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74-780: Vectorwise originated from the X100 research project carried out within the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI, the Dutch National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science) between 2003 and 2008. It was spun off as a start-up company in 2008, and acquired by Ingres Corporation in 2011. It was released as a commercial product in June, 2010, initially for 64-bit Linux platform, and later also for Windows. Starting from 3.5 release in April 2014,

148-625: A band gap of zero and thus cannot be used in transistors because of its constant conductivity, an inability to turn off. The zigzag edges of the nanoribbons introduce localized energy states in the conduction and valence bands and thus a bandgap that enables switching when fabricated as a transistor. As an example, a typical GNR of width of 10 nm has a desirable bandgap energy of 0.4 eV. ) More research will need to be performed, however, on sub-50 nm graphene layers, as its resistivity value increases and thus electron mobility decreases. In April 2005, Gordon Moore stated in an interview that

222-542: A self-fulfilling prophecy . The doubling period is often misquoted as 18 months because of a separate prediction by Moore's colleague, Intel executive David House . In 1975, House noted that Moore's revised law of doubling transistor count every 2 years in turn implied that computer chip performance would roughly double every 18 months (with no increase in power consumption). Mathematically, Moore's law predicted that transistor count would double every 2 years due to shrinking transistor dimensions and other improvements. As

296-658: A CWI spinoff . Work at the institute was recognized by national or international research awards, such as the Lanchester Prize (awarded yearly by INFORMS ), the Gödel Prize (awarded by ACM SIGACT ) and the Spinoza Prize . Most of its senior researchers hold part-time professorships at other Dutch universities, with the institute producing over 170 full professors during the course of its history. Several CWI researchers have been recognized as members of

370-479: A basic measure of value for a digital camera, demonstrating the historical linearity (on a log scale) of this market and the opportunity to predict the future trend of digital camera price, LCD and LED screens, and resolution. The great Moore's law compensator (TGMLC) , also known as Wirth's law – generally is referred to as software bloat and is the principle that successive generations of computer software increase in size and complexity, thereby offsetting

444-459: A consequence of shrinking dimensions, Dennard scaling predicted that power consumption per unit area would remain constant. Combining these effects, David House deduced that computer chip performance would roughly double every 18 months. Also due to Dennard scaling, this increased performance would not be accompanied by increased power, i.e., the energy-efficiency of silicon -based computer chips roughly doubles every 18 months. Dennard scaling ended in

518-483: A factor of two per year". Dennard scaling – This posits that power usage would decrease in proportion to area (both voltage and current being proportional to length) of transistors. Combined with Moore's law, performance per watt would grow at roughly the same rate as transistor density, doubling every 1–2 years. According to Dennard scaling transistor dimensions would be scaled by 30% (0.7×) every technology generation, thus reducing their area by 50%. This would reduce

592-891: A functional transistor. Below are several non-silicon substitutes in the fabrication of small nanometer transistors. One proposed material is indium gallium arsenide , or InGaAs. Compared to their silicon and germanium counterparts, InGaAs transistors are more promising for future high-speed, low-power logic applications. Because of intrinsic characteristics of III–V compound semiconductors , quantum well and tunnel effect transistors based on InGaAs have been proposed as alternatives to more traditional MOSFET designs. Biological computing research shows that biological material has superior information density and energy efficiency compared to silicon-based computing. Various forms of graphene are being studied for graphene electronics , e.g. graphene nanoribbon transistors have shown promise since its appearance in publications in 2008. (Bulk graphene has

666-555: A fundamental limit. By then they'll be able to make bigger chips and have transistor budgets in the billions. In 2016 the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors , after using Moore's Law to drive the industry since 1998, produced its final roadmap. It no longer centered its research and development plan on Moore's law. Instead, it outlined what might be called the More than Moore strategy in which

740-426: A log–linear relationship between device complexity (higher circuit density at reduced cost) and time. In a 2015 interview, Moore noted of the 1965 article: "... I just did a wild extrapolation saying it's going to continue to double every year for the next 10 years." One historian of the law cites Stigler's law of eponymy , to introduce the fact that the regular doubling of components was known to many working in

814-478: A new architecture using pipelined query processing ("vectorised processing") to improve the performance of analytical queries. This led to the creation of the "X100" project, with the intention of designing a new kernel for MonetDB, to be called "MonetDB/X100". The X100 project team won the 2007 DaMoN Best Paper Award for the paper "Vectorized Data Processing on the Cell Broadband Engine" as well as

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888-578: A non-planar tri-gate FinFET at 22 nm in 2012 that is faster and consumes less power than a conventional planar transistor. The rate of performance improvement for single-core microprocessors has slowed significantly. Single-core performance was improving by 52% per year in 1986–2003 and 23% per year in 2003–2011, but slowed to just seven percent per year in 2011–2018. Quality adjusted price of IT equipment – The price of information technology (IT), computers and peripheral equipment, adjusted for quality and inflation, declined 16% per year on average over

962-422: A physical limit, some forecasters are optimistic about the continuation of technological progress in a variety of other areas, including new chip architectures, quantum computing, and AI and machine learning. Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang declared Moore's law dead in 2022; several days later, Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger countered with the opposite claim. Digital electronics have contributed to world economic growth in

1036-443: A single quarter-square-inch (~  1.6 cm ) semiconductor. The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year. Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years. Moore posited

1110-585: A year 2000 computer. Library expansion – was calculated in 1945 by Fremont Rider to double in capacity every 16 years, if sufficient space were made available. He advocated replacing bulky, decaying printed works with miniaturized microform analog photographs, which could be duplicated on-demand for library patrons or other institutions. He did not foresee the digital technology that would follow decades later to replace analog microform with digital imaging, storage, and transmission media. Automated, potentially lossless digital technologies allowed vast increases in

1184-507: Is "a natural part of the history of Moore's law". The rate of improvement in physical dimensions known as Dennard scaling also ended in the mid-2000s. As a result, much of the semiconductor industry has shifted its focus to the needs of major computing applications rather than semiconductor scaling. Nevertheless, leading semiconductor manufacturers TSMC and Samsung Electronics have claimed to keep pace with Moore's law with 10 , 7 , and 5 nm nodes in mass production. As

1258-400: Is another version, called Butters' Law of Photonics, a formulation that deliberately parallels Moore's law. Butters' law says that the amount of data coming out of an optical fiber is doubling every nine months. Thus, the cost of transmitting a bit over an optical network decreases by half every nine months. The availability of wavelength-division multiplexing (sometimes called WDM) increased

1332-722: Is part of the institutes organization of the Dutch Research Council (NWO) and is located at the Amsterdam Science Park . This institute is famous as the creation site of the programming language Python . It was a founding member of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM). The institute was founded in 1946 by Johannes van der Corput , David van Dantzig , Jurjen Koksma , Hendrik Anthony Kramers , Marcel Minnaert and Jan Arnoldus Schouten . It

1406-441: Is supported through direct appends to stable storage, while small transactional updates are supported through patent-pending Positional Delta Trees (PDTs) — specialized B-tree -like structures of indexed differences on top of stable storage, which are seamlessly patched during scans, and which are transparently propagated to stable storage in a background process. The method of storing differences in patch-like structures and rewriting

1480-409: Is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics , it is an empirical relationship . It is an experience-curve law , a type of law quantifying efficiency gains from experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore ,

1554-572: The 22 nm feature width around 2012, and continuing at 14 nm . Pat Gelsinger, Intel CEO, stated at the end of 2023 that "we're no longer in the golden era of Moore's Law, it's much, much harder now, so we're probably doubling effectively closer to every three years now, so we've definitely seen a slowing." The physical limits to transistor scaling have been reached due to source-to-drain leakage, limited gate metals and limited options for channel material. Other approaches are being investigated, which do not rely on physical scaling. These include

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1628-778: The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences , the Academia Europaea , or as knights in the Order of the Netherlands Lion . In February 2017, CWI in association with Google announced a successful collision attack on SHA 1 encryption algorithm. CWI was an early user of the Internet in Europe, in the form of a TCP/IP connection to NSFNET . Piet Beertema at CWI established one of

1702-483: The gate-all-around MOSFET ( GAAFET ) structure has even better gate control. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, below the pace predicted by Moore's law. Brian Krzanich, the former CEO of Intel, announced, "Our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two." Intel stated in 2015 that improvements in MOSFET devices have slowed, starting at

1776-468: The 2000s. Koomey later showed that a similar rate of efficiency improvement predated silicon chips and Moore's law, for technologies such as vacuum tubes. Microprocessor architects report that since around 2010, semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide below the pace predicted by Moore's law. Brian Krzanich , the former CEO of Intel, cited Moore's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration, which results from technical challenges and

1850-550: The 2008 DaMoN Best Paper Award for the paper "DSM vs. NSM: CPU Performance Tradeoffs in Block-Oriented Query Processing". In August 2009 the originators for the X100 project won the "Ten Year Best Paper Award" at the 35th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB) for their 1999 paper "Database architecture Optimized for the new bottleneck: Memory access". It was recognised by the VLDB that

1924-645: The X100 project was spun off from MonetDB as a separate project, with its own company, and renamed "VectorWise". Co-founders included Peter A. Boncz and Marcin Żukowski. In June 2010, the VectorWise technology was officially announced by Ingres Corporation , with the release of Ingres VectorWise 1.0. In March 2011, VectorWise 1.5 was released, publishing a record breaking result on TPC-H 100 GB benchmark. New features included parallel query execution (single query executed on multiple CPU cores), improved bulk loading and enhanced SQL support. In June 2011, VectorWise 1.6

1998-498: The breakdown is that at small sizes, current leakage poses greater challenges, and also causes the chip to heat up, which creates a threat of thermal runaway and therefore, further increases energy costs. The breakdown of Dennard scaling prompted a greater focus on multicore processors, but the gains offered by switching to more cores are lower than the gains that would be achieved had Dennard scaling continued. In another departure from Dennard scaling, Intel microprocessors adopted

2072-508: The capacity that could be placed on a single fiber by as much as a factor of 100. Optical networking and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is rapidly bringing down the cost of networking, and further progress seems assured. As a result, the wholesale price of data traffic collapsed in the dot-com bubble . Nielsen's Law says that the bandwidth available to users increases by 50% annually. Pixels per dollar – Similarly, Barry Hendy of Kodak Australia has plotted pixels per dollar as

2146-832: The cause of the productivity acceleration to technological innovations in the production of semiconductors that sharply reduced the prices of such components and of the products that contain them (as well as expanding the capabilities of such products)." The primary negative implication of Moore's law is that obsolescence pushes society up against the Limits to Growth . As technologies continue to rapidly "improve", they render predecessor technologies obsolete. In situations in which security and survivability of hardware or data are paramount, or in which resources are limited, rapid obsolescence often poses obstacles to smooth or continued operations. Several measures of digital technology are improving at exponential rates related to Moore's law, including

2220-469: The co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel (and former CEO of the latter), who in 1965 noted that the number of components per integrated circuit had been doubling every year , and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41%. Moore's empirical evidence did not directly imply that

2294-409: The cost of computer power to the consumer falls, the cost for producers to fulfill Moore's law follows an opposite trend: R&D, manufacturing, and test costs have increased steadily with each new generation of chips. The cost of the tools, principally EUVL ( Extreme ultraviolet lithography ), used to manufacture chips doubles every 4 years. Rising manufacturing costs are an important consideration for

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2368-812: The delay by 30% (0.7×) and therefore increase operating frequency by about 40% (1.4×). Finally, to keep electric field constant, voltage would be reduced by 30%, reducing energy by 65% and power (at 1.4× frequency) by 50%. Therefore, in every technology generation transistor density would double, circuit becomes 40% faster, while power consumption (with twice the number of transistors) stays the same. Dennard scaling ended in 2005–2010, due to leakage currents. The exponential processor transistor growth predicted by Moore does not always translate into exponentially greater practical CPU performance. Since around 2005–2007, Dennard scaling has ended, so even though Moore's law continued after that, it has not yielded proportional dividends in improved performance. The primary reason cited for

2442-450: The density of transistors at which the cost per transistor is the lowest. As more transistors are put on a chip, the cost to make each transistor decreases, but the chance that the chip will not work due to a defect increases. In 1965, Moore examined the density of transistors at which cost is minimized, and observed that, as transistors were made smaller through advances in photolithography , this number would increase at "a rate of roughly

2516-742: The development of scheduling algorithms for the Dutch railway system (the Nederlandse Spoorwegen , one of the busiest rail networks in the world) and the development of the Python programming language by Guido van Rossum . Python has played an important role in the development of the Google search platform from the beginning, and it continues to do so as the system grows and evolves. Many information retrieval techniques used by packages such as SPSS were initially developed by Data Distilleries,

2590-400: The disk media, thermal stability, and writability using available magnetic fields. Fiber-optic capacity – The number of bits per second that can be sent down an optical fiber increases exponentially, faster than Moore's law. Keck's law , in honor of Donald Keck . Network capacity – According to Gerald Butters, the former head of Lucent's Optical Networking Group at Bell Labs, there

2664-436: The field. In 1974, Robert H. Dennard at IBM recognized the rapid MOSFET scaling technology and formulated what became known as Dennard scaling , which describes that as MOS transistors get smaller, their power density stays constant such that the power use remains in proportion with area. Evidence from the semiconductor industry shows that this inverse relationship between power density and areal density broke down in

2738-622: The first two connections outside the United States to the NSFNET (shortly after France's INRIA ) for EUnet on 17 November 1988. The first Dutch country code top-level domain issued was cwi.nl. When this domain cwi.nl was registered, on 1 May 1986, .nl effectively became the first active ccTLD outside the United States . For the first ten years CWI, or rather Beertema, managed the .nl administration, until in 1996 this task

2812-454: The five decades from 1959 to 2009. The pace accelerated, however, to 23% per year in 1995–1999 triggered by faster IT innovation, and later, slowed to 2% per year in 2010–2013. While quality-adjusted microprocessor price improvement continues, the rate of improvement likewise varies, and is not linear on a log scale. Microprocessor price improvement accelerated during the late 1990s, reaching 60% per year (halving every nine months) versus

2886-542: The founder of computer science (or informatica ) in the Netherlands, was the director of the institute for almost 20 years. Edsger Dijkstra did most of his early influential work on algorithms and formal methods at CWI. The first Dutch computers, the Electrologica X1 and Electrologica X8 , were both designed at the centre, and Electrologica was created as a spinoff to manufacture the machines. In 1983,

2960-442: The historical trend would continue, nevertheless his prediction has held since 1975 and has since become known as a "law". Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development , thus functioning to some extent as a self-fulfilling prophecy . Advancements in digital electronics , such as the reduction in quality-adjusted microprocessor prices,

3034-547: The increase in memory capacity ( RAM and flash ), the improvement of sensors , and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras , are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity , and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below

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3108-444: The key economic indicator of innovation." Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. An acceleration in the rate of semiconductor progress contributed to a surge in U.S. productivity growth, which reached 3.4% per year in 1997–2004, outpacing the 1.6% per year during both 1972–1996 and 2005–2013. As economist Richard G. Anderson notes, "Numerous studies have traced

3182-469: The key technical challenges of engineering future nanoscale transistors is the design of gates. As device dimensions shrink, controlling the current flow in the thin channel becomes more difficult. Modern nanoscale transistors typically take the form of multi-gate MOSFETs , with the FinFET being the most common nanoscale transistor. The FinFET has gate dielectric on three sides of the channel. In comparison,

3256-400: The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The primary driving force of economic growth is the growth of productivity , which Moore's law factors into. Moore (1995) expected that "the rate of technological progress is going to be controlled from financial realities". The reverse could and did occur around the late-1990s, however, with economists reporting that "Productivity growth is

3330-451: The marketing of this product line, thus making 6.0 its last release and Actian Data Platform's Cloud Data Warehouse service the only MPP implementation of Vector available. Centrum Wiskunde %26 Informatica The Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (abbr. CWI ; English: "National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science") is a research centre in the field of mathematics and theoretical computer science . It

3404-427: The mid-2000s. At the 1975 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting , Moore revised his forecast rate, predicting semiconductor complexity would continue to double annually until about 1980, after which it would decrease to a rate of doubling approximately every two years. He outlined several contributing factors for this exponential behavior: Shortly after 1975, Caltech professor Carver Mead popularized

3478-486: The most complex chips. The graph at the top of this article shows this trend holds true today. As of 2017 , the commercially available processor possessing the highest number of transistors is the 48 core Centriq with over 18 billion transistors. Density at minimum cost per transistor – This is the formulation given in Moore's 1965 paper. It is not just about the density of transistors that can be achieved, but about

3552-426: The name of the institute was changed to Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) to reflect a governmental push for emphasizing computer science research in the Netherlands. The institute is known for its work in fields such as operations research , software engineering , information processing, and mathematical applications in life sciences and logistics . More recent examples of research results from CWI include

3626-502: The needs of applications drive chip development, rather than a focus on semiconductor scaling. Application drivers range from smartphones to AI to data centers. IEEE began a road-mapping initiative in 2016, "Rebooting Computing", named the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS). Some forecasters, including Gordon Moore, predict that Moore's law will end by around 2025. Although Moore's Law will reach

3700-511: The pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view. In 1959, Douglas Engelbart studied the projected downscaling of integrated circuit (IC) size, publishing his results in the article "Microelectronics, and the Art of Similitude". Engelbart presented his findings at the 1960 International Solid-State Circuits Conference , where Moore

3774-511: The performance gains predicted by Moore's law. In a 2008 article in InfoWorld , Randall C. Kennedy, formerly of Intel, introduces this term using successive versions of Microsoft Office between the year 2000 and 2007 as his premise. Despite the gains in computational performance during this time period according to Moore's law, Office 2007 performed the same task at half the speed on a prototypical year 2007 computer as compared to Office 2000 on

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3848-777: The product name was shortened to "Vector". In June 2014, Actian Vortex was announced as a clustered massive parallel processing version of Vector, in Hadoop with storage in HDFS . Actian Vortex was later renamed to Actian Vector in Hadoop. The basic architecture and design principles of the X100 engine of the VectorWise database were well described in two Phd theses of VectorWise founders Marcin Żukowski: "Balancing Vectorized Query Execution with Bandwidth-Optimized Storage" and Sandor Héman: "Updating Compressed Column Stores", under supervision of another founder, professor Peter Boncz . The X100 engine

3922-427: The project team had made great progress in implementing the ideas contained in the paper over the previous 10 years. The central premise of the paper is that traditional relational database systems were designed in the late 1970s and early 1980s during a time when database performance was dictated by the time required to read from and write data to hard disk. At that time available CPU was relatively slow and main memory

3996-550: The projection cannot be sustained indefinitely: "It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens." He also noted that transistors eventually would reach the limits of miniaturization at atomic levels: In terms of size [of transistors] you can see that we're approaching the size of atoms which is a fundamental barrier, but it'll be two or three generations before we get that far—but that's as far out as we've ever been able to see. We have another 10 to 20 years before we reach

4070-437: The rapid (in some cases hyperexponential) decreases in cost, and increases in performance, of a variety of technologies, including DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis, and a range of physical and computational tools used in protein expression and in determining protein structures. Eroom's law – is a pharmaceutical drug development observation that was deliberately written as Moore's Law spelled backwards in order to contrast it with

4144-506: The rapidity of information growth in an era that now sometimes is called the Information Age . Carlson curve – is a term coined by The Economist to describe the biotechnological equivalent of Moore's law, and is named after author Rob Carlson. Carlson accurately predicted that the doubling time of DNA sequencing technologies (measured by cost and performance) would be at least as fast as Moore's law. Carlson Curves illustrate

4218-400: The same operation on multiple data simultaneously and exploit data level parallelism on modern hardware. It also reduces overheads found in traditional "row-at-a-time processing" found in most RDBMSes. The database storage is in a compressed column-oriented format, with scan-optimised buffer manager. In Actian Vortex in HDFS the same proprietary format is used. Loading big amounts of data

4292-526: The semiconductor industry that on a semi-log plot approximates a straight line. I hesitate to review its origins and by doing so restrict its definition." Hard disk drive areal density – A similar prediction (sometimes called Kryder's law ) was made in 2005 for hard disk drive areal density . The prediction was later viewed as over-optimistic. Several decades of rapid progress in areal density slowed around 2010, from 30 to 100% per year to 10–15% per year, because of noise related to smaller grain size of

4366-419: The size, cost, density, and speed of components. Moore wrote only about the density of components, "a component being a transistor, resistor, diode or capacitor", at minimum cost. Transistors per integrated circuit – The most popular formulation is of the doubling of the number of transistors on ICs every two years. At the end of the 1970s, Moore's law became known as the limit for the number of transistors on

4440-461: The spin state of electron spintronics , tunnel junctions , and advanced confinement of channel materials via nano-wire geometry. Spin-based logic and memory options are being developed actively in labs. The vast majority of current transistors on ICs are composed principally of doped silicon and its alloys. As silicon is fabricated into single nanometer transistors, short-channel effects adversely change desired material properties of silicon as

4514-409: The stable storage in bulk made it possible to work in a filesystem like HDFS, in which files are append-only. A comparative Transaction Processing Performance Council TPC-H performance test of MonetDB carried out by its original creator at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in 2003 showed room for improvement in its performance as an analytical database. As a result, CWI researchers proposed

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4588-825: The sustaining of Moore's law. This led to the formulation of Moore's second law , also called Rock's law (named after Arthur Rock ), which is that the capital cost of a semiconductor fabrication plant also increases exponentially over time. Numerous innovations by scientists and engineers have sustained Moore's law since the beginning of the IC era. Some of the key innovations are listed below, as examples of breakthroughs that have advanced integrated circuit and semiconductor device fabrication technology, allowing transistor counts to grow by more than seven orders of magnitude in less than five decades. Computer industry technology road maps predicted in 2001 that Moore's law would continue for several generations of semiconductor chips. One of

4662-400: The term "Moore's law". Moore's law eventually came to be widely accepted as a goal for the semiconductor industry, and it was cited by competitive semiconductor manufacturers as they strove to increase processing power. Moore viewed his eponymous law as surprising and optimistic: "Moore's law is a violation of Murphy's law . Everything gets better and better." The observation was even seen as

4736-489: The typical 30% improvement rate (halving every two years) during the years earlier and later. Laptop microprocessors in particular improved 25–35% per year in 2004–2010, and slowed to 15–25% per year in 2010–2013. The number of transistors per chip cannot explain quality-adjusted microprocessor prices fully. Moore's 1995 paper does not limit Moore's law to strict linearity or to transistor count, "The definition of 'Moore's Law' has come to refer to almost anything related to

4810-500: The work of its researchers at the disposal of society, mainly by collaborating with commercial companies and creating spin-off businesses. In 2000 CWI established "CWI Incubator BV", a dedicated company with the aim to generate high tech spin-off companies. Some of the CWI spinoffs include: 52°21′23″N 4°57′07″E  /  52.35639°N 4.95194°E  / 52.35639; 4.95194 Moore%E2%80%99s law Moore's law

4884-472: Was integrated with Ingres SQL front-end, allowing the database to use the Ingres SQL syntax, and Ingres set of client and database administration tools. The query execution architecture makes use of "Vectorized Query Execution" — processing in chunks of cache -fitting vectors of data. This allows to involve the principles of vector processing and single instruction, multiple data (SIMD)— to perform

4958-708: Was later renamed to Actian Vector in Hadoop, and non-clustered Actian Vector releases are also updated to match. In March 2015 Actian Vector 4 was released, and Actian Vector in Hadoop 4 was released in December 2015. In March 2019, Actian Avalanche was released as a cloud data platform, with Vector as the core engine for the Warehouse offering. In November 2023, Actian rebranded and relaunched Avalanche as Actian Data Platform, including new capabilities for Data Quality. In 2024, Actian decided to withdraw End of Obsolescence Support for Actian Vector in Hadoop, after discontinuing

5032-794: Was originally called Mathematical Centre (in Dutch: Mathematisch Centrum ). One early mission was to develop mathematical prediction models to assist large Dutch engineering projects, such as the Delta Works . During this early period, the Mathematics Institute also helped with designing the wings of the Fokker F27 Friendship airplane, voted in 2006 as the most beautiful Dutch design of the 20th century. The computer science component developed soon after. Adriaan van Wijngaarden , considered

5106-559: Was present in the audience. In 1965, Gordon Moore, who at the time was working as the director of research and development at Fairchild Semiconductor , was asked to contribute to the thirty-fifth anniversary issue of Electronics magazine with a prediction on the future of the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years. His response was a brief article entitled "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits". Within his editorial, he speculated that by 1975 it would be possible to contain as many as 65 000 components on

5180-421: Was relatively small, so that very little data could be loaded into memory at a time. Over time hardware improved, with CPU speed and memory size doubling roughly every two years in accordance with Moore’s law , but that the design of traditional relational database systems had not adapted. The CWI research team described improvements in database code and data structures to make best use of modern hardware. In 2008

5254-414: Was released, publishing record breaking results on TPC-H 100 GB, 300 GB and 1 TB non-clustered benchmark. In December 2011, VectorWise 2.0 was released with new SQL support for analytical functions such as rank and percentile and enhanced date, time and timestamp datatypes, and support for disk spilling in hash joins and aggregation. In June 2012, VectorWise 2.5 was released. In this release storage format

5328-610: Was released, with a new rebranded and shortened name. New features included support for partitioned tables, improved disk spilling, online backup capabilities and improved SQL support - e.g. MERGE/UPSERT DML operations and FIRST_VALUE and LAST_VALUE window aggregation functions. In June 2014, at Hadoop Summit 2014 in San Jose, Actian announced Actian Vortex — clustered MPP version of Vector, with same level of SQL support working in Hadoop with storage directly in HDFS. Actian Vortex

5402-556: Was reorganized to allow storing the database in multiple location, the background update propagation mechanism from PDTs to stable storage was enhanced to allow rewriting only the changed blocks instead of full rewrites, and a new patented Predictive Buffer Manager (PBM) was introduced. In March 2013, VectorWise 3.0 was released. New features included more efficient storage engine, support for more data types and analytical SQL functions, enhanced DDL features, and improved monitoring and profiling accessibility. In March 2014, Actian Vector 3.5

5476-459: Was transferred to its spin-off SIDN. The Amsterdam Internet Exchange (one of the largest Internet Exchanges in the world, in terms of both members and throughput traffic) is located at the neighbouring SARA (an early CWI spin-off) and Nikhef institutes. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) office for the Benelux countries is located at CWI. CWI has demonstrated a continuing effort to put

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