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53-420: This Kirov Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Kostroma Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Mari El Republic location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Nizhny Novgorod Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

106-607: A 2012 survey 40.1% of the population of Kirov Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Orthodox Christian believers not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches , 1% are adherents to Islam , 1% to the Old Believers . In addition, 33% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist , and 5.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to

159-425: A centrally supervised market-influenced program of state capitalism". Lenin was following Karl Marx 's precepts that a nation must first reach "full maturation of capitalism as the precondition for socialist realization." Future years would use the term Marxism–Leninism to describe Lenin's approach to economic policies which were seen to favor policies that moved the country toward communism. The main policy Lenin used

212-402: A combined water surface area of 5.5 million hectares. These lakes provide habitats for various species of fish and birds and are often used for recreational purposes. The rivers and lakes of Kirov Oblast are integral to the region's natural environment and economy, providing water for agriculture, supporting fisheries, and transportation. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Vyatka remained

265-537: A means to prevent the stratification of the classes. Trotsky believed the state should repossess all output to invest in capital formation. On the other hand, Stalin supported the more moderate members of the Communist Party and advocated for a state-run capitalist economy. Stalin would later play on Trotsky's support of New Economic Policy to gain political influence over him by stating that Trotsky lacked confidence in his people. Stalin managed to wrest control of

318-516: A more market-oriented economic policy (deemed necessary after the Russian Civil War of 1918 to 1922) to foster the economy of the country, which had suffered severely since 1915. The Soviet authorities partially revoked the complete nationalization of industry (established during the period of war communism of 1918 to 1921) and introduced a mixed economy which allowed private individuals to own small and medium-sized enterprises, while

371-696: A place of exile for opponents of the tsarist regime , including many prominent revolutionary figures. In 1920, a number of small southern and eastern districts (volosti) and villages were shifted from Vyatka as a result of the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Mari and Votskaya (now the Udmurt Republic ) autonomous regions. The territory did not escape the Russian Civil War and intervention of 1918–1921. Then between 1921 and 1922, it

424-702: A position of leadership during the Great Break . Stalin was initially noncommitted to the NEP. Stalin then enacted a system of collectivization during the Grain Procurement Crisis of 1928 and saw the need to quickly accumulate capital for the vast industrialization programme introduced with the Five Year Plans starting in 1928. The Bolsheviks hoped that the USSR's industrial base would reach

477-482: A resolution renaming the city from Vyatka to Kirov, and Kirov Oblast was formed on 7 December. It included the Udmurt Autonomous Region, 37 districts (raiony) of Gorki Region (which had formerly been part of Vyatka Province), as well as Sapapulsky and Votkinsky districts of Sverdlovsk Region. Following the adoption of the new Constitution in 1936, Kirov Territory was transformed into Kirov Region and

530-751: A river in Southern Russia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kirov Oblast Kirov Oblast (Russian: Кировская область , IPA: [ˈkʲirəfskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ] ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ) located in Eastern Europe . Its administrative center is the city of Kirov . As of the 2010 census , the population is 1,341,312. Natural resources include forests (mostly conifers), phosphate rock, peat , furs , water and land. There are widespread deposits of peat and non-metallic minerals: limestone , marl , clay , sand and gravel , as well as

583-585: A shortage of heating oil, then coal, until they resorted to wood. Populations in northern towns (excluding capital cities) declined an average of 24%. Northern towns received less food than towns in the agricultural south. Petrograd alone lost 850,000 people, half of the urban population decline during the Civil War. Hunger and poor conditions drove residents out of cities. Workers migrated south to get peasants' surpluses. Recent migrants to cities left because they still had ties to villages. Urban workers formed

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636-593: A strategic retreat from socialism. He believed it was capitalism, but justified it by insisting that it was a different type of capitalism, " state capitalism ", the last stage of capitalism before socialism evolved. While Stalin seemed receptive towards Lenin's shift in policy towards a state capitalist system, he stated in the Twelfth Party Congress in April 1923 that it allowed the "growth of nationalistic and reactionary thinking..". He also states that in

689-722: Is dominated by the Volga River basin, one of the largest river systems in Europe, but additionally encompasses the Severodvinsk The rivers in Kirov Oblast are numerous, with more than 19,000 rivers and streams and spanning 66.7 kilometers. Some of the most significant rivers include the Vyatka , Moloma , Cheptsa , and Kama rivers. The region contains approximately 4,500 lakes, many of which are of glacial origin, with

742-603: Is part of the Volga–Vyatka economic district located in the central part of European Russia in the Volga and Vyatka river basins. Its economic complex had already begun forming and developing before the Revolution , in large part because of the transfer points and trading posts located in Vyatka , which later led to the formation of large . Trading Centers Agriculture was the priority sector at first, but starting in 1940, there

795-524: Is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run

848-619: The Left Opposition in the Bolshevik Party because of its compromise with some capitalist elements and the relinquishment of state control. The Left saw the NEP as a betrayal of Communist principles, and believed it would have a negative long-term economic effect, so they wanted a fully planned economy instead. In particular, the NEP fostered a class of traders (" NEPmen ") whom the Communists regarded as "class enemies" of

901-653: The Russian invasion of Ukraine , it was attacked and set ablaze by a Ukrainian Armed Forces drone strike. This was the first attack on the region since the start of hostilities, and is deep in inland Russia, over 1000 km from the Ukrainian border. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Kirov CPSU Committee (who in reality had

954-650: The black market to use a barter system, which was inefficient. Drought and frost led to the Russian famine of 1921 , in which millions starved to death, especially in the Volga region, and urban support for the Bolshevik party eroded. When no bread arrived in Moscow in 1921, workers became hungry and disillusioned. They organised demonstrations against the Bolshevik Party's policy of privileged rations, in which

1007-583: The first five-year plan . After the New Economic Policy was instituted, agricultural production increased greatly. In order to stimulate economic growth, farmers were given the opportunity by the Bolsheviks to sell portions of their crops to the government in exchange for monetary compensation. Farmers now had the option to sell some of their produce, giving them a personal economic incentive to produce more grain. This incentive, coupled with

1060-478: The 1913 (pre-World War I) level. The austere social practices and social-equality theories of revolution and war communism gave way to a more stratified society in which a new bureaucratic elite flaunted conspicuous status symbols: Vladimir Sosnovsky dubbed this "the automobile-harem factor". By 1924, the year of Lenin's death, Nikolai Bukharin had become the foremost supporter of the New Economic Policy. The USSR abandoned NEP in 1928 after Joseph Stalin obtained

1113-708: The Bolsheviks and their allies against the Whites and other counter-revolutionary forces. During this period the Bolsheviks attempted to administer Russia's economy purely by decree, a policy of the War Communism . Farmers and factory workers were ordered to produce, and food and goods were seized and issued by decree. While this policy enabled the Bolshevik regime to overcome some initial difficulties, it soon caused economic disruptions and hardships. Producers who were not directly compensated for their labor often stopped working, leading to widespread shortages. Combined with

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1166-522: The Communist Party from Trotsky, and after defeating the Trotsky faction, Stalin reversed his opinions about economic policy. Stalin believed that creating a socialist society was achievable in the Soviet Union without aid from outside sources or capitalist ideology. Backed by Stalin's Bolshevik -leaning ideology, he believed there was no need to build a basis of capital upon communism and implemented

1219-639: The NEP approach. Pantsov and Levine see many of the post- Mao economic reforms of the Chinese Communist Party 's former paramount leader Deng Xiaoping away from a command economy and towards a socialist market economy during the 1980s as influenced by the NEP: "It will be recalled that Deng Xiaoping himself had studied Marxism from the works of the Bolshevik leaders who had propounded NEP. He drew on ideas from NEP when he spoke of his own reforms. In 1985, he openly acknowledged that 'perhaps'

1272-414: The NEP in his work, Towards Socialism or Capitalism? . Because of Trotsky's history with Menshevik ideology, he believed in the importance of creating a basis of capital for communism to build on. In Trotsky's mind, the New Economic Policy helped lay a foundation of economic opportunities that would aid in a gradual transition to Collective Farming . Additionally, Trotsky saw the New Economic Policy as

1325-416: The NEP pointed in another direction, it would provide the economic conditions necessary for socialism eventually to evolve. After only seven years of NEP, Lenin's successor Stalin introduced full central planning , re-nationalized much of the economy, and from the late 1920s onwards introduced a policy of rapid industrialization . Stalin's collectivization of agriculture was his most notable departure from

1378-521: The NEP, not only were "private property, private enterprise, and private profit largely restored in Lenin's Russia," but Lenin's regime turned to international capitalism for assistance, willing to provide "generous concessions to foreign capitalism." Lenin took the position that in order to achieve socialism, he had to create "the missing material prerequisites" of modernization and industrial development that made it imperative for Soviet Russia to "fall back on

1431-700: The Red Army, Party members, and students received rations first. The Kronstadt rebellion of soldiers and sailors broke out in March 1921, fueled by anarchism and populism . In 1921 Lenin replaced the food requisitioning policy with a tax, signaling the inauguration of the New Economic Policy. Leon Trotsky had also proposed the principles which would underly the NEP in 1920 to the Politbureau in an effort to mitigate urgent economic matters arising from war communism. He would later reproach Lenin privately about

1484-422: The Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization, and Soviet economists claimed that only large collective farms could support such an expansion. Accordingly, Stalin imposed collectivization of agriculture. Land held by the kulaks was seized and given to agricultural cooperatives ( kolkhozes and sovkhozes ). Lenin and his followers saw the NEP as an interim measure. However, it proved highly unpopular with

1537-649: The Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) was separated from it. On 30 October 1997, Kirov, alongside Astrakhan , Murmansk , Ulyanovsk , and Yaroslavl , signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy. The agreement would be abolished on 24 January 2002. Kirov Oblast was formed on 7 December 1934. It is divided administratively into 39 districts, 6 cities under oblast jurisdiction, 13 town under district jurisdiction, 58 urban-type settlements, and 580 selsoviets. Kirov Oblast

1590-537: The biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Kirov Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Kirov Oblast

1643-472: The breakup of the quasi-feudal landed estates, resulted in agricultural production surpassing pre-Revolution levels. The agricultural sector became increasingly reliant on small family-farms, while heavy industries, banks, and financial institutions remained under state-ownership and -control. This led to an imbalance in the economy where the agricultural sector started to grow much faster than heavy industry. To maintain their income, factories raised prices. Due to

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1696-407: The core of Bolshevik support, so the exodus posed a serious problem. Factory production severely slowed or halted. Factories lacked 30,000 workers in 1919. To survive, city dwellers sold personal valuables, made artisan craft-goods for sale or barter, and planted gardens. The acute need for food drove them to obtain 50–60% of food through illegal trading (see meshochnik ). The shortage of cash caused

1749-762: The day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . Population : 1,153,680 ( 2021 Census ) ; 1,341,312 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,503,529 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,692,655 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.50 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 69.73 years (male — 64.80, female — 74.68) Ethnic Composition (2010): According to

1802-487: The delayed government response in 1921–1922. The laws sanctioned the co-existence of private and public sectors, which were incorporated in the NEP, which was a state oriented "mixed economy". The NEP represented a move away from full nationalization of certain parts of industries. Some kinds of foreign investments were expected by the Soviet Union under the NEP, in order to fund industrial and developmental projects with foreign exchange or technology requirements. The NEP

1855-658: The devastation of the war, these were major hardships for the Russian people and diminished popular support for the Bolsheviks. At the end of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks controlled Russian cities, but 80% of the Russian population were peasants. Although almost all the fighting had occurred outside urban areas, urban populations decreased substantially. The war disrupted transportation (especially railroads), and basic public services. Infectious diseases thrived, especially typhus. Shipments of food and fuel by railroad and by water dramatically decreased. City residents first experienced

1908-439: The drought and famine of 1921–22. NEP economic reforms aimed to take a step back from central planning and allow the economy to become more independent. NEP labor reforms tied labor to productivity, incentivizing the reduction of costs and the redoubled efforts of labor. Labor unions became independent civic organizations. NEP reforms also opened up government positions to the most qualified workers. The NEP gave opportunities for

1961-413: The expectation of higher prices, or sold them to "NEPmen" (traders and middle-men) who re-sold them at high prices. Many members of the Communist Party considered this an exploitation of urban consumers. To lower the price of consumer goods, the state took measures to decrease inflation and enacted reforms of the internal practices of the factories. The government also fixed prices , in an attempt to halt

2014-406: The government to use engineers, specialists, and intelligentsia for cost accounting, equipment purchasing, efficiency procedures, railway construction, and industrial administration. A new class of " NEPmen " thrived. These private traders opened up urban firms hiring up to 20 workers. NEPmen also included rural artisan craftsmen selling their wares on the private market. Lenin considered the NEP as

2067-462: The level of capitalist countries in the West, to avoid losing a future war. (Stalin proclaimed, "Either we do it, or we shall be crushed.") Stalin asserted that the grain crisis was caused by kulaks – relatively wealthy farmers who allegedly "hoarded" grain and participated in "speculation of agricultural produce". He also considered peasant farms too small to support the massive agricultural demands of

2120-559: The old division of the country into provinces and districts ( Uezd , Volost ) and introduced a new system of division into regions, territories, and districts (raiony). Vyatka Province was abolished, and its territory became part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . The city of Vyatka became a district center. On 5 December 1934, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) passed

2173-515: The policy. Other policies included monetary reform (1922–1924) and the attraction of foreign capital . The NEP created a new category of people called NEPmen (нэпманы) ( nouveau riches ). Joseph Stalin abandoned the NEP in 1928 with the Great Break . In November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized control of key centres in Russia. This led to the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, which pitted

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2226-589: The production of more promising fodder crops like winter rye , barley , oats that are most suited to the Oblast's climatic conditions is anticipated in the future. Potatoes are also extensively cultivated. The Kirov Oblast is the site of the Rosrezerves' Zenit oil depot in Kotelnich , a large petroleum tank farm installation of the Russian State Reserve . On 28 August 2024, during

2279-599: The question. New Economic Policy The New Economic Policy ( NEP ) (Russian: новая экономическая политика (НЭП) , romanized : novaya ekonomicheskaya politika ) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient. Lenin characterized the NEP in 1922 as an economic system that would include "a free market and capitalism , both subject to state control", while socialized state enterprises would operate on "a profit basis". The NEP represented

2332-699: The rare mineral volkonskoite. In recent decades, a minor recoverable oil reserve was revealed in the east of the region, as well as deposits of bentonite clays. The region also contains the Vyatsko-Kama deposit of phosphate rock , the largest in Europe. Rich in mineral springs, the Kumyonsky District contains the resort town of Nizhneivkino . Kirov Oblast is characterized by diverse hydrography, including numerous rivers, lakes, and reservoirs which play an essential role in its geography, economy, and ecology. The hydrographic network of Kirov Oblast

2385-456: The recent Central Committee plenum there were speeches made which were incompatible with communism, all of which were ultimately caused by the NEP. These statements were made just after Lenin was incapacitated by strokes. Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin disagreed over how to develop the Soviet economy. Trotsky would elaborate on his views concerning the prospects and challenges associated with

2438-462: The rising cost of manufactured goods, peasants had to produce much more wheat to buy these consumer goods, which increased supply and thus lowered the price of agricultural products. This fall in prices of agricultural goods and the sharp rise in prices of industrial products was dubbed by Trotsky the " Scissors Crisis " (due to the crossing of representation of the prices of the two types of product on graphs). Peasants began withholding their surpluses in

2491-542: The scissor effect. The NEP succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the devastation of World War I , the Russian Revolution , and the Russian Civil War . By 1925, in the wake of Lenin's NEP, a "... major transformation was occurring politically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Small-scale and light industries were largely in the hands of private entrepreneurs or cooperatives." By 1928, agricultural and industrial production had been restored to

2544-613: The state continued to control large industries, banks and foreign trade. In addition, the NEP abolished forced grain-requisition and introduced a tax on farmers, payable in the form of raw agricultural product. The Bolshevik government adopted the NEP in the course of the 10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party (March 1921) and promulgated it by a decree on 21 March 1921: "On the Replacement of grain-requisition by food tax ". Further decrees refined

2597-510: The working class. Vladimir Lenin is quoted to have said "For a year we have been retreating. On behalf of the Party we must now call a halt. The purpose pursued by the retreat has been achieved. This period is drawing, or has drawn, to a close." which implies Lenin believed the NEP should have ended in his lifetime. Lenin had also been known to say about NEP, "We are taking one step backward, to take two steps forward later", suggesting that, though

2650-780: Was hit by famine , followed by a typhus epidemic in late 1922. The death rate doubled during those years. The postwar period was accompanied by rebuilding of the province on the basis of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which consisted of free trade, entrepreneurship , and private sector stimulation. The country's first office of the International Organization for Aid to Fighters of the Revolution (IOAR) began operations here in January 1923. The administrative and territorial reforms of 1929 eliminated

2703-424: Was an end to grain requisitions and instead instituted a tax ( Prodnalog ) on the peasants, thereby allowing them to keep and trade part of their produce. At first, this tax known was paid in kind, that is in the form of agricultural service, but as the currency became more stable in 1924, it was changed to a cash payment. This increased the peasants' incentive to produce, and in response production jumped by 40% after

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2756-469: Was an upsurge in development of an industrial complex, especially the engineering , metalworking , and chemical industries. Kirov Oblast is part of the Volga–Vyatka agricultural zone, where more than half of the area sown in grain is located in Kirov Oblast itself. Agricultural land occupies 27% of the region's territory. The most important grain crops are winter and spring wheat and rye . Barley and oats are grown for fodder. Increased specialization in

2809-424: Was primarily a new agricultural policy. The Bolsheviks viewed traditional village life as conservative and backward. With the NEP, the state only allowed private landholdings because the idea of collectivized farming had met strong opposition. Lenin understood that economic conditions were dire, so he opened up markets to a greater degree of free trade, hoping to motivate the population to increase production. Under

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