink (Jod Kalava) with 21 km tunnel from Ujjani reservoir
2349-539: Is the last village in Khed Taluka on the left. After leaving Khed Taluka, the Bhima forms the boundary between Havali Taluka on the right (south) and Shirur Taluka on the left (north). From the Bhima's intersection to the Indrayani River , which also enters from the right, is 14 km along the river. At the confluence is the town of Tulapur on the right bank in Havali Taluka. The Bhima River,
2436-605: Is thus under drought conditions quite frequently. Based on rainfall data and other characteristics of the basin, the average annual yield of the Upper Bhima River basin has been assessed as 7.373 km (1.769 cu mi). Since the Bhima River which is a major tributary of the Krishna River is an interstate river, the flows are shared by the Upper riparian state of Maharashtra with the lower riparian Karnataka state. The Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal , in its award in
2523-491: Is to be distributed between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states only. Water import from other rivers to the Krishna basin is governed by clause XIV B of the final order of KWDT I in the absence of any agreement between the riparian states. Recently, Andhra Pradesh started transfer of Godavari water through Polavaram right bank canal with the help of Pattiseema lift for the water use in Krishna delta, etc. Telangana state
2610-502: Is transferring Godavari water from Sriram Sagar and Devadula projects for irrigation purpose in its Krishna basin area. Pranahita Chevella lift irrigation scheme , Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme in Telangana are also under construction to transfer additional Godavari water to its Krishna basin area. Karnataka is also constructing projects to transfer Mandovi and Netravati rivers water to its Krishna basin area. A new tribunal
2697-493: The Krishna River . After the first sixty-five kilometers in a narrow valley through rugged terrain, the banks open up and form a fertile agricultural area which is densely populated. The river is prone to drying up during the summer season. In 2005, it caused severe flooding in Solapur, Vijayapura and Kalburgi districts. The river is also referred to as Chandrabhaga River, especially at Pandharpur , as it resembles
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2784-470: The Kundali River , Kumandala River , Ghod river , Bhama River, Indrayani River , Mula River , Mutha River , Pavna River , Bori, Sina, Man, Bhogwati and Nira . The total drainage area of 48,631 km (18,777 sq mi) of Bhima River basin, an inter state river basin, covers both Maharashtra (75%) and Karnataka (25%) states, out of which 14,858 km (5,737 sq mi) drains into
2871-525: The Vel River (Wel River) from the left (north) and the village of Vittalwadi . The Vel River also arises in Ambegaon Taluka, east of the Bhima, and flows through Khed Taluka and into Shirur Taluka before flowing into the Bhima. With Vittalwadi on the left, the right side of the river leaves Haveli Taluka and enters Daund Taluka . From Vittalwadi the Bhima meanders northwest and 14 km after
2958-711: The Indrayani River and the Mula-Mutha River are the major tributaries of the Bhima that drain western Pune. After the Indrayani, about 4 km downstream, the Dhomal River enters from the right, at the village of Wadhu Budruk. Shortly thereafter (3.5 km), the Bhima passes under the SH 60 bridge at the town of Koregaon Bhima . From Koregaon going east, downstream 16 km, is the confluence with
3045-655: The Mula-Mutha River, the Ghod River enters from the left (north) across the Bhima from the village of Nanvij (Nanwij). The Ghod River is the last of the Western Ghat tributaries of the Bhima. Shirur Taluka stops at the Ghod River, and Shrigonda Taluka of Ahmednagar District continues on the left (northeast) side of the river. Downstream just 6 km from the Ghod River, is the city of Daund on
3132-533: The Science and Technology Park (STP), a Pune-based institution. Some of the key species which are found around backwaters are: greater flamingos , pheasant-tailed jacana , painted stork , moorhen , small pratincole , river terns , aquatic insects, pied kingfisher and stilts . The Ujjani Dam and its large reservoir provide multi-purpose benefits of irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, drinking and industrial water supply, and fisheries. Irrigation from
3219-441: The Sea as minimum environmental flows. There is no water allocation for the purpose of salt export to the sea. When rain water comes in contact with the soil, it picks up some salts in dissolved form from the soil. The total amount of dissolved salts contained in the river water has to reach sea without accumulating in the river basin. This process is called "salt export". If all the water is utilised without letting adequate water to
3306-435: The Sea, the water salinity / total dissolved salts (TDS) would be so high making it unfit for human, cattle and agriculture use. Higher Sodium in comparison with Calcium and Magnesium elements or presence of residual sodium carbonate in irrigation water would convert the agriculture lands into fallow sodic alkaline soil . The low lands of Andhra Pradesh would be effected by alkalinity and salinity if adequate salt export
3393-549: The Solapur district. Water supplied from the reservoir to irrigate agricultural areas primarily aims to reduce the incidence of famines and scarcity during drought conditions. The reservoir operation also lessens the threat due to floods to cities such as Pandharpur (an important religious pilgrimage centre for the Hindus ). As a result of irrigation facilities, some of the important crops grown under irrigated conditions are sugarcane, wheat, millet and cotton. The Bhima River on which
3480-652: The Ujjani Dam has been built rises from Bhimashankar hills in the Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri hill range. The river flows for a length of 725 km (450 mi) till it meets the Krishna River (one of the two major river systems in Maharashtra, the other being the Godavari River ) near Raichur in Raichur district in Karnataka. Bhima River Basin has many tributaries of which the major ones are
3567-460: The Ujjani Dam is the terminal dam on the river and is the largest in the valley that intercepts a catchment area of 14,858 km (5,737 sq mi) (which includes a free catchment of 9,766 km (3,771 sq mi)). The construction of the dam project including the canal system on both banks was started in 1969 at an initial estimated cost of Rs 400 million and when completed in June 1980
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3654-726: The Ujjani Reservoir created by the Ujjani Dam. The Upper Bhima River basin is subdivided into three zones namely northern, middle and southern, the main stem of the river is in the middle zone where the Bhima Dam is built, while the southern zone is dominated by five reservoirs. The basin above the dam has intense rural, agricultural, urban and industrial activities. The river basin, which has a slope from west to east has extreme physiographic and agro-climatic variations. The drainage basin has rich and fertile agricultural land, and several water resources development projects have been built on its river system. Government of Maharashtra has classified
3741-485: The United States spurred degradation of water quality received by Mexico. With a view to resolving the problem, Mexico protested and entered into bilateral negotiations with the United States. In 1974, these negotiations resulted in an international agreement, interpreting the 1944 Treaty, which guaranteed Mexico water of the same quality as that being used in the United States. Sustainable Groundwater Management Act
3828-733: The Vel River enters from the left, the Kamania River (Kamina) enters from the left at the village of Parodi . After the Kamania River enters, the river meanders back southeast for 23 km to the confluence with the Mula-Mutha River from the right at the village of Ranjangaon Sandas . The Mula-Mutha River flows from the city of Pune where it is a combination of the Mula River and the Mutha River . 31 km after
3915-533: The above, the states were allowed to use regeneration/return flows to the extent of 25, 34 and 11 TMC respectively subject to time-bound usage of allocated water out of 2060 TMC total allocation as stated in clause V of the KWDT-1 final order. Further, the Tribunal has allowed the States to utilize their allocated share of water for any project as per their plans. As per clauses V & VII of the final order of KWDT-1,
4002-462: The award in its Extraordinary Gazette dated 31 May 1976. With that the final award (Scheme A) of the KWDT became binding on the three states. The KWDT in its award outlined the exact share of each state. The award contended based on 75% dependability that the total quantum of water available for distribution was 2060 TMC . This was divided between the three states in the following manner. In addition to
4089-427: The beneficial uses for which Krishna River water allocations were made. Ground water exploitation has increased many folds in last 35 years. KWDT-2 has not deliberated how the ever increasing ground water use is diminishing the inflows in the river and the river water quality. The water allocation by KWDT-1 itself is 83% of 2578 TMC total water availability. During the decade/years 1998–2007, 510 TMC on an average per year
4176-553: The cost incurred was of the order of Rs 3295.85 million. The reservoir created by the 56.4 m (185 ft) high earth cum concrete gravity dam on the Bhima River has a gross storage capacity of 3.320 km (0.797 cu mi). The annual utilization is 2.410 km (0.578 cu mi). The project provides multipurpose benefits of irrigation, hydroelectric power, drinking, and industrial water supply and fisheries development. The irrigation supplies benefit 500 km (190 sq mi) of agricultural land, particularly in
4263-483: The dam. The power plant is reported to be providing benefits since then. However, the power generation estimated initially at 105 GWh was expected to reduce to 21 GWh, as water was utilized for irrigation through the RBC and LBC canal systems. During the drought year 2015, the inflows into the reservoir were very meagre due to the failure of rains in the catchment area. However, nearly 36 tmcft dead storage water available in
4350-451: The damage occurred to the sustainable productivity of the river basin. Water quality and salinity management is made part of this plan. It has stipulated that water TDS limit of 500 mg/L (800 μS/cm) on daily basis should not exceed 95% of the duration in a year. It has altered existing water use/entitlement of irrigation to enhance the environmental flows required for salt export. Another example of river water sharing taking into account
4437-509: The dams is 3.320 km (0.797 cu mi). The gross storage capacity created is 3.320 km (0.797 cu mi) at the Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of 497.58 m (1,632.5 ft). The spillway, structure has an Ogee shaped downstream slope designed to dispose a design flood discharge of 15,717 m/s (555,000 cu ft/s) (the maximum probable flood discharge of 18,013 m/s (636,100 cu ft/s) and
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#17328026247424524-575: The event of deficit flows. The above bill also creates Krishna River Management Board located its headquarters in Seemandhra or Andhra Pradesh state with following functions After nearly 7 years, the KRMB is notified by the central govt, after AP filed a writ petition in Supreme Court, as an autonomous body and its project wise functions are identified. The newly formed Telangana state
4611-469: The extent of 15.35 km (9.54 mi) was involved. Two years after the commissioning of the project, the reservoir water quality was tested to establish its suitability for various uses. The physical and chemical analysis indicated that the pH values, free carbon dioxide, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, sulphates, calcium and magnesium were within prescribed limits. Heavy metals, copper and lead were not present. However, during
4698-399: The extent of 2130 TMC is achieved in future, the usage would be 88.67% of 2402 TMC water availability which would increase the water salinity to unacceptable level. Thus there is no additional water available in the river for further allocation to the riparian states by KWDT-2 in excess of 2130 TMC on average permitted by KWDT-1. In fact, the KWDT-1 water use allocations are already in excess of
4785-454: The further possible pollution loads for alkalinity, pH, salinity, RSC index , etc. In response to the special leave petition lodged by AP, Supreme Court directed the GoI on 15 September 2011 not to accept the KWDT – II final verdict till it is re-examined by it for any violation of Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956 (amended last in the year 2002). Cauvery water disputes tribunal order
4872-423: The left bank of the dam, 65 m (213 ft) downstream from the axis of the dam. It operates below 20 percent load factor under a range of maximum head of 36.77 m (120.6 ft) and minimum head of 25.6 m (84 ft). The hydropower component involved construction of a 13.42 m (44.0 ft) high weir , 915 m (3,002 ft) below the Ujjani Dam to control the lower pond for operation during
4959-411: The matter in detail and gave its final award in 1973. While the Tribunal had in its earlier report detailed two schemes, Scheme A and Scheme B, the final award only included Scheme A and Scheme B was left out. Scheme A pertained to the division of the available waters based on 75% dependability, while Scheme B recommended ways to share the surplus waters. The government took another three years to publish
5046-427: The point where the two rivers meet, the Bhima is actually longer than the Krishna in length. The total area of the Bhima basin is 70,614 km . The population living along the banks of Bhima is approximately 12.33 million people (1990) with 30.90 million people expected by 2030. Seventy-five percent of the basin lies in the state of Maharashtra . There are twenty-two dams in the basin of Bhima River. The first dam
5133-430: The prime bird species there and also creates great photographic opportunities for wildlife photographers. At times, 1,000-1,200 flamingos are seen. The low rains and low water level has now reduced the number of flamingos over some years. It is a favorite spot for migratory birds, with more than 230 species found here. One can see flamingos, painted storks, bar-headed geese, demoiselle cranes, etc. These birds can be seen in
5220-412: The pumping mode. A penstock pipe of 3.2 m (10 ft) diameter (12 mm (0.47 in) thick) and 70 m (230 ft) length embedded in the dam diverts the flow of 44 m/s (1,600 cu ft/s) from a gate controlled trash racks (15 panels) covered intake into the powerhouse. The lower pond in the pumped storage scheme of operation was built initially itself, soon after commissioning of
5307-463: The quicker verdict as it had become more expedient for the construction of irrigation projects in Krishna basin. So the proceedings of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) were taken up first separately and its final verdict was submitted to GoI on 27 May 1976. The Krishna River is the second biggest river in peninsular India. It originates near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra and runs for
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#17328026247425394-435: The rainy season, the iron content though high, was found to be within permissible limits. Potassium and ammonia were within prescribed safe limits of acceptance for use of stored water for drinking, industrial use and for fish propagation. However, since its creation in 1980, it is now recorded that substantial quantity of the untreated sewage is discharged into the streams which flow into the Ujjani Reservoir, particularly in
5481-411: The reservoir could not be used for the dire needs. With minor external modifications to the exiting reversible hydro turbine unit, all the dead storage water can be put to use during the drought years by using the hydro power plant for pumping water into the nearby left canal. Water would be released downstream into the tail pond through the existing river sluice gates. The pen stock of the hydro power unit
5568-565: The reservoir is 8 km (5.0 mi). The rim of the reservoir periphery measures 670 km (420 mi). As a result of reservoir submergence, realignment of railway line (of the Daund Solapur section) to a length of 33.251 km (20.661 mi), realignment of National Highway No. 9 between Pune and Solapur sector over a length of 23.4 km (14.5 mi), and the State Highway between Tembhurni and Karmala to
5655-626: The right (southwest) bank. Chandani , Kamini , Moshi , Bori , Sina , Man , Bhogavati River and Nira are the major tributaries of the river in Solapur District . Of these, the Nira River meets with the Bhima between Nira Narsingpur in Pune District and Malshiras Taluka in Solapur district . Bhima merges into the Krishna along the border between Karnataka and Telangana about 24 km north of Raichur . At
5742-540: The river below the bridge on the Bhirma at Chas, the Kumandala River meets from the right. From there it is 8 km along the river to the railroad bridge at the town of Rajgurunagar (Khed) on the left bank. In 18 km further along the river, the Bhima River enters from the right just above the village of Pimpalgaon on the left bank. From there to Siddhegavhan along the river is 10 km. Siddhegavhan
5829-528: The river stretch close to the Pune city. The reservoir created by the Ujjani dam is also one of the largest backwaters in India , Since its creation in 1980, the reservoir backwaters attract, every year, a large number of migratory birds (from North India and other countries); about 100–150 species of flamingos and cormorants are reported. The migratory bird species in the Ujjani reservoir have been studied by
5916-409: The river up to 2130 TMC at 100% success rate out of average yield in the river and not subject to water availability in a 75% dependable year. The average yield in the river is assessed as 2578 TMC by recent KWDT-2. Moreover, the last riparian state (erstwhile AP state) was permitted by KWDT-I to utilize the surplus unallocated water for use till the unallocated water is apportioned to riparian states by
6003-597: The rotational irrigation water management practice followed in the command. The irrigation component of the Ujjani Dam project was co-financed by IFAD and the World Bank with specific objective to enhance the social and economic conditions of the Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribe people in the command. A pumped storage type powerhouse has been built at the toe of the dam with an installed capacity of 12 MW (one unit of vertical Francis-reversible pump turbine) on
6090-652: The shape of the Moon . The Bhima River flows southeast for a long journey of 861 kilometres (535 mi), with many smaller rivers as tributaries. It originates near Bhimashankar Temple in the Bhimashankar hills in khed Taluka on the western side of the Western Ghats , known as Sahyadri, in Pune District , Maharashtra state, at 19°04′03″N 073°33′00″E / 19.06750°N 73.55000°E / 19.06750; 73.55000 . It flows through Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary where it enters Khed Taluka and
6177-515: The states as given in its draft verdict. The average yearly water available for environmental flows and the salt export has been reduced by KWDT-II to 171 tmc (including 16 tmc minimum continuous environmental flows) from 448 tmc giving 277 tmc additional allocations to the states for their beneficial use. There is no mention or discussion on mean annual environmental flow requirement and the salt export water needs which have been taking place time immemorial and have been considered not essential needs by
6264-412: The states were not to co-operate in sharing surplus water in the above ratio, Parliament should take a decision to distribute the surplus water through en enactment (Page 163 KWDT report Vol.II). However, Scheme B involved the constitution of an authority (Krishna River Valley Authority) to ensure the implementation of the scheme. The constitution of such an authority, though, was outside the powers of
6351-859: The storage created in the reservoir are provided via two irrigation canal systems originating from the dam – The Left Bank Main Canal (LBMC) and The Right Bank Main canal (RBMC) – the LBMC is 126 km (78 mi) long, designed to carry a discharge of 109 m/s (3,800 cu ft/s) and provides irrigation to a command of 688.4 km (265.8 sq mi) while the RBMC, which is 112 km (70 mi) long, designed to carry 42.5 m/s (1,500 cu ft/s) provides irrigation benefits to an area of 44,100 m/s (1,560,000 cu ft/s) through its network of canal system. Bhima to Sina interlink (Jod Kalava) with 21 km long tunnel from Ujjani reservoir
6438-434: The stretches of the Upper Bhima River for the purpose of various uses as, A-I for drinking water without conventional treatment but after disinfection, A-II Drinking water after conventional treatment followed by disinfection, A-III for fish and wildlife propagation and A-IV for agriculture, industrial cooling and process. The dam and the reservoir are approachable from Pune city , which is 160 km (99 mi) away. The dam
6525-514: The surplus water available in the river basin totalled 330 TMC. It was decided that this would be divided among the riparian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the ratio of 25%, 50% and 25% respectively. Scheme B also stipulates that the Krishna waters shall be shared in proportion to the Scheme A allotments when available water in the river is less than 2060 TMC in a water year. The tribunal also made it clear that in case any one of
6612-624: The sustainable water use from the river when moderate environmental flow requirements are to be taken care. Unplanned water utilisation in Murray-Darling River basin in Australia has enhanced the alkalinity and salinity of river water beyond safe limits which is affecting the long-term sustainable productivity of the river basin. So Murray-Darling Basin Authority is established to take up remedial action plan for recovering
6699-763: The tribunal disregarding the sustainable productivity and the ecology of the river basin particularly in the tail end areas. GoI extended the term of KWDT-2 by two years with effect from 1-8-2014 to adjudicate on fresh terms of references as stated in Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 . Under this legislation by the Parliament, the KWDT II is extended with the terms of reference to make project-wise specific allocation, if such allocation have not been made earlier and to determine an operational protocol for project-wise release of water in
6786-563: The tribunal under the Inter State Water Disputes Act of 1956. As a result, Scheme B was left out of the Tribunal's final award and Scheme A alone was presented to the government for final notification in the Gazette. Therefore, for the time being, Andhra Pradesh has been given liberty [clause V(C) of KWDT −1] to make use of any surplus waters though it cannot claim any rights over the same. The KWDT-1 provided for
6873-504: The water available from the river basin during the below normal yield years. Similarly, Krishna basin waters are to be allocated to the downstream state Andhra Pradesh from upstream states Karnataka and Maharashtra on monthly basis by KWDT-II. Justice Brijesh Kumar tribunal gave its final/further verdict on 29 November 2013 which has not changed the broad water allocations (except increasing the Andhra Pradesh allocations by 4 tmc with corresponding reduction in Karnataka allocations) for use by
6960-532: The water reservoir of Ujani Dam, Bhigwan is a small town developed on the Pune-Solapur Highway around 105 km from Pune which is on the backwaters of Ujani dam. Bhigwan is famous for birdwatching especially flamingos and wild life photography. It is also known as mini Bharatpur . Many kinds of Ducks, Herons, Egrets, Raptors and Waders along with flocks of hundreds of flamingos can be seen. Variety of birds at Bhigwan gives of sighting of almost all
7047-510: The water salinity is Colorado River flowing in USA and Mexico. The 1944 United States-Mexico Treaty for Utilization of waters of the Colorado allots to Mexico a guaranteed annual quantity of water from the river. The treaty does not provide specifically for water quality, but this did not constitute a problem until the late 1950s. Rapid economic development and increased agricultural water use in
7134-648: The waters of Murray-Darling River. Krishna Basin Authority in line with Murray-Darling Basin Authority shall be constituted by the Indian Government rejecting archaic river water allocations by the KWDT-2. Krishna Basin Authority should be headed by a panel of experts representing environment, irrigation, agriculture, ground water, geology, health, ecology, etc. to protect the river basin area for its long term sustainable productivity and ecology. Hydrological transport model studies shall be conducted to find out
7221-453: The winter season between December and March. The bird generally migrates via marine routes and adult females depart from the breeding grounds . Bhima River The Bhima River (also known as Chandrabhaga River ) is a major river in Western and South India . It flows southeast for 861 kilometres (535 mi) through Maharashtra , Karnataka , and Telangana states, before joining
7308-402: The year 1976 permitted Maharashtra to use only 4.753 km (1.140 cu mi) from the Upper Bhima River Basin. The Bhima or Ujjani dam has a planned annual utilization of 1.878 km (0.451 cu mi) (including evaporation losses). The Ujjani Dam commissioned in June 1980 is an earth cum concrete masonry dam, which has created a multipurpose reservoir. The total length of the dam
7395-481: Was discharged into sea after utilising 1892 TMC out of 2402 TMC annual average yield (page 303 of KWDT-2) in the river which is only 21% of total yield. Already the multi year average TDS of Krishna water is around 450 mg/L which is close to safe maximum of 500 ppm. The actual average water availability in the decade (years 1998 to 2007) is less by 176 TMC to the 2578 TMC estimated average water availability by KWDT-2. If full water utilisation as permitted by KWDT-1 to
7482-438: Was done according to 65% dependability, considering the records of flow of water for past 47 years. According to KWDT II, Andhra Pradesh got 1001 TMC of water, Karnataka 911 TMC and Maharashtra 666 TMC. Next review of water allocations will be after the year 2050. KWDT-2 has allocated entire average water (2578 TMC) yield in the river among states except 16 TMC which is to be let downstream of Prakasam Barrage near Vijayawada to
7569-430: Was notified by the GoI on 20 February 2013. The tribunal has assessed 740 tmcft total water availability in a normal year from the river basin. During normal years, 192 tmcft is to be released by Karnataka to Tamil Nadu on monthly basis throughout the year. 192 tmcft is nearly equal to 37% of the water available from the upstream basin area in Karnataka and Kerala states. It also provides for proportionate eligibility of
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