The Ultra-Tories were an Anglican faction of British and Irish politics that appeared in the 1820s in opposition to Catholic emancipation . The faction was later called the " extreme right-wing " of British and Irish politics.
79-585: The Ultra-Tories faction broke away from the governing party in 1829 after the passing of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . Many of those labelled Ultra-Tory rejected the label and saw themselves as upholders of the Whig Revolution settlement of 1689. The Ultra-Tories were defending "a doctrine essentially similar to that which ministerial Whigs had held since the days of Burnet , Wake , Gibson and Potter ". A faction that
158-570: A few others appointed in more junior ministerial positions. However, the scope of the subsequent reforms proved too much for many of the pro-government Ultras who then moved back into opposition. Eventually, Richmond left the Whig led coalition and returned to the Tory party, or the Conservative Party as it was generally now known, after 1834. Except for a few irreconcilables the vast bulk of
237-525: A glass book, who told him to ordain Aedan mac Gabrain as King of Dal Riata . Columba initially refused, and the angel answered by whipping him and demanding that he perform the ordination because God had commanded it. The same angel visited Columba on three successive nights. Columba finally agreed, and Aedan came to receive ordination. At the ordination, Columba told Aedan that so long as he obeyed God's laws, then none of his enemies would prevail against him, but
316-406: A hand against God and stood on equal footing as blasphemy. In essence, the king stood in place of God and was never to be challenged "without the challenger being accused of blasphemy" - except by a prophet, which under Christianity was replaced by the church. Outside of Christianity, kings were often seen as ruling with the backing of heavenly powers. Although the later Roman Empire had developed
395-408: A king, which some rabbinical sources have argued is an invocation against a divine right of kings, and a call to elect a leader, in opposition to a notion of a divine right. Other rabbinical arguments have put forward an idea that it is through the collective decision of the people that God's will is made manifest, and that the king does therefore have a divine right - once appointed by the nation, he
474-517: A land without king or royal authority, Vedic rituals are ineffectual and Agni does not convey sacrificial libations to the gods. Khvarenah (also spelled khwarenah or xwarra(h) : Avestan : 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 xᵛarənah ; Persian : فرّ , romanized : far ) is an Iranian and Zoroastrian concept, which literally means glory , about divine right of the kings. This may stem from early Mesopotamian culture, where kings were often regarded as deities after their death. Shulgi of Ur
553-566: A leading Protestant member of the Catholic Association in the Ulster , protested "relief" being bought at the price of "casting" forty-shilling freeholders , both Catholic and Protestant, "into the abyss". While it allowed a few Catholic barristers to attain a higher grade in their profession, and a few Catholic gentlemen to be returned to Parliament, the "indifference" demonstrated to parliamentary reform would prove "disastrous" for
632-584: A living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional: his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores . Many of the rites, practices and status distinctions that characterized the cult to emperors were perpetuated in the theology and politics of the Christianised Empire. While the earliest references to kingship in Israel proclaim that "14 "When you come to
711-531: A manual on the powers of a king, was written to edify his four-year-old son Henry Frederick that a king "acknowledgeth himself ordained for his people, having received from God a burden of government, whereof he must be countable". The conception of ordination brought with it largely unspoken parallels with the Anglican and Catholic priesthood , but the overriding metaphor in James VI's ' Basilikon Doron '
790-671: A minority within the United Kingdom may have passed. In 1830, O’Connell , invited Protestants to join in a campaign to repeal the Act of Union and restore the Kingdom of Ireland under the Constitution of 1782 . But in breaking the link between Catholic inclusion and democratic reform, the terms under which he was able to secure the final measure of relief may have weakened the case for a restored Irish parliament. George Ensor ,
869-530: A nation in which the vast majority of the people still believed in the divine right of kings , and the legitimacy of a hereditary nobility, and in the rights and privileges of the Anglican Church. In Clark's interpretation, the system remained virtually intact until it suddenly collapsed in 1828, because Catholic emancipation undermined its central symbolic prop, the Anglican supremacy. Clark argues that
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#1732775754114948-589: A pattern that had been intensifying from the 1820s as landlords cleared land to meet the growing livestock demand from England, tenants had been banding together to oppose evictions, and to attack tithe and process servers. On his visit to Ireland, Alexis De Tocqueville recorded these Whiteboys and Ribbonmen protesting: The law does nothing for us. We must save ourselves. We have a little land which we need for ourselves and our families to live on, and they drive us out of it. To whom should we address ourselves?... Emancipation has done nothing for us. Mr. O'Connell and
1027-564: A pledge to bear "true allegiance" to the King, to recognise the Hanoverian succession , to reject any claim to " temporal or civil jurisdiction" within the United Kingdom by "the Pope of Rome" or "any other foreign prince ... or potentate", and to "abjure any intention to subvert the present [Anglican] church establishment". This last abjuration in the new Oath of Allegiance was underscored by
1106-554: A policy of prohibitions and coercion against not only the Catholic Ribbonmen but also the Protestant Orangemen . But now both Wellington and his Home Secretary , Robert Peel , were convinced that unless concessions were made, a confrontation was inevitable. Peel (nicknamed " Orange Peel" by O'Connell on account of his anti-Catholic views) concluded: "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife
1185-683: A provision forbidding the assumption by the Roman Church of episcopal titles, derived from "any city, town or place", already used by the United Church of England and Ireland. (With other sectarian impositions of the Act, such as restrictions on admittance to Catholic religious orders and on Catholic-church processions, this was repealed with the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1926.) The one major security required to pass
1264-448: A reward. On the other hand, Aquinas forbade the overthrow of any morally, Christianly and spiritually legitimate king by his subjects. The only human power capable of deposing the king was the pope. The reasoning was that if a subject may overthrow his superior for some bad law, who was to be the judge of whether the law was bad? If the subject could so judge his own superior, then all lawful superior authority could lawfully be overthrown by
1343-639: A sacrilegious act. It does not imply that their power is absolute. In its full-fledged form, the Divine Right of Kings is associated with Henry VIII of England (and the Acts of Supremacy ), James VI and I of Scotland and England, Louis XIV of France, and their successors. In contrast, the conception of human rights started being developed during the Middle Ages by scholars such as St. Thomas Aquinas (see Natural Law ) and were systematised by
1422-506: A salary to MPs, and the general franchise for men who owned property. The ultras believed that a widely based electorate could be relied upon to rally around anti-Catholicism. In Ireland, emancipation is generally regarded as having come too late to influence the Catholic-majority view of the union. After a delay of thirty years, an opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as
1501-530: A tyranny oppressive of the general welfare was answered theologically with the Catholic concept of the spiritual superiority of the Pope (there is no "Catholic concept of extra-legal tyrannicide ", as some falsely suppose, the same being expressly condemned by St Thomas Aquinas in chapter 7 of his De Regno ). Catholic thought justified limited submission to the monarchy by reference to the following: The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship,
1580-531: Is God's emissary. Jewish law requires one to recite a special blessing upon seeing a monarch: "Blessed are You, L‑rd our G‑d, King of the universe, Who has given from His glory to flesh and blood". With the rise of firearms , nation-states and the Protestant Reformation in the late 16th century, the theory of divine right justified the king's absolute authority in both political and spiritual matters. Henry VIII of England declared himself
1659-521: Is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the church. A weaker or more moderate form of this political theory does hold, however, that
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#17327757541141738-533: Is also following Ardashir. Artabanus's religious advisors explain to him that the ram is the manifestation of the khwarrah of the ancient Iranian kings, which is leaving Artabanus to join Ardashir. The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified Roman emperors and some members of their families with the "divinely sanctioned" authority ( auctoritas ) of the Roman State . The official offer of cultus to
1817-476: Is found in many other cultures, including Aryan and Egyptian traditions. The Christian notion of a divine right of kings is traced to a story found in 1 Samuel , where the prophet Samuel anoints Saul and then David as Messiah ("anointed one")—king over Israel. In the Jewish traditions, the lack of a divine leadership represented by an anointed king, beginning shortly after the death of Joshua , left
1896-497: Is not accountable to any earthly authority (such as a parliament or the Pope ) because their right to rule is derived from divine authority. Thus, the monarch is not subject to the will of the people, of the aristocracy , or of any other estate of the realm . It follows that only divine authority can judge a monarch, and that any attempt to depose, dethrone, resist or restrict their powers runs contrary to God's will and may constitute
1975-689: The 1830 general election following the death of King George IV . Combined also with the news of the July Revolution in France and a series of bad harvests in England which saw a great increase in political agitation, some Ultras returned to the party. However, there were sufficient Ultra-Tories left who were able to combine with the Whigs and the Canningite grouping, who had previously split from
2054-544: The Carolingian dynasty and the Holy Roman Emperors , whose lasting impact on Western and Central Europe further inspired all subsequent Western ideas of kingship. In the Middle Ages , the idea that God had granted certain earthly powers to the monarch, just as he had given spiritual authority and power to the church, especially to the Pope, was already a well-known concept long before later writers coined
2133-634: The Catholic Emancipation Act 1829 , removed the sacramental tests that barred Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom from Parliament and from higher offices of the judiciary and state. It was the culmination of a fifty-year process of Catholic emancipation which had offered Catholics successive measures of "relief" from the civil and political disabilities imposed by Penal Laws in both Great Britain and in Ireland in
2212-588: The Earl of Winchilsea and the Duke of Newcastle . Their general viewpoint could be described as extreme on the matter of defending the established Anglican ascendancy and barring Catholics from political office or influence. However, they were split on the issue of electoral reform and a large group came to a view that it could strengthen the appeal of pro-Protestantism. The inability of the Tories to reunite led to losses in
2291-667: The Protestant Ascendancy had the assurance of the simultaneous passage of the Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829 . Its substitution of the British ten-pound, for the Irish forty shilling, freehold qualification disenfranchised over eighty percent of Ireland's electorate. This included a majority of the tenant farmers who had helped force the issue of emancipation in 1828 by electing to parliament
2370-530: The Republic of Ireland by the Statute Law Revision Act 1983 . Divine right of kings Philosophers Works In European Christianity , the divine right of kings , divine right , or God's mandation , is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy . It is also known as the divine-right theory of kingship . The doctrine asserts that a monarch
2449-521: The Supreme Head of the Church of England and exerted the power of the throne more than any of his predecessors. As a political theory, it was further developed by James VI of Scotland (1567–1625) and came to the fore in England under his reign as James I of England (1603–1625). Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) strongly promoted the theory as well. Historian J.P. Sommerville stresses the theory
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2528-489: The cultural hegemony of the old elite". Clark's interpretation has been widely debated in the scholarly literature and almost every single historian who has examined the issue has highlighted the substantial amount of continuity between the periods before and after 1828–1832. Eric J. Evans emphasizes that the political importance of Catholic emancipation in 1829 was that it split the anti-reformers beyond repair and diminished their ability to block future reform laws, especially
2607-539: The ius regium , or the law of kingship, and from this passage that Maimonides finally concludes that Judaism supports the institution of monarchy, stating that the Israelites had been given three commandments upon entering the land of Israel - to designate a king for themselves, to wipe out the memory of Amalek, and to build the Temple. The debate has primarily centered around the problem of being told to "designate"
2686-584: The "Fawcett's Act" 1873. Section 18 of the 1829 act, "No Roman Catholic to advise the Crown in the appointment to offices in the established church", remains in force in England, Wales and Scotland, but was repealed with respect to Northern Ireland (the Church of Ireland having been disestablished in 1869 ) by the Statute Law Revision (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 . The entire act was repealed in
2765-445: The Act was the Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829 (10 Geo 4 c. 8). Receiving its royal assent on the same day as the relief bill, the act disenfranchised Ireland's Forty Shilling Freeholders , by raising the property threshold for the county vote to the British ten pound standard. As a result, "emancipation" was accompanied by a more than five-fold decrease in the Irish electorate, from 216,000 voters to just 37,000. That
2844-640: The European concept of a divine regent in Late Antiquity, Adomnan of Iona provides one of the earliest written examples of a Western medieval concept of kings ruling with divine right. He wrote of the Irish King Diarmait mac Cerbaill 's assassination and claimed that divine punishment fell on his assassin for the act of violating the monarch. Adomnan also recorded a story about Saint Columba supposedly being visited by an angel carrying
2923-564: The King's brother, the Duke of Cumberland , attempted to put together a government united against Catholic emancipation. Though such a government would have had considerable support in the House of Lords, it would have had little support in the Commons and Ernest abandoned his attempt. The King recalled Wellington. The bill passed the Lords and became law. The key, defining, provision of the Act's
3002-688: The Ultra-Tories would eventually move over to the Conservatives, with some such as Knatchbull enjoying political office in Peel's first government in 1834. However, when the party split again in 1846 over the issue of abolishing the Corn Laws , the remaining Ultra-Tories quickly rallied to the protectionist banner and helped to vote Peel out from office once again, this time for good. The Ultra-Tories were civilian politicians. In practice, they had
3081-408: The arbitrary judgement of an inferior, and thus all law was under constant threat. According to John of Paris , kings had their jurisdictions and bishops (and the pope) had theirs, but kings derived their supreme, non-absolute temporal jurisdiction from popular consent. The Church was the final guarantor that Christian kings would follow the laws and constitutional traditions of their ancestors and
3160-496: The cause of repeal. Seeking, perhaps, to rationalise the sacrifice of his freeholders, O'Connell wrote privately in March 1829 that the new ten-pound franchise might actually "give more power to Catholics by concentrating it in more reliable and less democratically dangerous hands". The Young Irelander John Mitchel believed that this was the intent: to detach propertied Catholics from the increasingly agitated rural masses. In
3239-515: The civil laws over the laws of the Church), Absolutism (a form of monarchical or despotic power that is unrestrained by all other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites) or Tyranny (an absolute ruler who is unrestrained even by moral law ). Historically, many notions of rights have been authoritarian and hierarchical , with different people granted different rights and some having more rights than others. For instance,
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3318-413: The consequences were enormous: "The shattering of a whole social order ... What was lost at that point ... was not merely a constitutional arrangement, but the intellectual ascendancy of a worldview, the cultural hegemony of the old elite." Clark's interpretation has been widely debated in the scholarly literature. Other historians examining the issue highlight the amount of continuity before and after
3397-501: The counties and large towns, the disfranchisement of non-resident voters, preventing Crown office-holders from sitting in Parliament, the payment of a salary to MPs and the general franchise for men who owned property. Such ultras believed that somewhat more open elections would be relied upon to oppose Catholic equality. Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 ( 10 Geo. 4 . c. 7), also known as
3476-410: The following quote from a speech to parliament delivered in 1610 as James I of England: The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself, they are called gods. There be three principal [comparisons] that illustrate the state of monarchy: one taken out of the word of God, and the two other out of
3555-625: The government "to interfere" with the appointment of their senior clergy. Instead, he relied on their confidence in the independence of the priesthood from Ascendancy landowners and magistrates to build his Catholic Association into a mass political movement. On the basis of a "Catholic rent" of a penny a month (typically paid through the local priest), the Association mobilised not only the Catholic middle class, but also poorer tenant farmers and tradesmen. Their investment enabled O'Connell to mount "monster" rallies (crowds of over 100,000) that stayed
3634-590: The great Reform Act of 1832 . Paradoxically, Wellington's success in forcing through emancipation converted many Ultra-Tories to demand reform of Parliament. They saw that the votes of the rotten boroughs had given the government its majority. Therefore, it was the Ultra-Tory the Marquess of Blandford who in February 1830 introduced the first major reform bill, calling for the transfer of rotten borough seats to
3713-532: The grounds of policy and philosophy. In the Scriptures, kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the Divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families; for a king is true parens patriae [parent of the country], the politic father of his people. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man. James's reference to "God's lieutenants"
3792-403: The hands of authorities, and emboldened larger enfranchised tenants to vote for pro-emancipation candidates in defiance of their landlords. His campaign reached its climax when he himself stood for parliament. In July 1828, O'Connell defeated a nominee for a position in the British cabinet, William Vesey Fitzgerald , in a County Clare by-election , 2057 votes to 982. This made a direct issue of
3871-470: The king is subject to the church and the pope, although completely irreproachable in other ways; but according to this doctrine in its strong form, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. The Scots textbooks of the divine right of kings were written in 1597–1598 by James VI of Scotland. His Basilikon Doron ,
3950-454: The land that the Lord your God is giving you, and you possess it and dwell in it and then say, 'I will set a king over me, like all the nations that are around me,' 15 you may indeed set a king over you whom the Lord your God will choose. One from among your brothers you shall set as king over you. You may not put a foreigner over you, who is not your brother." (Deut 17:14-15), significant debate on
4029-399: The laws of God and of justice. Radical English theologian John Wycliffe 's theory of Dominium meant that injuries inflicted on someone personally by a king should be born by them submissively, a conventional idea, but that injuries by a king against God should be patiently resisted even to death; gravely sinful kings and popes forfeited their (divine) right to obedience and ownership, though
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#17327757541144108-573: The leader of the Catholic Association , Daniel O'Connell . Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847) had rejected a suggestion from "friends of emancipation", and from the English Roman Catholic bishop , John Milner , that the fear of Catholic advancement might be allayed if the Crown were accorded the same right exercised by continental monarchs: a veto on the confirmation of Catholic bishops . O'Connell insisted that Irish Catholics would rather "remain forever without emancipation" than allow
4187-540: The legitimacy of kingship has persisted in Rabbinical Judaism until Maimonides , though many mainstream currents continue to reject the notion. The controversy is highlighted by the instructions to the Israelites in the above-quoted passage, as well as the passages in 1 Samuel 8 and 12, concerning the dispute over kingship; and Perashat Shoftim. It is from 1 Samuel 8 that the Jews receive mishpat ha-melech,
4266-516: The main Tory party back in 1827–1828 over the issue of Catholic emancipation which they had supported, to defeat Wellington who finally resigned in November 1830. This led to the creation of a government with Lord Grey as Prime Minister and the leading Canningites such as Lord Palmerston and Lord Melbourne . One leading Ultra-Tory, the Duke of Richmond , joined the Grey Cabinet and
4345-619: The majority of the tenant farmers who had voted for O'Connell in the Clare by-election were disenfranchised as a result of his apparent victory at Westminster was not made immediately apparent, as O'Connell was permitted in July 1829 to stand unopposed for the Clare seat that his refusal to take the Oath of Supremacy had denied him the year before. J. C. D. Clark (1985) depicts England before 1828 as
4424-510: The moment he broke them, this protection would end, and the same whip with which Columba had been struck would be turned against the king. Adomnan's writings most likely influenced other Irish writers, who in turn influenced continental ideas as well. Pepin the Short 's coronation may have also come from the same influence. The Byzantine Empire can be seen as the progenitor of this concept (which began with Constantine I ). This in turn inspired
4503-505: The overwhelming support of the Anglican clergy and bishops, many of whom came under severe verbal attack in their home parishes and dioceses for opposition to the Reform Act of 1832. J. C. D. Clark depicts England before 1828 as a nation in which the vast majority of the people believed in the divine right of kings , the legitimacy of a hereditary nobility and in the rights and privileges of the Anglican Church. In Clark's interpretation,
4582-462: The parliamentary Oath of Supremacy by which, as a Catholic, he would be denied his seat in the Commons . As Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , Wellington's brother, Richard Wellesley , had attempted to placate Catholic opinion, notably by dismissing of the long-serving Attorney-General for Ireland , William Saurin , whose rigid Ascendancy views and policy made him bitterly unpopular, and by applying
4661-438: The people of Israel vulnerable, and the promise of the "promised land" was not fully fulfilled until a king was anointed by a prophet on behalf of God. The effect of anointing was seen to be that the monarch became inviolable, so that even when Saul sought to kill David, David would not raise his hand against him because "he was the Lord's anointed". Raising a hand to a king was therefore considered to be as sacrilegious as raising
4740-468: The period before men had kings, and there was chaos all around - It has been heard by us that men, in days of old, in consequence of anarchy, met with destruction, devouring one another like stronger fishes devouring the weaker ones in the water. It has been heard by us that a few amongst them then, assembling together, made certain compacts, saying, 'He who becomes harsh in speech, or violent in temper, he who seduces or abducts other people’s wives or robs
4819-406: The period of 1828 through 1832. Eric J. Evans (1996) emphasises that the political importance of emancipation was that it split the anti-reformers beyond repair and diminished their ability to block future reform laws, especially the great Reform Act of 1832 . Paradoxically, Wellington's success in forcing through emancipation led many Ultra-Tories to demand reform of Parliament after seeing that
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#17327757541144898-503: The political order should be maintained. More aggressive versions of this were taken up by Lollards and Hussites . For Erasmus of Rotterdam it was the consent of the people which gives and takes away "the purple", not an unchangeable divine mandate. Catholic jurisprudence holds that the monarch is always subject to natural and divine law , which are regarded as superior to the monarch. The possibility of monarchy declining morally, overturning natural law, and degenerating into
4977-538: The rich Catholics go to Parliament. We die of starvation just the same. One civil disability not removed by 1829 Act were the sacramental tests required for professorships , fellowships , studentships and other lay offices at universities. These were abolished for the English universities-- Oxford , Cambridge and Durham --by the Universities Tests Act 1871 , and for Trinity College Dublin by
5056-464: The right of a father to receive respect from his son did not indicate a right for the son to receive a return from that respect. Analogously, the divine right of kings, which permitted absolute power over subjects, provided few rights for the subjects themselves. It is sometimes signified by the phrase " by the Grace of God " or its Latin equivalent, Dei Gratia , which has historically been attached to
5135-637: The seventeenth, and early eighteenth, centuries. Convinced that the measure was essential to maintain order in Catholic-majority Ireland, the Duke of Wellington helped overcome the opposition of the King, George IV , and of the House of Lords , by threatening to step aside as Prime Minister and retire his Tory government in favour of a new, likely-reform-minded Whig , ministry. In Ireland,
5214-404: The system remained virtually intact until it suddenly collapsed in 1828 because Catholic emancipation undermined Anglican supremacy which was its central symbolic prop. Clark argues that the consequences were enormous: "The shattering of a whole social order [...]. What was lost at that point [...] was not merely a constitutional arrangement, but the intellectual ascendancy of a worldview,
5293-461: The term "divine right of kings" and employed it as a theory in political science. However, the dividing line for the authority and power was a subject of frequent contention: notably in England with the murder of Archbishop Thomas Beckett (1170). For example, Richard I of England declared at his trial during the diet at Speyer in 1193: " I am born in a rank which recognizes no superior but God, to whom alone I am responsible for my actions ", and it
5372-454: The thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment , e.g. John Locke . Liberty , dignity , freedom and equality are examples of important human rights. Divine right has been a key element of the self-legitimisation of many absolute monarchies , connected with their authority and right to rule. Related but distinct notions include Caesaropapism (the complete subordination of bishops etc. to the secular power), Supremacy (the legal sovereignty of
5451-428: The titles of certain reigning monarchs. Note, however, that such accountability only to God does not per se make the monarch a sacred king . The Hindu text Mahabharata contains several concepts of kingship, especially underscoring its divine origins. The king is considered an embodiment of Indra , and fealty to him is considered as submitting to divine authority. In the Rajadharmanusasana Parva, Bhishma talks of
5530-402: The votes of the rotten boroughs had given the government its majority. Thus, it was an ultra-Tory, the Marquess of Blandford , who in February 1830 introduced the first major reform bill, calling for the transfer of rotten borough seats to the counties and large towns, the disfranchisement of non-resident voters, the preventing of Crown office-holders from sitting in Parliament, the payment of
5609-439: The wealth that belongs to others, should be cast off by us.' For inspiring confidence among all classes of the people, they made such a compact and lived for some time. Assembling after some time they proceeded in affliction to the Grandsire , saying, 'Without a king, O divine lord, we are going to destruction. Appoint some one as our king. All of us shall worship him and he shall protect us.'. The Mahabharata also mentions that in
5688-464: Was Richard who first used the motto " Dieu et mon droit " ("God and my right") which is still the motto of the Monarch of the United Kingdom . Thomas Aquinas condoned extra-legal tyrannicide in the worst of circumstances: When there is no recourse to a superior by whom judgment can be made about an invader, then he who slays a tyrant to liberate his fatherland is [to be] praised and receives
5767-556: Was a greater danger". Fearing insurrection in Ireland, he drafted the Relief Bill and guided it through the House of Commons . To overcome the vehement opposition of both the King and of the House of Lords , Wellington threatened to resign, potentially opening the way for a new Whig majority with designs not only for Catholic emancipation but also for parliamentary reform. The King initially accepted Wellington's resignation and
5846-422: Was able to get back to Parliament via another parliamentary seat, this battle between Tory factions further embittered internal relations in the party. The Ultra-Tory faction was informally led in the House of Commons by Member of Parliament Sir Edward Knatchbull and Sir Richard Vyvyan . In the House of Lords, they enjoyed the support of many ex-cabinet ministers and leading peers like the Duke of Cumberland ,
5925-539: Was among the first Mesopotamian rulers to declare himself to be divine. In the Iranian view, kings would never rule, unless Khvarenah is with them, and they will never fall unless Khvarenah leaves them. For example, according to the Kar-namag of Ardashir , when Ardashir I of Persia and Artabanus V of Parthia fought for the throne of Iran, on the road Artabanus and his contingent are overtaken by an enormous ram, which
6004-466: Was its repeal of "certain oaths and certain declarations, commonly called the declarations against transubstantiation and the invocation of saints and the sacrifice of the mass, as practised in the Church of Rome", which had been required "as qualifications for sitting and voting in parliament and for the enjoyment of certain offices, franchises, and civil rights". For the Oath of Supremacy, the act substituted
6083-445: Was never formally organised, the Ultra-Tories were united in their antipathy towards the Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel for what they saw as a betrayal of Tory political and religious principle on the issue of Catholic emancipation. They took their opposition to Peel to the extent of successfully running Robert Inglis to defeat Peel when he resigned his Oxford University seat after his change of opinion in 1829. Although Peel
6162-474: Was polemic: "Absolutists magnified royal power. They did this to protect the state against anarchy and to refute the ideas of resistance theorists", those being in Britain Catholic and Presbyterian theorists. The concept of divine right incorporates, but exaggerates, the ancient Christian concept of "royal God-given rights", which teach that "the right to rule is anointed by God", although this idea
6241-519: Was that of a father's relation to his children. "Just as no misconduct on the part of a father can free his children from obedience to the fifth commandment ." James, after becoming James I of England, also had printed his Defense of the Right of Kings in the face of English theories of inalienable popular and clerical rights. He based his theories in part on his understanding of the Bible, as noted by
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