96-896: Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union Related: Women Vote Leave was a campaigning organisation that supported a "Leave" vote in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . On 13 April 2016 it was designated by the Electoral Commission as the official campaign in favour of leaving the European Union in the Referendum. Vote Leave was founded in October 2015 by political strategists Matthew Elliott and Dominic Cummings as
192-503: A European Federation , a proposal which was not being considered at European level. Until 2018, the far-right National Rally advocated for France to leave the EU. However, shortly after the party's renaming (from Front National ), the party leader Marine Le Pen ruled out that policy, proposing instead to focus on changing the European Union's institutions. The Popular Republican Union and The Patriots party support France leaving
288-813: A June 2016 referendum , and the withdrawal was scheduled in law to occur on 29 March 2019. Subsequently, the UK sought, and was granted, a number of Article 50 extensions until 31 January 2020. On 23 January 2020, the withdrawal agreement was ratified by the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and on 29 January 2020 by the European Parliament. The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020 at 23:00 GMT, ending 47 years of membership. Four territories of EU member states have withdrawn: French Algeria (in 1962, upon independence ), Greenland (in 1985, following
384-571: A referendum on the issue in 2016 ; the electorate decided by a 3.8% majority to favour leaving the European Union. On 29 March 2017, arising from a decision by the Parliament of the United Kingdom , Prime Minister Theresa May invoked Article 50 in a letter to the president of the European Council , Donald Tusk . The UK ceased to be an EU member state as from 00:00, 1 February 2020 Central European Time ( UTC+1 ) (23:00, 31 January 2020 Western European Time ( GMT , UTC+0 ). Following
480-635: A $ 7 million earnout. In 2010, YouGov bought a 20% stake of sports media data company SMG Insight. In 2018, the company acquired the remaining 80% of SMG Insight's stock. The new business was rebranded YouGov Sport. Ahead of the 2010 UK General Election , YouGov entered an exclusive contract to provide political polls to The Times . The business also launched TellYouGov, which combined analysis drawing from social media data and polling results. The business continues to analyse social media, now primarily via YouGov Signal. In 2011, YouGov acquired Portland, Oregon -based firm Definitive Insights for $ 1 million with
576-577: A bilateral treaty was agreed to between Algeria and the EEC which formalized the EEC's relationship with Algeria as a neighbouring state in association with the Community, and not a part of the Community. Greenland chose to leave the EU predecessor without separating from Denmark. It initially voted against joining the EEC when Denmark joined in 1973, but because Denmark as a whole voted to join, Greenland, as
672-521: A county of Denmark , joined too. When home rule for Greenland began in 1979, it held a new referendum and voted to leave the EEC. After wrangling over fishing rights, the territory left the EEC in 1985, but remains subject to the EU treaties through association of Overseas Countries and Territories with the EU. This was permitted by the Greenland Treaty , a special treaty signed in 1984 to allow its withdrawal. Saint Pierre and Miquelon ,
768-737: A cross-party alliance of left and right-wing campaigners - had made promises on immigration and the National Health Service on which some politicians were backtracking. Michael Dougan , Professor of European Law and Jean Monnet Chair in EU Law at the University of Liverpool , described the Vote Leave and other Leave campaigns as "one of the most dishonest political campaigns this country [the UK] has ever seen". In August 2016,
864-624: A cross-party campaign. It involved Members of Parliament from the Conservative Party , Labour Party and the sole UKIP MP , Douglas Carswell along with MEP Daniel Hannan and Conservative peer Lord Lawson . Labour MP Gisela Stuart served as chairman and Leader of the Vote Leave Campaign Committee as Co-Convenor with Michael Gove MP, of the Conservatives. The campaign was also supported by
960-472: A desire to "obtain a European status which would be better suited to its status under domestic law, particularly given its remoteness from the mainland , its small insular economy largely devoted to tourism and subject to difficulties in obtaining supplies which hamper the application of some European Union standards ." France, reflecting this desire, requested at the European Council to change
1056-635: A fundamental priority for national policy." An analysis by Vote Leave, published in December 2015, found that the costs of EU membership outweighed the benefits of the EU's single market as reported in the European Commission's own figures. On 3 February 2016, Vote Leave announced that former Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer Lord Lawson would be taking over as interim chairman of the Vote Leave board. Lord Forsyth ,
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#17327730759371152-572: A letter to the Electoral Commission , Sir Eric Pickles , the former Conservative cabinet minister, said he believed Vote Leave had disqualified itself from lead status in the referendum (which entitles the campaign to public funding) after it pledged to run a "nasty" campaign against opponents. Criticism emerged in 2018 of their relationship with their 'Outreach Groups' such as BeLeave as claims emerged that they were puppet organisations through which Vote Leave channelled money to circumvent spending restrictions. George Eaton wrote, “[The] allegations bear
1248-483: A main goal to withdraw Italy from the European Union. In the Netherlands, the main party advocating for a withdrawal is Forum for Democracy , additionally Party for Freedom also supports a withdrawal from the European Union. In Poland, the far-right party Confederation Liberty and Independence is against the membership of the country in the European Union. Following the 2023 Polish parliamentary election ,
1344-460: A number of prominent politicians; including outgoing Mayor of London Boris Johnson , who became a key figurehead for the Vote Leave campaign. A number of Vote Leave principals, including Douglas Carswell, Michael Gove, Bernard Jenkin and Anne-Marie Trevelyan , were also members of the influential IPSA resourced European Research Group . Vote Leave co-operated with Labour Leave , Conservatives for Britain and Business for Britain throughout
1440-511: A potential $ 2 million earn out and also made its first organic expansion by opening an office in Paris . In January 2014, YouGov entered the Asia Pacific region with the acquisition of Decision Fuel for an estimated consideration of approximately £5 million. Also in 2014, YouGov launched Profiles, an audience segmentation tool, combining data points from its most active panellists showing how
1536-633: A public company listed on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange . In the same year, the company launched BrandIndex which tracks public opinion on consumer brands using daily polls. In 2006, YouGov began expanding outside the UK through acquisitions and acquired Dubai -based research firm Siraj for $ 1.2 million plus an eventual earn out of $ 600,000. In 2007, polling firm Polimetrix, headed by Stanford University professor Doug Rivers ,
1632-484: A referendum ), Saint Pierre and Miquelon (also in 1985, unilaterally) and Saint Barthélemy (in 2012), the latter three becoming Overseas Countries and Territories of the European Union. The states who were set to accede to the EU in 2004 pushed for an exit right during the 2002–2003 European Convention. The acceding states wanted the option to exit the EU in the event that EU membership would adversely affect them. During negotiations, eurosceptics in states such as
1728-505: A right to withdraw from their international commitments; and the second, the treaties are for an unlimited period, with no provision for withdrawal and calling for an "ever closer union" – such commitment to unification is incompatible with a unilateral withdrawal. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties states where a party wants to withdraw unilaterally from a treaty that is silent on such procedure, there are only two cases where withdrawal
1824-450: A separate deal. In August 2024, YouGov acquired New Zealand-based generative AI company Yabble for £4.5 million. Steve Hatch has been YouGov's chief executive officer since August 2023, taking over from co-founder Stephan Shakespeare who succeeded Roger Parry as the company’s non-executive chair. Since Peter Kellner's retirement from the company in 2016, its methodology has been overseen by YouGov’s chief scientist, Doug Rivers. YouGov
1920-475: A sophisticated sampling process from that panel. In June 2022, former employee and then future MP Chris Curtis , who at that time worked for competitor Opinium , said that during the 2017 United Kingdom general election , a YouGov poll was suppressed by the company because it was "too positive about Labour ", under pressure from the Conservative co-founder of YouGov Nadhim Zahawi . YouGov denied that
2016-484: A source close to the campaign to tell The Morning Star that "Given that we need to win over Labour and socialist voters to win, how can we have a Tory grandee leading the campaign? Labour Leave 's position in the campaign is very difficult after this." The Green Party of England and Wales 's representative in the House of Lords , Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb , previously supported Vote Leave but withdrew her support for
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#17327730759372112-556: A speech being given by Prime Minister David Cameron at the Confederation of British Industry where they heckled him and held banners stating "CBI = voice of Brussels". Cummings subsequently stated: "You think it is nasty? You ain’t seen nothing yet. These guys have failed the country, they are going to be under the magnifying glass. Tough shit ... It is going to be tough". The campaign also stated their intention to target and disrupt meetings of pro-EU organisations and companies. In
2208-408: A survey. The business also launched YouGov Safe, giving insight into consumer online behaviour by encouraging consumers to share their data in a GDPR-friendly manner. In July 2023, YouGov agreed to acquire the consumer panel division of German market research company GfK for €315 million. The next month, YouGov chairman Shakespeare said the company was considering either moving its listing in
2304-457: A territory of France, used to be part of the EU but left on 11 June 1985. Saint Martin and Saint-Barthélemy in 2007 separated from Guadeloupe ( overseas department of France and outermost region (OMR) of the EU) and became overseas collectivities of France, but at the same time remained OMRs of the European Union. Later, the elected representatives of the island of Saint-Barthélemy expressed
2400-489: A week; European Union Law (Emergency Provisions) Bill; Free Trade Bill to start to negotiate its own deals with non-EU countries; and European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bill to end the European Court of Justice 's jurisdiction over Britain and stop making contributions to the EU budget. On 13 March 2016 Vote Leave announced the Vote Leave Campaign Committee, the public facing governing body that meets weekly to set
2496-918: Is a member of the British Polling Council . YouGov specialises in market research and opinion polling through online methods. The company's methodology involves obtaining responses from an invited group of Internet users , and then weighting these responses in line with demographic information. It draws these demographically representative samples from a panel of over 24 million people worldwide. In February 2024, FiveThirtyEight ranked YouGov as fourth out of more than 300 pollsters in its ratings, based on analysis of 624 YouGov polls. YouGov's polling results have been found to be notably more accurate than those of other online pollsters relying on nonprobability sampling instead of random sampling . The New York Times has attributed YouGov's performance to its curation of its respondent panel and
2592-547: Is allowed: where all parties recognise an informal right to do so and where the situation has changed so drastically, that the obligations of a signatory have been radically transformed. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union , enacted by the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009, introduced for the first time a procedure for a member state to withdraw voluntarily from the EU. The article states that: A qualified majority shall be defined in accordance with Article 238(3)(b) of
2688-553: Is not yet a deed and intentions can change before the deed is done. Until the Scottish Government did so in late 2018, the issue had been untested in court. On 10 December 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled that it would be “inconsistent with the EU treaties’ purpose of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe to force the withdrawal of a member state” against its wishes, and that consequently an Article 50 notification may be revoked unilaterally by
2784-591: Is to be approved on the EU side by the Council of the EU, acting by qualified majority , after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament . For the agreement to pass the Council of the EU it needs to be approved by at least 72 percent of the continuing member states representing at least 65 percent of their population. The agreement is concluded on behalf of the Union by the council and must set out
2880-628: The Herald Sun , Courier-Mail , and The Daily Telegraph (in contrast to Newspoll data, which is presented in the News Limited broadsheet newspaper The Australian ). . In 2020, YouGov launched YouGov Turkey, the result of an acquisition of Istanbul-based online research agency Wizsight. The business also polled extensively around the Coronavirus pandemic, working with Imperial College London to track how populations responded to
2976-738: The 2017 UK General Election , YouGov’s projection was an outlier. While most pollsters projected large Conservative majorities, YouGov correctly predicted a hung parliament. YouGov modelling rightly projected a number of shock results, including in Kensington and Canterbury. In December 2017, YouGov purchased Galaxy Research to establish a presence in Australia. Galaxy Research was an Australian market research company that provided opinion polling for state and federal politics. Its polls were published in News Limited tabloid newspapers, including
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3072-624: The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , John Whittingdale , the Culture Secretary , Theresa Villiers , the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , as well cabinet-attending minister Priti Patel, the Minister of State for Employment. This was followed by an announcement on 21 February by the then- Mayor of London , Boris Johnson MP, that he would also be backing the Vote Leave campaign. Boris Johnson subsequently became one of
3168-605: The Social Liberal Party (15%) and The Alternative (20%). Occasionally, polls about a choice between the EU and a Nordic cooperation have shown equally divided support; a 2020 poll showed 39% support for each alternative. In a 2019 poll, the same question showed 42.7% support for the Nordic option and 40.5% for the EU option. In Finland, the Finns Party says the country should leave the EU should it become
3264-554: The Treaty on European Union (TEU) provides for the possibility of an EU member state leaving the European Union "in accordance with its own constitutional requirements". Currently, the United Kingdom is the only state to have withdrawn from membership of the European Union. The process to do so began when the UK Government triggered Article 50 to begin the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 29 March 2017 following
3360-649: The UK Parliament's decisions not to ratify the Brexit withdrawal agreement negotiated between the European Council and the UK government, several extensions of the deadline were agreed. Following a decisive election victory for Prime Minister Boris Johnson and the Conservative Party in December 2019, the UK Parliament ratified the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 , approving
3456-495: The common market and opt-in/opt-out solutions was reflected in the slogan Mere Danmark, mindre EU ("More Denmark, less EU"). In 2020, the party proclaimed a strengthening of its anti-EU stance. The left-wing Red Green Alliance which is the 3rd largest party in the country, still officially opposes EU membership, but its members are divided on the issue. In the European Parliament, the Danish People's Movement against
3552-634: The British Government "does not know for sure" whether Article 50 is revocable; the British prime minister [then Theresa May ] "does not intend" to reverse it. Extension of the two years time from notification to exit from the union, still requires unanimous support from all member countries, that is clearly stated in Article 50(3). Should a former member state seek to rejoin the European Union after having actually left, it would be subject to
3648-612: The EU was represented from the first direct elections in 1979 until 2019. The Unity List is a collective member of The People's Movement and used to only participate in European Elections as candidates for The People's Movement. At the 2019 EP Election the Unity List participated independently and gained a seat, in an electoral alliance with The People's Movement who lost their seat. Former MEP for The People's Movement Rina Ronja Kari resigned her personal membership of
3744-480: The EU (including concerning the euro ) when so much European law is codified in member states' laws. However, the process of Article 50 also includes a strong implication of unilateral right to withdraw. This is through the fact the state would decide "in accordance with its own constitutional requirements" and that the end of the treaties' application in said state is not dependent on any agreement being reached (it would occur after two years regardless). In other words,
3840-454: The EU institution competent to this purpose, namely the CJEU . In addition the European Commission considers that Article 50 does not provide for the unilateral withdrawal of the notification. Lord Kerr, the British author of Article 50, also considers the process is reversible as does Jens Dammann. Professor Stephen Weatherill disagrees. Former Brexit Secretary David Davis has stated that
3936-524: The EU, shows that the UK was a clear outlier and no other state is likely to leave the EU in the foreseeable future. In Bulgaria, the far-right Revival party, and third largest party in the National Assembly as of 2023, supports either "renegotiation" for special status within the EU, or withdrawal. Additionally, other smaller non-parliamentary parties, mostly from the coalition Neutral Bulgaria support withdrawal, such as Attack who called
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4032-429: The EU. As of 2024, no country other than the United Kingdom has voted on whether to withdraw from the EU. Political parties criticizing the federative trend of the European Union and advocating withdrawal have gained prominence in several member states since the European Parliament election in 2014 , similarly to the rise of UKIP in the United Kingdom. The EU Exit Index, which measures the risk of member states leaving
4128-422: The EU. In Greece, Greek Solution is campaigning for a withdrawal, as was Golden Dawn . As a result of the approval of an anti-LGBT law , it has been suggested that Hungary should leave the EU. Currently, Our Homeland Movement is the only party that has proposed doing so through a referendum. In July 2020, Italian journalist and senator Gianluigi Paragone formed Italexit , a new political party with
4224-435: The EU. Vote Leave claimed that the poll was "wholly unrepresentative" of Britain's businesses due to skewed sampling in the poll and alleged that the research had "caused the public to be misled about the views of British businesses on the EU for nearly two years." The British Polling Council 's formal response concluded that YouGov had "not provided an adequate explanation of the sampling procedures that had been used to conduct
4320-636: The Electoral Reform Society published a highly critical report and called for a review of how such future events are run. Contrasting it unfavourably with the "well-informed grassroots" campaign for Scottish independence , Chief Executive Katie Ghose described it as "dire" with “glaring democratic deficiencies” which left voters bewildered. She noted a generally negative response to establishment figures with 29% of voters saying David Cameron made them more likely to vote Leave whilst only 14% said he made them want to vote Remain. Looking ahead,
4416-526: The European Constitution, the clause was incorporated into the Treaty of Lisbon which entered into force in 2009. Prior to this, no provision in the treaties or law of the EU outlined the ability of a state to voluntarily withdraw from the EU. The absence of such a provision made withdrawal technically difficult but not impossible. Legally there were two interpretations of whether a state could leave. The first, that sovereign states have
4512-543: The European Council. The leaving agreement is negotiated on behalf of the EU by the European Commission on the basis of a mandate given by the remaining Member States, meeting in the Council of the European Union . It must set out the arrangements for withdrawal, taking account of the framework for the member state's future relationship with the EU, though without itself settling that framework. The agreement
4608-595: The European Union can not block a member state from leaving. If negotiations do not result in a ratified agreement, the withdrawing country leaves without an agreement, and the EU Treaties shall cease to apply to the withdrawing country, without any substitute or transitional arrangements being put in place. As regards trade, the parties would likely follow World Trade Organization rules on tariffs . Article 50 does not spell out whether member states can rescind their notification of their intention to withdraw during
4704-562: The European Union) states, "a revocation of notification needs to be subject to conditions set by all EU-27, so that it cannot be used as a procedural device or abused in an attempt to improve on the current terms of the United Kingdom’s membership." The European Union Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs has stated that a hypothetical right of revocation can only be examined and confirmed or infirmed by
4800-409: The European Union, while Leave.EU made more of immigration-related issues. This led to situations where Vote Leave and Leave.EU statements have contradicted each other, and sometimes to direct attacks by one pro-Brexit group against the other. Infighting within Vote Leave and Leave.EU , as well as disillusion with Cummings, led to the formation of Grassroots Out (GO). Nigel Farage was a key member of
4896-558: The New Right wanted withdrawal and other 50 % were eurosceptic ("remain in the EU, but the EU should have less influence on Danish conditions"). Among voters of the Danish People's party, the numbers were 18% and 57%, and of the Unity List, 11% and 42%, respectively. In all other parties, withdrawal was supported by 5% of voters or less, but there was substantial euroscepticism (between 26 and 32%), although less among voters of
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#17327730759374992-516: The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This provision does not cover certain overseas territories which under TFEU Article 355 do not require a full treaty revision. Thus, once a member state has notified the European Council of its intention to leave, a period begins during which a withdrawal agreement is negotiated, setting out the arrangements for the withdrawal and outlining
5088-543: The UK and Denmark subsequently pushed for the creation of Article 50. Article 50, which allows a member state to withdraw, was originally drafted by British cross-bench peer and former diplomat Lord Kerr of Kinlochard , the secretary-general of the European Convention , which drafted the Constitutional Treaty for the European Union . Following the failure of the ratification process for
5184-527: The UK to the US, or establishing a secondary listing in the US. "I think the markets are better at supporting companies like ours there," he said in an interview with the Financial Times . The company later clarified that it was “not being considered in the near term.” In January 2024, YouGov concluded the acquisition of GfK’s consumer panel, and also acquired Chicago-based data company KnowledgeHound in
5280-797: The UK with operations in Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific . Stephan Shakespeare and future UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Nadhim Zahawi formed YouGov in the United Kingdom in May 2000. In 2001, they engaged BBC political analyst Peter Kellner , who became chairman and then, from 2007 to 2016, President. In its initial years, YouGov hired a number a notable commentators to write columns on its website, including future UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson , and presenter John Humphrys . In April 2005, YouGov became
5376-505: The Unity List. Opinion polls have mostly shown that Danes are pro EU membership, but eurosceptic . A 2018 opinion poll suggested that while a minority of Danes wanted withdrawal (12% "to a high degree" and 16% "to some degree"), a large majority were against abolishing the opt-outs (57 % against and 22 % for the euro; 42 % against and 30 % for defense cooperation; 47 % against and 22 % for judicial cooperation). A 2019 opinion poll showed that 37 % of voters of
5472-617: The absence of post-victory celebrations, Nick Cohen wrote in a Guardian newspaper article that it reflected the fear of the two main leaders Johnson and Gove, both journalists, that they would be “found out.” He said that the Leave camp had no plan and provided a single simplistic answer to EU problems condemning the UK Statistics Authority as “stooges” and other experts as “corrupt liars in Brussels' pocket.” The campaign -
5568-487: The advice given by the Electoral Commission to Vote Leave as requested misinterpreted EU referendum spending laws. An Electoral Commission spokesperson said it welcomed the court's "consideration of this aspect of electoral law" and said it had reached the same conclusion as a subsequent commission investigation, which resulted in fines being issued to Vote Leave and Darren Grimes . Vote Leave appealed against
5664-488: The arrangements for withdrawal, including a framework for the State's future relationship with the Union, negotiated in accordance with Article 218(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . The agreement is to be approved by the council, acting by qualified majority , after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament . Should a former member state seek to rejoin the European Union, it would be subject to
5760-460: The campaign director of the successful NOtoAV campaign in 2011 was announced as the chief executive of Vote Leave. On 2 November 2015, Vote Leave called on the British Polling Council to investigate "serious violations" of the Council's rules by polling organisation YouGov in a survey conducted in 2013 for the Confederation of British Industry (CBI). The poll appeared to show that 8 out of 10 businesses backed Britain's continued membership of
5856-747: The campaign strategy for Vote Leave. This coincided with the announcement of Labour MP Gisela Stuart as the new chairman of Vote Leave (replacing Lord Lawson) along with Gisela Stuart and Michael Gove as Co-Conveners of the Committee. The Vote Leave Campaign Committee was The Vote Leave board was legally responsible for the campaign. Members of Parliament supporting the organisation include UKIP MP Douglas Carswell , Labour MP Kelvin Hopkins , Conservative MPs Steve Baker , Bernard Jenkin and Owen Paterson , and former Ulster Unionist Party leader Lord Trimble . Vote Leave focused on economic arguments against
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#17327730759375952-430: The country's future relationship with the Union. Commencing the process is up to the member state that intends to leave. The article allows for a negotiated withdrawal, due to the complexities of leaving the EU. However, it does include in it a strong implication of a unilateral right to withdraw. This is through the fact that a state would decide to withdraw "in accordance with its own constitutional requirements" and that
6048-460: The delivery of charitable objectives". Of £532,000 PERT paid out in grants in 2014, £300,000 went to the TPA and £205,000 to Business for Britain , both of which are Eurosceptic. £10,000 went to Global Britain, which has campaigned for Brexit . Charitable trusts are not allowed to be used for political purposes under British charity law. During 2015, the group established a fake company to gain entry to
6144-479: The end of the treaties' application in a member state that intends to withdraw is not dependent on any agreement being reached (it would occur after two years regardless). The treaties cease to apply to the member state concerned on the entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or, in the absence of such an agreement, two years after the member state notified the European Council of its intention to leave, although this period can be extended by unanimous agreement of
6240-556: The fine, maintaining that the donation to Grimes had been appropriately signed off by the Electoral Commission, but on 29 March 2019 they announced that the appeal had been dropped, citing a lack of financial resources as the reason. However, in July 2019, Grimes, having crowdfunded £90,000 for legal costs, won an appeal against the Electoral Commission. Withdrawal from the European Union Article 50 of
6336-412: The following days, both Vote Leave and its rival organisation, " Britain Stronger in Europe ", were excoriated by sections of the media and academia for a campaign described by the Electoral Reform Society as "dire", which left the public seriously lacking proper information. On 17 July 2018, Vote Leave was fined £61,000 and referred to police for breaking electoral spending laws. The Vote Leave campaign
6432-419: The former Secretary of State for Scotland , was also appointed to the board at this time. On 20 February 2016, following David Cameron's announcement that the EU referendum would take place on 23 June 2016, five Cabinet ministers publicly declared their support for Vote Leave: Michael Gove , the Lord Chancellor and Justice Secretary , Chris Grayling , Leader of the House of Commons , Iain Duncan Smith ,
6528-466: The imprimatur of three senior barristers ( Clare Montgomery QC, Helen Mountfield QC and Ben Silverstone of Matrix Chambers ) who concluded that Vote Leave may have 'spent huge sums unlawfully', that there are 'grounds to suspect' that campaign director and former Michael Gove aide Dominic Cummings “conspired to break the law” and that Stephen Parkinson and fellow No. 10 aide Cleo Watson may have 'conspired with others to commit offences'”. BeLeave
6624-476: The key figureheads for Vote Leave throughout the referendum campaign. On 15 June 2016, Vote Leave presented its roadmap to lay out what would happen if Britain left the EU. The blueprint suggested that Parliament would pass laws: Finance Bill to scrap VAT on tampons and household energy bills; Asylum and Immigration Control Bill to end the automatic right of EU citizens to enter Britain; National Health Service (Funding Target) Bill to get an extra 100 million pounds
6720-407: The negotiation period while their country is still a member of the European Union. However, the president of the European Council said to the European Parliament on 24 October 2017 that “deal, no deal or no Brexit” is up to Britain. Indeed, the prevailing legal opinion among EU law experts and the EU institutions themselves is that a member state intending to leave may change its mind, as an “intention”
6816-402: The notifying member without the permission of the other EU members, provided the state has not already left the EU, and provided the revocation is decided “following a democratic process in accordance with national constitutional requirements”. The European Parliament resolution of 5 April 2017 (on negotiations with the United Kingdom following its notification that it intends to withdraw from
6912-508: The organisation "brief[s] every day that I'm toxic, I put voters off, and there is absolutely no statistical evidence to back that up at all. ... It's crackers to think that you can win a referendum campaign with Boris [Johnson] and the likes of the cabinet", and became irritated when UKIP's sole MP Douglas Carswell joined Vote Leave. Andy Wigmore, Leave.EU's director of communications, told Private Eye that "our private polling shows Remain will win if we carry on as we are". When Nigel Farage
7008-483: The organisation and of Leave.EU and UKIP donor Arron Banks was a major donor to GO, whereas Vote Leave was a mainly Conservative campaign. Although the groups had pledged to work together, relations between them was difficult, with some sources saying that "the loathing within the Brexit camp surpasses even that between Remain and Leave". Farage said that Vote Leave is headed by " apparatchiks " and "cretins", saying that
7104-457: The organisation following its decision to appoint Lawson as its chairman, tweeting that she "Will vote to Leave EU but can't work with an organisation with so little judgement as to put Lawson at its head." However, in mid-March Labour MP Gisela Stuart replaced Lawson as chair of Vote Leave. The leave vote campaign maintained close ties with the lobbying group Economists for Brexit, now called Economists for Free Trade , going so far as to share
7200-409: The others. ... But I do know the subject well. I've been doing this for a long time." Labour MPs who want to exit the European Union on left-wing grounds have expressed their concern over being marginalised by Conservative and UKIP domination of the Vote Leave campaign. Labour donor John Mills was replaced by Conservative peer Lord Lawson as chairman of the group on 5 February 2016, which prompted
7296-568: The party has eighteen (out of 460) members of the Sejm , zero members of the Senate, zero members of the European Parliament and one member of a Regional Assembly - this being an increase of seven members in the Sejm and one in regional assemblies since the previous election . YouGov YouGov plc is a British international Internet-based market research and data analytics firm headquartered in
7392-535: The politicians who signed the treaty to join the EU "traitors." In Czechia, the far-right Freedom and Direct Democracy opposes Czech membership of the European Union. In the Danish Parliament , the national conservative New Right party opposes Denmark's membership in the EU. The ideologically similar Danish People's Party in principle opposes EU membership, but has since 2001 in practice supported pro-EU right-wing coalitions. The party's support of
7488-414: The poll was spiked for political reasons, instead arguing that the poll was based on a "skewed sample". Former YouGov president Peter Kellner confirmed last-minute small methodology changes which transferred 2% from Labour to Conservative and increased the predicted Conservative lead from 3% to 7%. A day later, Curtis withdrew his allegations, saying that he now accepted "YouGov's position that in fact
7584-563: The process of changing their status so that, instead of EU law applying fully or with limited exceptions, EU law mostly will not apply. The process also occurs in the opposite direction, as formal enlargements of the union occur. The procedure for implementing such changes was made easier by the Treaty of Lisbon . Algeria joined the European Communities as an integral part of the French Republic , since legally it
7680-411: The public engages with traditional and new media channels. In 2016, Peter Kellner stepped down as the company’s Chairman. In this year, YouGov began to use a methodology known as multi-level regression and post-stratification (MRP) in its political polling. Its first public use was during the United Kingdom’s referendum on EU membership . YouGov has used this approach around elections since. In
7776-432: The referendum campaign. At the referendum held on Thursday 23 June 2016, the majority of those who voted, voted for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, which was equivalent to a 51.9% share of the vote (a 3.8% margin); which set into motion the steps to be taken for British withdrawal from the European Union . In September 2016, Change Britain was formed to act as a successor organisation. On 23 June and over
7872-420: The same conditions as any other applicant country and need to negotiate a Treaty of Accession, ratified by every member state. TFEU Article 355 (6), introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon allows the status of French, Dutch and Danish overseas territories to be changed more easily, by no longer requiring a full treaty revision. Instead, the European Council may, on the initiative of the member state concerned, change
7968-424: The same conditions as any other applicant country. Remaining members of the EU would need to manage consequential changes over the EU's budgets , voting allocations and policies brought about by the withdrawal of any member state. This system provides for a negotiated withdrawal, rather than an abrupt exit from the Union. This preference for a negotiated withdrawal is based on the expected complexities of leaving
8064-625: The same phone number. Matthew Elliott , the chief executive of Vote Leave, was former chief executive of the TaxPayers' Alliance (TPA) and founded Politics and Economics Research Trust (PERT) in 2004. Labour MP and former Shadow Minister for Europe , Emma Reynolds , questioned the affairs of the TPA and PERT, writing to the Charity Commission that "Pert may be in breach of charities legally binding commitments to preserve their independence, specifically regarding political activity and
8160-455: The society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for Ofcom to define the role broadcasters are expected to play. In November 2017, the Electoral Commission announced that it was reopening its investigation of Vote Leave's EU referendum spending. On 17 July 2018, it was announced that Vote Leave had been found guilty of breaking electoral law by overspending following testimony from three whistleblowers. Vote Leave
8256-493: The status of Saint Barthélemy to an overseas country or territory (OCT) associated with the European Union. The status change came into effect from 1 January 2012. The UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020, following on a public vote held in June 2016. However, the country benefited from a transition period to give time to negotiate a trade deal between the UK and the EU . The British government led by David Cameron held
8352-505: The status of an overseas country or territory (OCT) to an outermost region (OMR) or vice versa. Some former territories of European Union members broke formal links with the EU when they gained independence from their ruling country or were transferred to an EU non-member state. Most of these territories were not classed as part of the EU, but were at most associated with OCT status, and EC laws were generally not in force in these countries. Some current territories changed or are in
8448-564: The survey" at the time of publishing the survey. Vote Leave described the CBI as the "Voice of Brussels" and also published research allegedly showing that the CBI had received over £1million in funding from the EU over the previous six years. Vote Leave submitted an official statement in November in response to a House of Lords inquiry on the relationship between EU membership and UK science, calling for science research to "replace EU membership as
8544-498: The terms of withdrawal as formally agreed between the UK government and the EU Commission. After the European Parliament ratified the agreement on 29 January, the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union at 23:00 London time (GMT) on 31 January 2020, with a withdrawal agreement in place. Several states have political parties represented in national assemblies or the European Parliament that advocate withdrawal from
8640-417: The virus and associated policies. In 2021, the company completed acquisitions of Canada-based Charlton Insights, Swiss-based LINK Marketing Services AG, and Australia-headquartered Faster Horses. Other acquisitions in 2021 included Lean App which was bought to improve YouGov’s services with financial transaction data, and Rezonence which offers users access to premium content in exchange for taking part in
8736-497: Was acquired by the company. Also in 2007, they added Palo Alto, California -based US research firm Polimetrix for approximately $ 17 million, Scandinavian firm Zapera for $ 8 million and German firm Psychonomics for $ 20 million. In 2009 and 2010, YouGov expanded its US operations with two acquisitions; first buying Princeton, New Jersey research firm Clear Horizons for $ 600,000 plus an earn out of $ 2.7 million, then Connecticut -based research firm Harrison Group for $ 6 million with
8832-542: Was based inside the Vote Leave headquarters. On 14 September 2018, the High Court of Justice found against the Electoral Commission, stating that its advice to Vote Leave and Darren Grimes had been incorrect, but confirming that the overspending had been illegal. Vote Leave, which claimed they would not have paid BeLeave without the advice, initially appealed against their fine, but withdrew the appeal in March 2019. Noting
8928-463: Was fined £61,000 and referred to the police. In October 2018, an article appeared on the political website openDemocracy claiming that the criminal investigations into Vote Leave and Leave.EU had not progressed, with a spokesman for a Scotland Yard admitting that "there were issues and “political sensitivities” that had to be taken into account. On 14 September 2018, the High Court ruled that
9024-495: Was launched on 8 October 2015 with support from MPs including Labour MP Kate Hoey and UKIP MP Douglas Carswell , and supporters from the business world including CMC Markets founder Peter Cruddas , entrepreneur Luke Johnson and businessman John Mills , the Labour Party 's biggest individual donor. Matthew Elliott , founder and former chief executive of the TaxPayers' Alliance and Big Brother Watch as well as
9120-466: Was not an overseas territory of France but rather one of its overseas departments . Upon its independence in 1962, Algeria ceased to be part of France. However, the implications of Algeria's independence on its relationship with the EEC was legally unresolved, since the Treaty of Rome , which explicitly referred to Algeria by name as subject to the treaty's provisions, was not immediately amended. In 1976
9216-526: Was selected for an interview with ITV's Robert Peston instead of a Vote Leave representative, Vote Leave issued a statement accusing Peston of bias and threatening "consequences" for the broadcaster if Vote Leave members formed a government post-referendum. Michael Grade , Conservative life peer and former head of both the BBC and ITV, accused Vote Leave of using "unacceptable" "bullying tactics". In response, Farage said that "I'm not going to compare myself to any of
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