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40-587: Vostochny Bank was focuses on the Siberian and Russian Far East markets, and ranked among the 30 largest Russian banks by assets prior to its acquisition. The private equity firm , Baring Vostok owned a stake in Vostochny. In 2010 it purchased Consumer Bank, a Russian subsidiary of Banco Santander , and Morgan Stanley 's City Mortgage Bank. In 2015 the bank reduced its workforce by half, laying off 4,000 employees. In 2016 it merged with Uniastrum Bank. After

80-699: A Prime Minister of Australia . Reflecting on his country's geopolitical situation with the onset of war , Menzies commented that: "The problems of the Pacific are different. What Great Britain calls the Far East is to us the near north." Far East , in its usual sense, is comparable to terms such as the Orient ( Latin for "East"), Eastern world , or simply the East , all of which may refer, broadly, to East and South-East Asia in general. Occasionally, albeit more in

120-530: A Japanese victory following the fall of Port Arthur and the failed Russian invasion of Japan through the Korean Peninsula and Northeast China ; also, Japan had threatened to invade Primorsky Krai via Korea. The warring parties signed the Treaty of Portsmouth on 5 September 1905, and both Japan and Russia agreed to evacuate Manchuria and to return its sovereignty to China, but Japan was allowed to lease

160-622: A fear of an invasion of Korea and of the ousting of Japanese troops by Korean guerrillas. Between 1937 and 1939, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin deported over 200,000 Koreans to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan , fearing that the Koreans might act as spies for Japan. Many Koreans died on the way in cattle trains due to starvation, illness, or freezing conditions. Soviet authorities purged and executed many community leaders; Koryo-saram were not allowed to travel outside of Central Asia for

200-639: A means of distracting its populace from government repression and of rallying patriotism in the aftermath of several general strikes. Japan issued a declaration of war on 8 February 1904. Three hours before Japan's declaration of war was received by the Russian government, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Russian 1st Pacific Squadron at Port Arthur. Eight days later Russia declared war on Japan. The war ended in September 1905 with

240-728: Is a region in North Asia . It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent , and is coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District , which encompasses the area between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean . The area's largest city is Khabarovsk , followed by Vladivostok . The region shares land borders with the countries of Mongolia , China , and North Korea to its south, as well as maritime boundaries with Japan to its southeast, and with

280-659: Is known in English as the Far East is usually referred to as the Asia-Pacific Region ( Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион , Aziatsko-tiho-okeanskiy region , abbreviated АТР (ATR)), or East Asia ( Восточная Азия , Vostochnaya Aziya ), depending on the context. Russians reached the Pacific coast in 1647 with the establishment of Okhotsk , and the Russian Empire consolidated its control over

320-579: Is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent, including East , North , and Southeast Asia . South Asia is sometimes also included in the definition of the term. In modern times, the term Far East has widely fallen out of use and been substituted by Asia–Pacific , while the terms Middle East and Near East , although now pertaining to different territories, are still commonly used today. The term first came into use in European geopolitical discourse in

360-887: The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Kamchatka Oblast with the Koryak Autonomous Okrug , Khabarovsk Krai , Magadan Oblast , Primorsky Krai , the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic , and Sakhalin Oblast . In November 2018 Zabaykalsky Krai and the Republic of Buryatia were added; they had previously formed part of the Siberian Federal District . Since 2000, Russians have increasingly used

400-523: The Liaodong Peninsula (containing Port Arthur and Talien , aka Kwantung Leased Territory ), and the Russian rail system in southern Manchuria with its access to strategic resources. Japan also received the southern half of the island of Sakhalin from Russia. In 1907 Japan forced Russia to confiscate land from Korean settlers (who formed the majority of Primorsky Krai's population) due to

440-452: The M58 highway was completed in 2010. Uniquely for Russia, most cars have right-hand drive (73% of cars in the region), though they are still driven on the right-hand side of the road. Railways are better developed. The Trans-Siberian Railway and Baikal–Amur Mainline (since 1984) provide a connection with Siberia (and the rest of the country). The Amur–Yakutsk Mainline is aimed to link

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480-773: The United States along the Bering Strait to its northeast. Although the Russian Far East is often considered as a part of Siberia abroad, it has been historically categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes (and previously during the Soviet era when it was called the Soviet Far East ). In Russia, the region is usually referred to as simply the Far East (Russian: Дальний Восток , romanized:  Dal'niy Vostok ). What

520-543: The colonial era , Far East referred to anything further east than the Middle East. In the 16th century, King John III of Portugal called India a "rich and interesting country in the Far East ( Extremo Oriente )." The term was popularized during the period of the British Empire as a blanket term for lands to the east of British India . In pre- World War I European geopolitics, Near East referred to

560-747: The 15th century, particularly the British , denoting the Far East as the "farthest" of the three "Easts", beyond the Near East and the Middle East . Likewise, during the Qing dynasty of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term " Tàixī ( 泰西 )" – i.e., anything further west than the Arab world – was used to refer to the Western countries. Since the mid-20th century, the term has mostly gone out of use for

600-648: The Japanese and the Soviets frequently happened on the border of Manchuria between 1938 and 1945. The first confrontation occurred in Primorsky Krai, the Battle of Lake Khasan (July–August 1938) involved an attempted military incursion of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo into territory claimed by the Soviet Union. This incursion was founded in the beliefs of the Japanese side that the Soviet Union had misinterpreted

640-470: The Russian Far East in the 19th century, after the annexation of part of Chinese Manchuria (1858-1860). Primorskaya Oblast was established as a separate administrative division of the Russian Empire in 1856, with its administrative center at Khabarovsk . Several entities with the name "Far East" existed in the first half of the 20th century, all with rather different boundaries: Until 2000

680-468: The Russian Far East lacked officially-defined boundaries. A single term "Siberia and the Far East" ( Сибирь и Дальний Восток ) often referred to Russia's regions east of the Urals without drawing a clear distinction between "Siberia" and "the Far East". In 2000 Russia's federal subjects were grouped into larger federal districts , one of which, the Far Eastern Federal District , comprised Amur Oblast ,

720-442: The Russian Far East one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world. The population of the Russian Far East has been rapidly declining since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (even more than for Russia in general), dropping by 14% in the last fifteen years. The Russian government had been discussing a range of re-population programs to avoid the forecast drop to 4.5 million people by 2015, hoping to attract in particular

760-467: The Soviet Union and Japan regarded the Primorsky Krai as a strategic location in World War II, and clashes over the territory were common. The Soviets and the other Allies considered it a key location for the planned invasion of Japan through Korea; Japan viewed it as a key location to begin a mass invasion of Eastern Russia . The Primorsky Krai served as the Soviet Union's Pacific headquarters in

800-722: The Soviet Union. Vladivostok was the site of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974. At the time, the Soviet Union and the United States decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers. Vladivostok and other cities in Primorsky Krai soon became closed cities because of the bases of the Soviet Pacific Fleet . Incursions of American reconnaissance aircraft from Alaska sometimes happened. Concerns of

840-625: The Soviet military caused the infamous Korean Air Lines Flight 007 incident in 1983. In 2016, President Vladimir Putin proposed the Russian Homestead Act to populate the Russian Far East. According to the 2021 Census , the Far Eastern Federal District had a population of 7.98 million. Most of it is concentrated in the southern parts. Given the vast territory of the Russian Far East, 6.3 million people translates to slightly less than one person per square kilometer, making

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880-470: The city of Yakutsk to the Russian railway network. Passenger trains connect to Nizhny Bestyakh as of 2013. As in nearby Siberia, for many remote localities, aviation is the main mode of transportation to/from civilisation, but the infrastructure is often poor. Maritime transport is important for delivering supplies to localities near the Pacific and Arctic coasts, and for shipping exports, especially oil, gas and ores. Far East The Far East

920-435: The corporate dispute was unrelated to the criminal case. In October 2020, Vostochny bank's shareholders signed the settlement agreement under which Baring Vostok refunded 2.5 billion rubles to Vostochny bank. In August 2021, the court found the top managers of Baring Vostok guilty of embezzling Vostochny Bank's funds and sentenced them to suspended sentences. In March 2021, Sovcombank (a large private Russian bank) announced

960-578: The demarcation of the boundary based on the 1860 Treaty of Peking between Imperial Russia and Manchu China . Primorsky Krai was always threatened by a Japanese invasion despite the fact that most of the remaining clashes occurred in Manchukuo. The clashes ended shortly before and after the conclusion of World War II (see Soviet–Japanese War ) when a war-weakened Japan found its territories of Manchukuo, Mengjiang , Korea , and South Sakhalin invaded by Soviet and Mongolian troops (August 1945). Both

1000-417: The general name 'Far East.' Americans who reached China, Japan and Southeast Asia by sail and steam across the Pacific could, with equal logic, have called that area the 'Far West.' For the people who live in that part of the world, however, it is neither 'East' nor 'West' and certainly not 'Far.' A more generally acceptable term for the area is 'East Asia,' which is geographically more precise and does not imply

1040-599: The latter in the M&;A deal. In June 2019, Amur Region Arbitration Court ordered Evision Holdings to execute the option and sell the shares to Finvision Holdings. London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) upheld Finvision's right to execute the call option and dismissed the arguments provided by Evision Holdings. Baring Vostok abide by the decision of the court and executed the option in mid-2020. Finvision Holding gained control over 42.01% and Evision Holding's share decreased to 41.63%. The arbitration proceedings between

1080-399: The merger, Uniastrum bank owner Artem Avetisyan acquired a 32% stake in Vostochny via his Finvision Holdings. At that time, Baring Vostok Capital Partners investment fund controlled 51.2% of Vostochny via Evision Holdings. In 2018, a dispute took place between the major shareholders. Evision Holdings didn't let Finvision Holdings execute a call option for a 9.9% stake in the bank acquired by

1120-605: The next 15 years. Koreans were also not allowed to use the Korean language and its use began to become lost with the involvement of the Koryo-mar dialect and the use of Russian. Development of numerous remote locations in the Soviet Far East relied on Gulag labour camps during Stalin's rule, especially in the region's northern half. After the death of Stalin in 1953 the large-scale use of forced labour waned and

1160-861: The outdated notion that Europe is the center of the civilized world. Today, the term remains in the names of some longstanding institutions, including the Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok , Far Eastern University in Manila , the Far East University in South Korea, and Far East , the periodical magazine of the Missionary Society of St. Columban . Furthermore, the United States and United Kingdom have historically incorporated Far East in

1200-439: The parties took place simultaneously with the criminal investigation of the alleged misappropriation of 2.5 billion rubles of Vostochny bank's funds by Baring Vostok top managers, including the firm's founder Michael Calvey . Calvey and his colleagues were put under arrest. Some media linked criminal investigation with the arbitration proceedings. However, both Baring Vostok and Finvision Holdings denied such claims and admitted that

1240-604: The past, the Russian Far East and South Asia have been deemed to be part of the Far East. Commenting on such terms, John K. Fairbank and Edwin O. Reischauer (both professors of East Asian Studies at Harvard University ) wrote, in East Asia: The Great Tradition : When Europeans traveled far to the east to reach Cathay , Japan and the Indies , they naturally gave those distant regions

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1280-638: The purchase of Vostochny Bank. The deal was closed in April. Sovcombank acquired 88% of the bank's shares for 8.7 billion rubles. By the end of 2021, Sovcombank acquired 100% of Vostochny bank's shares and completed the operational integration of the banks. On February 14, 2022, Vostochny bank was merged into Sovcombank and liquidated. This Russian corporation or company article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Russian Far East The Russian Far East (Russian: Дальний Восток России , IPA: [ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ] )

1320-464: The region in international mass media outlets due to its perceived Eurocentric connotations. North Asia is sometimes excluded due to cultural and ethnic differences. The term is still used in Russia to refer to its sparsely populated easternmost regions (being "far" in this case from the political, economic and cultural centres, Moscow and Saint Petersburg ). Among Western Europeans, prior to

1360-707: The relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire , Middle East denoted north-western Southern Asian region and Central Asia , and the Far East meant countries along the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French ( Extrême-Orient ), Spanish ( Extremo Oriente ), Portuguese ( Extremo Oriente ), Italian ( Estremo Oriente ), German ( Ferner Osten ), Polish ( Daleki Wschód ), Norwegian ( Det fjerne Østen ) and Dutch ( Verre Oosten ). Significantly,

1400-445: The remaining Russian population of the near abroad but eventually agreeing on a program to resettle Ukrainian Illegal immigrants. Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population. 75% of the population is urban. The largest cities are: The original population groups of the Russian Far East include (grouped by language group): The region was not connected with the rest of Russia via domestic highways until

1440-595: The term "Far East" to refer to the federal district, though the term is often also used more loosely. Defined by the boundaries of the federal district, the Far East has an area of 6.2 million square kilometres (2,400,000 sq mi)—over one-third of Russia's total area. Russia in the early 1900s persistently sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for the Imperial Russian Navy as well as to facilitate maritime trade. The recently established Pacific seaport of Vladivostok (founded in 1860)

1480-407: The term evokes cultural as well as geographic separation; the Far East is not just geographically distant, but also culturally exotic. It never refers, for instance, to the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than East Asia itself. This combination of cultural and geographic subjectivity was well illustrated in 1939 by Robert Menzies ,

1520-535: The war to plan an invasion for allied troops of Korea in order to reach Japan. After the Soviet invasion, the USSR returned Manchukuo and Mengjiang to China; Korea became liberated . The Soviet Union also occupied and annexed Japan's Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalin. The planned Soviet invasion of Japan proper never happened. During the Korean War , Primorsky Krai became the site of extreme security concern for

1560-601: Was operational only during the summer season, but Port Arthur (leased by Russia from China from 1896 onward) in Manchuria could operate all year. After the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the failure of the 1903 negotiations between Japan and the Tsar Nicholas II 's government, Japan chose war to protect its domination of Korea and adjacent territories. Russia, meanwhile, saw war as

1600-464: Was superseded by volunteer employees attracted by relatively high wages. During the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Soviets occupied Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island , Yinlong Island , and several adjacent islets to separate the city of Khabarovsk from the territory controlled by a possibly hostile power. Indeed, Japan turned its military attention to Soviet territories. Conflicts between

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