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31-788: At the end of 1918 and beginning of 1919 the Tsaritsyn Front of the Don Army suffered a serious defeat against the Bolsheviks in the Voronezh–Povorino Operation . The Don Army retreated south, but many Upper-Don Cossacks went home, hoping for some peace settlement with the Red Army. But the Red Army ordered the Cossacks to surrender all weapons within 24 hours under the threat of execution. They also decided to confiscate

62-619: A huge neo-Byzantine cathedral (1904), as well as the Church of Our Lady of the Don (2013), the palace of the ataman of the Cossacks , and monuments to Matvei Platov and Yermak Timofeyevich ( Mikhail Mikeshin , 1904). During the bicentenary celebrations in September 2005 another monument, dedicated to the reconciliation of White and Red Cossacks, was opened in the presence of the members of

93-609: A location at the top of a hill known as the " Wolf 's Lair" to the north of Cherkassk, near the confluence of the Tuzlov River and Aksay River. On November 7, 1804, De Wollant and Platov presented to Tsar Alexander a plan for the future of the city and an extensive report, in which the clearly embellished merits of the area chosen for construction were described. The city was designed in the popular traditions of European models of urban development, with spacious areas, wide avenues and boulevards full of greenery. De Wollant, calling

124-637: Is a city in Rostov Oblast , Russia , located near the confluence of the Tuzlov and Aksay Rivers, the latter a distributary of the Don River . Novocherkassk is best known as the cultural capital of the Cossacks , and as the official capital of the Don Cossacks . Population: 168,746 ( 2010 Census ) ; 170,822 ( 2002 Census ) ; 187,973 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Although

155-595: The Battle for the Donbas (1919) , led by Vladimir Sidorin . According to Kenez, "However, by the beginning of February the position of the Cossacks was critical. As a result of heavy losses and defections, the size of the Don army was greatly reduced. The once mighty army numbered only fifteen thousand men." Under Sidorin's leadership, the Don army advanced northward, and made contact with the Cossack insurgents associated with

186-601: The Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922, Novocherkassk was the center of the Don Army counter-revolution and came under the command of General Alexey Kaledin . The Red Army eventually defeated ousted the White -aligned Don Army from Novocherkassk on January 7, 1920. During World War II , the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany occupied Novocherkassk between July 24, 1942 and February 13, 1943. The city

217-611: The Russian Civil War . It operated from 1918 to 1920, in the Don region and centered in the town of Novocherkassk . On 23 April, K. S. Poliakov's Zaplavskaia army merged with Field Ataman Popov's forces after their return from the Steppe March . Popov assumed command, with K. S. Poliakov as Chief-of-Staff, and organized the Southern, Northern and Trans-Don army groups under Denisov, I. A. Poliakov, and Semiletov respectively. On 6 May,

248-647: The Vyoshenskaya Uprising . The Don Army then grew to forty thousand by 28 June. In April 1920, after the evacuation to the Crimea, Wrangel organized the three-division strong Don corps, commanded by Sidorin, and later Abramov. According to Kenez, In spite of leaving thousands of Cossacks in Novocherkassk , this unit remained a substantial force." Yet, in November, Wrangel was forced to evacuate

279-479: The framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Novocherkassk Urban Okrug —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , this administrative unit also has urban okrug status. Novocherkassk NEVZ ElektroVagon Plant, trains and locomotives. Novocherkassk was once an archiepiscopal see of the Greek Orthodox Church and has

310-703: The Crimea. Generally after Dobrynin, The Participation of the Don Cossacks in the Fight against Bolshevism . [1] Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine The events of those years, especially those centered in the Upper Don, as well as events leading up to them, are the focus of Mikhail Sholokhov 's epic, And Quiet Flows the Don . Novocherkassk Novocherkassk ( Russian : Новочерка́сск , lit.   'New Cherkassk')

341-582: The Don Army and regained control of the area northeast of the Donets and Manych rivers. The Don army was often divided and plagued with indecisiveness, many of the Cossacks not wishing to fight beyond their own territory. In January 1919, the Armed Forces of South Russia were created, uniting the Don Army and Volunteer Army , with Anton Denikin as supreme commander. The Don Army participated in

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372-493: The Don Cossacks to keep the capital in Cherkassk because of the difficulties and uselessness of the transfer. In the first half of the 19th century, Novocherkassk was built only as an army center, administrative buildings, guest yards, taverns , wine cellars , hotels, and generals and noblemen 's houses. In the 1850s, industrialization reached Novocherkassk and industrial enterprises were formed, however only one-thousand of

403-598: The Don Military Region took place, where the status of the historical and modern center of the Don Cossacks was established in the city, officially making Novocherkassk the capital of the Don Cossacks. On July 17–18, 1993, a meeting of the United Supreme Circle of Cossack troops of Russia and abroad was held in Moscow , where Novocherkassk was proclaimed the world capital of the Cossacks. Within

434-486: The Southern army group was able to capture Novocherkassk, with the aid of Mikhail Drozdovsky 's men. In April 1918, before the liberation of Novocherkassk from Don Soviet Republic control, a Don Provisional Government was formed under G. P. Ianov. On 11 May, the "krug for the Salvation of the Don" opened, which organized the anti-Bolshevik war. On 16 May, Pyotr Krasnov was elected Ataman . The Don Republic ordered

465-654: The Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers , with 56 convicted murders, was arrested in Novocherkassk. On 14 February 1994, he was taken from his death row cell to a soundproofed room in Novocherkassk prison and executed with a single gunshot behind the right ear. He was buried in an unmarked grave at the prison cemetery. On October 5–6, 1991, a meeting of the Grand Circle of the Union of Cossacks of

496-582: The Upper Don Cossacks. This led to a spontaneous uprising in the whole district, of which Pavel Kudinov became the leader. To suppress the uprising, the Red Army was forced to divert 14,000 soldiers from the 8th and 9th armies of the Southern Front . Despite the massive repression, the Don Cossacks managed, with the support of parts of the Don Army, to contain the onslaught of the expeditionary forces. The insurgents, whose strength

527-661: The army consisted of 40,000 soldiers, and faced an equal number of Red troops. However, multiple attempts to capture Tsaritsyn in October, December, and January failed, as the Red Army grew in strength, and the Don Cossacks were reluctant to fight beyond their voisko boundaries. In the Winter of 1918-1919, the Red Southern Front, including their Group Kozhevnikov, 8th Army, 9th Army, and 10th Army, counterattacked

558-491: The city's twenty-thousand residents worked in them. On the eve of the February Revolution , Novocherkassk had a population of about sixty thousand people, about twenty-five thousand of whom were serving Cossacks and their families, three thousand were noblemen , and about five hundred were clergymen . Novocherkassk, unlike many Russian cities at the time, had almost no permanent merchants or peasants . During

589-626: The end of August, with the exception of five stanitsy , the entire voisko was liberated." Much of the Upper Don region, in 1918, had defected to the Bolsheviks , but as a result of the Red Terror , in 1919, rose up in arms against them, in what was known as the Veshenskaya Uprising . The main leaders were Pavel Nazarovich Kudinov and Kharlampii Yermakov. They joined forces with the Don Army centered in Novocherkassk , which

620-556: The first settlement in the region was founded by Temroqwa Idar , the city of Novocherkassk was founded in 1805 by Lieutenant-general Matvei Platov , the Ataman of the Don Cossacks , as the administrative center of the Don Host Oblast . It was established in reaction to the original administrative center, the stanitsa of Cherkassk , being deemed unsuitable as the capital for the Don Cossacks for several reasons. Cherkassk

651-414: The future Novocherkassk "little Paris " on the basis of numerous town squares , each of which was supposed to feature a church , and to have streets beginning radially around each square. On December 31, 1804, after reviewing the plan and the report of Platov and De Wollant, Tsar Alexander personally inscribed: "To be according to this. Alexander". The construction of the city was slow, primarily because of

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682-512: The mobilization of Cossacks for six years. By June, with Denisov as his second in command, Krasnov has able to double the size of the Cossack army to 40,000. According to Peter Kenez , "The Germans supplied an enormous amount of war material during the summer of 1918. The Germans covered the voisko from the west and the Volunteer Army from the south, and so Krasnov was able to concentrate movements in eastern and northern directions. By

713-484: The north in the direction of Voronezh, and the 9th Red Army to the northeast in the direction of Balashov. The insurgents united with the Don Army at Vyoshenskaya and by the end of June the Don Host Oblast had been cleared of Soviet forces. Don Army The Don Army ( Russian : Донская армия , Donskaya Armiya ) was the military of the short lived Don Republic and a part of the White movement in

744-435: The property from the "rich and bourgeois" and any money except Soviet money was banned. The district was flooded with Red units passing south to the front, leading to requisitioning of bread, horses and ordinary robbery. The Red tribunals began to draw up execution lists. By the beginning of the uprising, up to 300 Cossacks had been shot, and rumors of executions lists of hundreds of Cossacks from every village, completely upset

775-572: The reluctance of most Don Cossacks to leave their homes in Cherkassk, and the new capital being 20 kilometres (12 miles) from the River Don, with which the Cossacks were closely connected throughout its history. To compensate, there were even plans to deepen the Aksay River (a distributary of the Don) where the new city was located to eventually alter the course of the Don through the city. This plan

806-459: The villages that were part of Cherkassk refused to move the capital, Platov still made a presentation to Tsar Alexander I asking him to allow the capital of the Don Cossacks to be moved to another location, and was granted permission in a decree from the Tsar on August 23, 1804. Platov and the engineer François Sainte de Wollant developed Novocherkassk as a planned city , deciding to build it on

837-547: Was abandoned due to lack of funds, and for more than three decades the question of the place of the capital of the Don Cossack remained unresolved, while growth of Novocherkassk stagnated. By 1837, an alternative to transfer the capital to the village of Aksayskoy, which was also on a hill and near the Don, gained popularity. However, Tsar Nicholas I personally inspected Novocherkassk and the village of Aksayskoy that same year, and after returning to Saint Petersburg ordered

868-741: Was chosen as the headquarters of the Don Army Group, headed by Erich v. Manstein in November of 42’. On June 1–2, 1962, events known as the Novocherkassk massacre occurred when food riots and workers rights protests broke out following a labor strike at the locomotive factory, the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant , in the city. The protests were suppressed by troops of the Soviet Army , resulting in 26 protesters being killed and 87 being wounded. On November 20, 1990, Andrei Chikatilo , one of

899-402: Was commanded by Ataman Afrikan Bogayevsky . These events form an important part of Mikhail Sholokhov 's epic, And Quiet Flows the Don . Indeed, for a long time, Kudinov and Yermakov, who appear in the novel, were considered as fictional by the general public. Kenez states, "The period from May to the end of July 1918 was one of uninterrupted successes for the Don army." By the end of July,

930-523: Was estimated at 30,000, tied down roughly the same number of Soviet troops, diverting them from checking the advance of the Don Army . Between May 28-June 2, the Don Army command took to the offensive along the entire front. Having seized the initiative, the units of the Don Army occupied Millerovo in May, Lugansk on June 1 and, interacting with units of the Volunteer Army, drove the 8th Red Army to

961-424: Was repeatedly flooded for long periods of time due to its low-lying location on the banks of the Don River , and attempts at constructing levees to protect the town were found to be too costly and ineffective. Additionally, Cherkassk was prone to destructive fires due to its chaotic layout and wooden buildings, and was located far away from any major roads. Despite the fact that ten of the eleven representatives of

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