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44-590: Veliky Ustyug has a great historical significance and was one of the major cities of the Russian North. It preserved some of the past urban structure and many of the architectural monuments. It has lost its former leading role and is nowadays mostly known for tourism. Veliky Ustyug is close to the confluence of the Sukhona (flowing from the west) and the Yug (from the south) rivers. Downstream from this confluence

88-655: A topical medication with birch bark extract as its active ingredient . It is used to treat two types of epidermolysis bullosa , dystrophic and junctional, targeting partial-thickness skin wounds. Common side effects include wound complications, skin reactions, infections, itching, and allergic reactions. Filsuvez was approved in the European Union in June 2022 and in the United States in December 2023. It

132-602: A tripoint . Various examples are found in the list below. A number of major cities, such as Chongqing , St. Louis , and Khartoum , arose at confluences; further examples appear in the list. Within a city, a confluence often forms a visually prominent point, so that confluences are sometimes chosen as the site of prominent public buildings or monuments, as in Koblenz , Lyon , and Winnipeg . Cities also often build parks at confluences, sometimes as projects of municipal improvement, as at Portland and Pittsburgh . In other cases,

176-414: A confluence can be divided into six distinct features which are commonly called confluence flow zones (CFZ). These include The broader field of engineering encompasses a vast assortment of subjects which concern confluences. In hydraulic civil engineering , where two or more underground culverted / artificially buried watercourses intersect, great attention should be paid to the hydrodynamic aspects of

220-630: A confluence is an industrial site, as in Philadelphia or Mannheim . Often a confluence lies in the shared floodplain of the two rivers and nothing is built on it, for example at Manaus , described below. One other way that confluences may be exploited by humans is as sacred places in religions . Rogers suggests that for the ancient peoples of the Iron Age in northwest Europe, watery locations were often sacred, especially sources and confluences. Pre-Christian Slavic peoples chose confluences as

264-482: A corresponding shift in habitat characteristics." Another science relevant to the study of confluences is chemistry , because sometimes the mixing of the waters of two streams triggers a chemical reaction, particularly in a polluted stream. The United States Geological Survey gives an example: "chemical changes occur when a stream contaminated with acid mine drainage combines with a stream with near-neutral pH water; these reactions happen very rapidly and influence

308-434: A distinct manner of icon painting — Ustyug icon painting . In the 17th century, Veliky Ustyug was a major producer of tiles , which are visible on many Ustyug churches and were sold to neighboring towns of the Russian North. On January 25, 1613, the town was unsuccessfully besieged by Polish-Lithuanian vagabonds (see Lisowczycy ) led by Jakub Jacki. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter

352-401: A fire. Birch bark was a valuable construction material in any part of the world where birch trees were available. Containers such as wrappings, bags, baskets , boxes , or quivers were made by most societies well before pottery was invented . Other uses include: Birch bark also makes an outstanding tinder , as the inner layers will stay dry even through heavy rainstorms. Filsuvez is

396-423: A popular type of wood for various handicrafts and arts. Birch bark also contains substances of medicinal and chemical interest. Some of those products (such as betulin ) also have fungicidal properties that help preserve bark artifacts, as well as food preserved in bark containers. Removing birch bark from live trees is harmful to tree health and should be avoided. Instead, it can be removed fairly easily from

440-466: Is 16 km from the town, on the premises of Velikoustyugsky District . There is a dedicated post office there that answers children's mail to Ded Moroz. Confluence In geography , a confluence (also: conflux ) occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel . A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river ( main stem ); or where two streams meet to become

484-643: Is connected with Veliky Ustyug by a ferry crossing) runs to Luza and continues to Lalsk and further to the Komi Republic . The railroad connects Veliky Ustyug with Yadrikha railway station on the railroad connecting Konosha and Kotlas. The passenger service to Veliky Ustyug was discontinued in 2005. The Sukhona, the Yug, and the Northern Dvina are all navigable in Veliky Ustyug, but there

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528-537: Is no passenger navigation except for ferry crossings. Veliky Ustyug is served by the Veliky Ustyug Airport with occasional passenger service to Vologda . The population of Veliky Ustyug was steadily growing until the second half of 20th century, but in the recent years it has been on decline, as is the general trend in Russia. Veliky Ustyug preserves much of its architectural heritage and has one of

572-774: Is used to describe the meeting of tidal or other non-riverine bodies of water, such as two canals or a canal and a lake. A one-mile (1.6 km) portion of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans accommodates the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal ; therefore those three waterways are confluent there. The term confluence can also apply to the process of merging or flowing together of other substance. For example, it may refer to

616-401: The administrative center of Velikoustyugsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with the town of Krasavino and the work settlement of Kuzino , incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Veliky Ustyug —one of the four administrative units in the oblast with the status equal to that of the districts . Within

660-651: The framework of municipal divisions , the town of Veliky Ustyug, together with the village of Slobodka in Yudinsky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District is incorporated as Veliky Ustyug Urban Settlement within Velikoustyugsky Municipal District. The town of Krasavino, together with six rural localities in Krasavinsky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District, is incorporated as Krasavino Urban Settlement, and

704-532: The source of a river of a new name (such as the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, forming the Ohio River ); or where two separated channels of a river (forming a river island ) rejoin at the downstream end. The point of confluence where the channel flows into a larger body of water may be called the river mouth . Confluences are studied in a variety of sciences. Hydrology studies

748-624: The Great , Veliky Ustyug was explicitly mentioned as one of the 20 towns included into the Archangelgorod Governorate . From 1719, it was the center of Ustyug Province , one of the four provinces of the Governorate. In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty . The latter was abolished in 1796, and Veliky Ustyug became the center of Velikoustyugsky Uyezd of Vologda Governorate . In 1918,

792-575: The Northern Dvina. The only bridge in Veliky Ustyug is across the Sukhona upstream of the town center. Previously, Gleden was a fortress, and the left bank of the Sukhona was a posad —a territory outside the fortress populated by craftsmen. In the 15th century, the fortress was destroyed in an attack by Vyatka army, and the new fortress was built in the former posad area. The fortress was demolished when it became apparent than no military threat to Veliky Ustyug exists. The first recorded settlement in

836-512: The Sukhona those citizens who refused to accept him as a prince, and made the town his residence for two years, until he was driven off by the forces of Vasily. In the 15th century, the town had a great military importance and became the base for the operations against the Finno-Ugric peoples . In 1613, during the Time of Troubles , Veliky Ustyug was besieged by Polish troops but never taken. At

880-683: The Sukkhona, along Sovetsky Avenue and Krasnaya Street. Some of these buildings belong to the Velikoustyugsky Museum of History, Art, and Architecture . The museum was open in 1909 in the premises of Mikhaylo-Arkhangelsky Monastery. In 1918 it was transformed into the Museum of the Northern Dvina Culture. Between 1924 and 1938 the museum director was Nikolay Bekryashev , an artist, who devoted his energy to extending

924-576: The architectural monuments are on the left bank of the Sukhona, and many of these are the living houses. The exceptions are Troitsko-Gledensky Monastery and the Dymkovo Sloboda, on the right bank of the Sukhona. Troitsko-Gledensky Monastery is in the village of Morozovitsa , in Velikoustyugsky District. The principal architectural ensembles of Veliky Ustyg are The monuments of civil architecture are mostly concentrated along

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968-410: The area was the monastic settlement at Gleden ( Гледен ), founded near the confluence of the Yug and the Sukhona, where Troitsko-Gledensky Monastery is now. The name Ustyug means "the mouth of the Yug". By the late 15th century, the name changed to Veliky (Great) Ustyug. The town of Veliky Ustyug was first mentioned in a chronicle in 1207. In 1212, Mikhaylo-Arkhangelsky Monastery was founded. It

1012-546: The best preserved architectural ensembles in Russia. The town contains 152 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by the Russian Federal law and 25 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance. It is classified as a historical town by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation, which implies certain restrictions on construction in the historical center. Most of

1056-400: The characteristic flow patterns of confluences and how they give rise to patterns of erosion, bars, and scour pools. The water flows and their consequences are often studied with mathematical models . Confluences are relevant to the distribution of living organisms (i.e., ecology ) as well; "the general pattern [downstream of confluences] of increasing stream flow and decreasing slopes drives

1100-476: The districts were directly subordinated to Northern Krai. In 1936, Northern Krai was transformed into Northern Oblast , and in 1937, Northern Oblast was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. Veliky Ustyug remained in Vologda Oblast ever since. Veliky Ustyug, in contrast to the majority of historical Russian towns, managed to preserve almost all of its architectural and cultural monuments. This

1144-587: The form of structural bracing. The velocities and hydraulic efficiencies should be meticulously calculated and can be altered by integrating different combinations of geometries, components such a gradients, cascades and an adequate junction angle which is sympathetic to the direction of the watercourse’s flow to minimise turbulent flow, maximise evacuation velocity and to ultimately maximise hydraulic efficiency. Since rivers often serve as political boundaries, confluences sometimes demarcate three abutting political entities, such as nations, states, or provinces, forming

1188-537: The former church buildings. In 1998, then Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov proposed to officially locate the residence of Ded Moroz aka "Grandfather Frost", a legendary figure similar to Saint Nicholas , Father Christmas or Santa Claus who has his roots in Slavic pagan mythology, in Veliky Ustyug. The residence, which is a resort promoted as the Votchina ("estate") of Ded Moroz, is a major tourist attraction. It

1232-471: The foundation of Saint-Petersburg in 1703, whereby the trade was diverted to the Baltic Sea . The 16th and 17th centuries were the time of the highest rise of the culture in Veliky Ustyug, in which it acquired a national-wide significance. The town is known for its remarkable handicrafts , such as silver filigree , birch bark fretwork , decorative copper binding, and niello . The town developed

1276-513: The inner (dark) layer, the phloem , kills the tree by preventing the flow of sap to the roots . To prevent it from rolling up during storage, the bark should be spread open and kept pressed flat. Birch bark can be cut with a sharp knife , and worked like cardboard. For sharp bending, the fold should be scored (scratched) first with a blunt stylus . Fresh bark can be worked as is; bark that has dried up (before or after collection) should be softened by steaming, by soaking in warm water, or over

1320-523: The junction of important trade routes , the town turned into a significant commercial and industrial center in the 16th and 17th centuries. Veliky Ustyug area was the birthplace of the explorers Semyon Dezhnyov , Yerofey Khabarov , Vladimir Atlasov , and of St.  Stephen of Perm . Veliky Ustyug lost its key role as a river port with the diminishing importance of the Sukhona River route for trade between China and western Europe, which started with

1364-400: The merger of the flow of two glaciers . Birch bark Birch bark or birchbark is the bark of several Eurasian and North American birch trees of the genus Betula . The strong and water-resistant cardboard-like bark can be easily cut, bent, and sewn, which has made it a valuable building, crafting, and writing material , since pre-historic times. Today, birch bark remains

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1408-408: The museum to the old buildings, mostly churches, of the town, which thus were saved from destruction. In particular, a big collection of icons and objects of applied arts survived. Despite the efforts of Bekryashev and other museum employees, some of the buildings were destroyed by the authorities. The museum currently serves as an umbrella institution that organizes permanent and temporary exhibits in

1452-568: The rivers form a single waterway known as the Northern Dvina , sometimes referred to as the Little Northern Dvina. The historical center of the town is on the left (high) bank of the Sukhona and, in contrast to many historical Russian towns, there is an embankment along the Sukhona. Dymkovskaya Sloboda and Troitse-Gledensky Monastery are on the right bank of the Sukhona. New parts of the town, mostly industrial areas, face

1496-453: The sites for fortified triangular temples, where they practiced human sacrifice and other sacred rites. In Hinduism , the confluence of two sacred rivers often is a pilgrimage site for ritual bathing. In Pittsburgh, a number of adherents to Mayanism consider their city's confluence to be sacred. Mississippi basin Atlantic watersheds Pacific watersheds Occasionally, "confluence"

1540-413: The south runs to Nikolsk and further to Manturovo , where it connects to the road to Kostroma . The road to the southwest connects Veliky Ustyug with Vologda via Totma . It was built in the beginning of the 21st century; before this road was opened, the only way to get from Veliky Ustyug to Vologda was via Nikolsk and Totma. All these roads are paved. An unpaved road, originating from Kuzino (which

1584-613: The subsequent transport of metals downstream of the mixing zone." A natural phenomenon at confluences that is obvious even to casual observers is a difference in color between the two streams; see images in this article for several examples. According to Lynch, "the color of each river is determined by many things: type and amount of vegetation in the watershed, geological properties, dissolved chemicals, sediments and biologic content – usually algae ." Lynch also notes that color differences can persist for miles downstream before they finally blend completely. Hydrodynamic behaviour of flow in

1628-401: The system to ensure the longevity and efficiency of the structure. Engineers have to design these systems whilst considering a list of factors that ensure the discharge point is structurally stable as the entrance of the lateral culvert into the main structure may compromise the stability of the structure due to the lack of support at the discharge, this often constitutes additional supports in

1672-422: The tourist industry — in particular, the jewelry production plant. Tourism is an important branch of economy in Veliky Ustyug. It started in the 1960s and got a further boost in 1990s when Veliky Ustyug started to be marketed as the residence of Ded Moroz , also known as "Grandfather Frost". Roads connect Veliky Ustyug with other towns. The road to the north runs to Krasavino and further to Kotlas . The one to

1716-423: The town became the administrative center of the newly established Northern Dvina Governorate . In 1924, the uyezds were abolished in favor of the new divisions, the districts (raions). In 1929, Northern Dvina Governorate was merged into Northern Krai . The krai consisted of five okrugs, one of which, Northern Dvina Okrug , had its administrative center in Veliky Ustyug. In July 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and

1760-408: The trunk or branches of dead wood, by cutting a slit lengthwise through the bark and pulling or prying it away from the wood. The best time for collection is spring or early summer, as the bark is of better quality and most easily removed. Removing the outer (light) layer of bark from the trunk of a living tree may not kill it, but probably weakens it and makes it more prone to infections . Removal of

1804-415: The work settlement of Kuzino is incorporated as Kuzino Urban Settlement; both also within Velikoustyugsky Municipal District. Veliky Ustyug has a borderline humid continental climate / subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb / Dfc ), with warm summers and very cold winters. There are timber industry enterprises in Veliky Ustyug, as well as a shipyard, food industry, and enterprises serving

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1848-571: Was a part of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (in contrast to the neighboring lands, most notably Totma , colonized by Novgorod ). Thus Veliky Ustyug created the only obstacle to Novgorod's trade with the north, as the Sukhona and the Northern Dvina were the main waterways connecting Novgorod with the White Sea. Clashes between Novgorod and Ustyug became regular, especially throughout the whole 14th century. In 1328, Ustyug

1892-636: Was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The town was not immediately affected by the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century; however, its rapid growth in the second half of the century was due to influx of refugees from Central Russia. In the 15th century, Veliky Ustyug became notable for the war between Vasily II of Moscow and his cousin Dmitry Shemyaka , which left northern Russia deserted. Shemyaka took Veliky Ustyug in 1450, drowned in

1936-496: Was in a great part due to the efforts of the local intellectuals grouped around the Regional Museum, and most notably of Nikolay Bekryashev , the museum director from 1924 to 1938. This group managed to convince the authorities that the churches and old buildings have a historical significance and must be handed in the museum rather than demolished. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Veliky Ustyug serves as

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