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93-848: Victor Amadeus II (Vittorio Amedeo Francesco; 14 May 1666 – 31 October 1732) was the head of the House of Savoy and ruler of the Savoyard states from 12 June 1675 until his abdication in 1730. He was the first of his house to acquire a royal crown, ruling first as King of Sicily (1713–1720) and then as King of Sardinia (1720–1730). Among his other titles were Duke of Savoy , Duke of Montferrat , Prince of Piedmont , Marquis of Saluzzo and Count of Aosta , Maurienne and Nice . Louis XIV arranged his marriage in order to maintain French influence in Savoy, but Victor Amadeus soon broke away from

186-507: A clause stripping the Savoys of their wealth on exile. Emanuele Filiberto acknowledged that his fiancée, whose pregnancy was revealed at the time of the couple's engagement, belonged to a more leftist milieu than his own, a fact which initially displeased his father. Judicially separated since 1976, civilly divorced in 1982, and their marriage religiously annulled in 1987, Amedeo of Aosta's first wife, Princess Claude d'Orléans, revealed that she

279-755: A constitution known as the Statuto Albertino to Piedmont-Sardinia , which remained the basis of the Kingdom's legal system even after Italian unification was achieved and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Kingdom of Italy was the first Italian state to include the Italian Peninsula since the fall of the Roman Empire . But when Victor Emmanuel was crowned King of Italy in 1861, his realm did not include

372-576: A firearm during the incident. On 16 June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in Varenna and imprisoned in Potenza on charges of corruption and recruitment of prostitutes for clients of the Casinò di Campione of Campione d'Italia . After several days, Vittorio Emanuele was released and placed under house arrest instead. He was released from house arrest on 20 July but was required to remain within

465-632: A more plausible origin. Though Sabaudia was originally a poor county, later counts were diplomatically skilled, and gained control over strategic mountain passes in the Alps . Two of Humbert's sons were commendatory abbots at the Abbey of St. Maurice, Agaunum , on the River Rhone east of Lake Geneva , and Saint Maurice is still the patron of the House of Savoy. Humbert's son, Otto of Savoy succeeded to

558-798: A result of the War of the Quadruple Alliance . On the mainland, the dynasty continued its expansionist policies as well. Through advantageous alliances during the War of the Polish Succession and War of the Austrian Succession , Charles Emmanuel III gained new lands at the expense of the Austrian-controlled Duchy of Milan . In 1792, Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition against

651-607: A state of the Holy Roman Empire , was closely linked to and heavily dependent upon France, essentially becoming a French satellite. Victor Amadeus II broke this link by joining alliances against France in both the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession . Savoy was considered a valuable ally in both wars due to its geographical position, enabling a second front to be opened against France in

744-473: A television interview, Emanuele Filiberto also requested that Roman landmarks such as the Quirinale palace and Villa Ada should be returned to the Savoy family. The Italian prime minister’s office has released a statement stating that the Savoys are not owed any damages and suggesting that Italy may demand damages from the Savoys for their collusion with Benito Mussolini . The Italian constitution contains

837-454: A treaty of 1696. During this period he became anxious to free himself of domination by Louis, and his first sign of independence was his independent visit to Venice in 1687, where he conferred with Prince Eugene of Savoy and others. Louis discovered this and demanded that Victor Amadeus launch another expedition against the Vaudois; he grudgingly complied, but as described below soon chose

930-697: A year later. On 12 June 1946, the Kingdom of Italy formally came to an end as Umberto transferred his powers to Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi and called for the Italian people to support the new republic. He then went into exile in Portugal , never to return; he died in 1983. Under the Constitution of the Italian Republic , the republican form of government cannot be changed by constitutional amendment , thus forbidding any attempt to restore

1023-525: A year, public opinion pushed for a referendum to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. On 9 May 1946, in a last-ditch attempt to save the monarchy, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated in favour of his son, who became Umberto II . It did not work; the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 was won by republicans with 54% of the vote. Victor Emmanuel went into exile in Egypt , dying there

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1116-408: Is a direct descendant. His favourite child was Victor Amadeus born in 1699 and given the title Prince of Piedmont as heir apparent . The Prince of Piedmont later died in 1715 from smallpox . Anne Marie died in 1728 after a series of heart attacks . His relationship with his younger son and eventual successor Charles Emmanuel was a cold one and the two were never close. Victor Amadeus organised

1209-432: Is known as primogeniture ; younger sons, the cadets, inherited less wealth and authority (such as a small appenage ) to pass on to future generations of descendants. In families and cultures in which that was not the custom or law, such as the feudal Holy Roman Empire , the equal distribution of the family's holdings among male members was eventually apt to so fragment the inheritance as to render it too small to sustain

1302-643: The Battle of Turin . French troops were under the control of Anne Marie's half-brother, the Duke of Orléans . She and her sons were forced to flee Turin with the grandmother for the safety of Genoa . Turin was saved by the combined forces of Victor Amadeus and Prince Eugene of Savoy in September 1706. As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession, Victor Amadeus II gained the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 under

1395-705: The Basilica of Superga which Victor Amadeus had built and where he asked to be buried, as his son did not want to remind the public of the scandal which his abdication had caused. Anna was moved to the Convent of the Visitation in Pinerolo where she died aged 88. Despite his political reforms and his passion for trying to increase the importance of Savoy in Europe, Victor Amadeus left a considerable cultural legacy in

1488-503: The Congress of Vienna . In the meantime, nationalist figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini were influencing popular opinion. Mazzini believed that Italian unification could only be achieved through a popular uprising, but after the failure of the 1848 revolutions , the Italian nationalists began to look to the Kingdom of Sardinia and its prime minister Count Cavour as leaders of the unification movement. In 1848, Charles Albert conceded

1581-713: The Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken obtained the Palatine Electorate of the Rhine (1799) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1806); and a deposed Duke of Nassau was restored to sovereignty in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890). In other cases, a junior branch came to eclipse more senior lines in rank and power, e.g. the Electors and Kings of Saxony who were a younger branch of the House of Wettin than

1674-1043: The First World War ended, the Treaty of Versailles fell short of what had been promised in the London Pact to Italy. As the economic conditions in Italy worsened after the war, popular resentment and along with it the seeds of Italian fascism began to grow and resulted in the March on Rome by Benito Mussolini . General Pietro Badoglio advised King Victor Emmanuel III that he could easily sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag Blackshirt army to one side, but Victor Emmanuel decided to tolerate Mussolini and appointed him as prime minister on 28 October 1922. The king remained silent as Mussolini engaged in one abuse of power after another from 1924 onward, and did not intervene in 1925-26 when Mussolini dropped all pretense of democracy. By

1767-487: The French First Republic . It was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796) , giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. In 1798, Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. Eventually, in 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa by

1860-719: The Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar . A still more junior branch of the Wettins , headed by the rulers of the small Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , would, through diplomacy or marriage in the 19th and 20th centuries, obtain or consort and sire the royal crowns of, successively, Belgium , Portugal , Bulgaria and the Commonwealth realms . Also, marriage to cadet males of the Houses of Oldenburg (Holstein-Gottorp), Polignac , and Bourbon-Parma brought those dynasties patrilineally to

1953-513: The House of Habsburg , in the hope of recovering his lands. He served Philip II as Governor of the Netherlands from 1555 to 1559. In this capacity, he led the Spanish invasion of northern France and won a victory at St. Quentin in 1557. He took advantage of various squabbles in Europe to slowly regain territory from both the French and the Spanish, including the city of Turin. He moved

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2046-590: The Italian Republic was proclaimed. The name derives from the historical region of Savoy in the Alpine region between what is now France and Italy. Over time, the House of Savoy expanded its territory and influence through judicious marriages and international diplomacy. From rule of a region on the French–Italian border, by the time of its deposition the dynasty's realm grew to include nearly all of

2139-495: The Italian War of 1494–98 . During the outbreak of the Italian war of 1521–1526 , Emperor Charles V stationed imperial troops in Savoy. In 1536, Francis I of France invaded Savoy and Piedmont, taking Turin by April of that year. Charles III , Duke of Savoy, fled to Vercelli. When Emmanuel Philibert came to power in 1553 most of his family's territories were in French hands, so he offered to serve France's leading enemy

2232-678: The Prince of Piedmont , and sought the security of a previous mistress Anna Canalis di Cumiana . The couple were married in a private ceremony on 12 August 1730 in the Royal Chapel in Turin having obtained permission from Pope Clement XII . Still attractive in her forties, Victor Amadeus had long been in love with her and as a wedding gift, created her the Marchioness of Spigno . The couple made their marriage public on 3 September 1730 much to

2325-723: The Protestant Reformation , after which it was conquered by Bern . Piedmont was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into "Savoy" ( Italian : Savoia ). By the time Amadeus VIII came to power in the late 14th century, the House of Savoy had gone through a series of gradual territorial expansions and he was elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund to the Duke of Savoy in 1416. In 1494, Charles VIII of France passed through Savoy on his way to Italy and Naples, which initiated

2418-591: The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus , alleging that memberships in the orders had been sold to unworthy candidates, a newfound practice they could not abide. In 1941, in the fascist puppet state Independent State of Croatia , Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta , grandson of Amadeo I of Spain , was formally named as the king under

2511-1219: The UNESCO added a group of buildings which were connected to Victor Amadeus and his family to be added to have World Heritage status . These buildings including the Royal Palace, the Palazzo Madama, the Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi and his wife's Villa della Regina were grouped as the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy . His distant relationship with his mother was always strained and has been blamed on her ambition to keep power to herself. Marie Jeanne spent most of her time relegated to state business which she enjoyed and had little time for her only child whom she kept under close supervision in order to make sure he would not try to assume power. Anne Marie gave her husband six children but also had two stillbirths of each gender, one in 1691 and again in 1697. Three of these children would go on to have further progeny, including

2604-581: The Vaudois (Piedmontese and Savoyard Protestants ) in 1685. The state had been bankrupted due to various conflicts and a famine in 1679 which had used all last resources. Due to his alliances with England and the Dutch Republic during the Nine Years' War , he was forced to cease this practice from 1688, and in 1694 granted an Edict of Toleration . However, in 1698 Louis XIV forced him to expel all Protestant immigrants from Savoy in accordance with

2697-604: The Venetia region (subject to Habsburg governance), Lazio (with Rome), Umbria , Marche and Romagna (with the Papal town of Bologna ). Yet the House of Savoy continued to rule Italy for several decades, through the Italian Independence wars as Italian unification proceeded and even as the First World War raged on in the early 20th century. In April 1655, based on (perhaps false) reports of resistance by

2790-615: The Waldensians , a Protestant religious minority, to a plan to resettle them in remote mountain valleys, Charles Emmanuel II ordered their general massacre . The massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell , then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England, and threatening to send military forces to

2883-747: The Albanian crown as well in 1939, but lost Ethiopia two years later, in 1941. However, as Mussolini and the Axis powers failed in the Second World War in 1943, several members of the Italian court began putting out feelers to the Allies, who in turn let it be known that Mussolini had to go. After Mussolini received a vote of no confidence from the Fascist Grand Council on 24 July, Victor Emmanuel dismissed him from office, relinquished

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2976-539: The Castle of Ceva but was later allowed to return to the Castle of Rivoli where her husband was moved. She was returned to him on 12 April. The stroke seemed to have affected Victor Amadeus in a way which caused him to later turn violent towards his wife, blaming her for his misfortunes. King Victor Amadeus died on 31 October 1732 and was buried in the Convent of San Giuseppe di Carignano. His son decided not to bury him in

3069-1176: The Duchy of Aosta , Prince of Chieri , Dronero , Crescentino , Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca , Bene , Brà , Duke of Genoa , Monferrat , Aosta , Duke of Chablais , Genevois , Duke of Piacenza , Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea , Susa , del Maro, Oristano , Cesana , Savona , Tarantasia , Borgomanero e Cureggio , Caselle , Rivoli , Pianezza , Govone , Salussola , Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore , Marene , Modane e Lanslebourg , Livorno Ferraris , Santhià Agliè , Centallo e Demonte , Desana , Ghemme , Vigone , Count of Barge , Villafranca , Ginevra , Nizza , Tenda , Romont , Asti , Alessandria , del Goceano , Novara , Tortona , Bobbio , Soissons , Sant'Antioco , Pollenzo , Roccabruna , Tricerro , Bairo , Ozegna , delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni , Lord of Vercelli , Pinerolo , della Lomellina , della Valle Sesia , del marchesato di Ceva , Overlord of Monaco , Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton , Noble patrician of Venice , patrician of Ferrara . These titles were used during

3162-571: The Ethiopian and Albanian crowns, and appointed Pietro Badoglio as prime minister. On 8 September the new government announced it had signed an armistice with the Allies five days earlier. However, Victor Emmanuel made another blunder when he and his government fled south to Brindisi , leaving his army without orders. As the Allies and the Resistance gradually chased the Nazis and Fascists off

3255-501: The Grace of God , King of Sardinia , Cyprus , Jerusalem , Armenia , Duke of Savoy, Montferrat , Chablais , Aosta and Genevois , Prince of Piedmont and Oneglia , Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy, of Saluzzo , Susa , Ivrea , Ceva , Maro, Oristano , Sezana , Count of Maurienne , Nice , Tende , Asti , Alessandria , Goceano , Baron of Vaud and Faucigny , Lord of Vercelli , Pinerolo , Tarentaise , Lumellino , Val di Sesia , Prince and perpetual Vicar of

3348-461: The Holy Roman Empire in Italy. Victor Emmanuel II , by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation, King of Italy , King of Sardinia , Cyprus , Jerusalem , Armenia , Duke of Savoy , Count of Maurienne , Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy; Prince of Piedmont , Carignano , Oneglia , Poirino , Trino ; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; Prince of Carmagnola , Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, Prince bailiff of

3441-435: The House of Savoy led the Italian unification in 1861, and ruled the Kingdom of Italy until 1946. They also briefly ruled the Kingdom of Spain during the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were: Victor Emmanuel II , Umberto I , Victor Emmanuel III , and Umberto II . Umberto II reigned for only a few weeks, as the last king of Italy, before being deposed following the institutional referendum of 1946 ; after which

3534-426: The Italian Peninsula. The house descended from Humbert I , Count of Sabaudia (Umberto I "Biancamano"), (1003–1047 or 1048). The ancestry of Humbert is uncertain, as contemporary documents make no mention of his father. His family was traditionally believed to have come from Saxony, but more recent investigations have pointed to the County of Vienne , where both Humbert and his relatives held extensive possessions, as

3627-619: The Kingdom ceased to exist in 1946, King Umberto II did not abdicate his role as fons honorum over the two dynastic orders over which the family has long held sovereignty and grand mastership. Today, following the dispute, both Prince Emanuele Filiberto and Prince Aimone claim to be hereditary Sovereign and Grand Master of the following orders of the House of Savoy: In addition to these, Vittorio Emanuele claims sovereignty over two more orders: In February 2006, all three of Vittorio Emanuele 's sisters ( Princess Maria Pia , Princess Maria Gabriella , and Princess Maria Beatrice ) resigned from

3720-399: The Savoy-Aosta branch led by Aimone. As of 2022, the House of Savoy has been in the process of trying to reclaim family jewels which have been owned by the Italian government since the abolition of the monarchy. Vittorio Emanuele died in February 2024. The House of Savoy has held two dynastic orders since 1362 which were brought into the Kingdom of Italy as national orders. Although

3813-459: The Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus switched sides to assist the Habsburgs and, via the Treaty of Utrecht , they rewarded him with large pieces of land in northeastern Italy and a Crown in Sicily. Savoy rule over Sicily lasted only seven years (1713–20). The crown of Sicily, the prestige of being kings at last, and the wealth of Palermo helped strengthen the House of Savoy further. In 1720, they were forced to exchange Sicily for Sardinia as

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3906-423: The Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war. Being crowned King of Sicily in Palermo on 24 December 1713, he returned to Turin in September 1714. As ruler of an independent kingdom and a key player in the recent war, Victor Amadeus significantly expanded his foreign relations. As a duke, he had envoys and embassies in France, the Empire, and Rome. In 1717, he established his own foreign office. Victor Amadeus in 1720

3999-413: The allies countering France. Victor Amadeus II undertook sweeping administrative reforms within Savoy. In 1696 he established a system of intendants , based on the French model, responsible for collecting taxes and law enforcement. In 1697 he began a land survey which was largely completed by 1711, the Perequazione, to examine the land holdings and privileges of the Church and nobility. In 1717 he reformed

4092-401: The capital of the duchy from Chambéry to Turin. The 17th century brought about economic development to the Turin area and the House of Savoy took part in and benefitted from that. Charles Emmanuel II developed the port of Nice and built a road through the Alps towards France. And through skillful political manoeuvres territorial expansion continued. In the early 18th century in the War of

4185-468: The choice was made, sought to usurp the elder's birthright. In such cases, primary responsibility for promoting the family's prestige, aggrandizement, and fortune fell upon the senior branch for future generations. A cadet, having less means, was not expected to produce a family. If a cadet chose to raise a family, its members were expected to maintain the family's social status by avoiding derogation , but could pursue endeavors too demeaning or too risky for

4278-613: The city of his birth. In 1697 Victor Amadeus commissioned Le Notre to lay out large gardens at the Palace of Turin where he had previously commissioned the Viennese Daniel Seiter to paint a famous gallery which exists to this day. Victor Amadeus subsequently had Seiter knighted. He also encouraged musical patronage in Savoy and the court became a centre for various musicians of the period. Being crowned King of Sicily in Palermo on 24 December 1713, he returned to Turin in September 1714. From Palermo he brought back Filippo Juvarra , an Italian architect who had spent many years in Rome. Juvarra

4371-538: The descendants at the socio-economic level of their forefather. Moreover, brothers and their descendants sometimes quarreled over their allocations, or even became estranged. While agnatic primogeniture became a common way of keeping the family's wealth intact and reducing familial disputes, it did so at the expense of younger sons and their descendants. Both before and after a state legal default of inheritance by primogeniture, younger brothers sometimes vied with older brothers to be chosen as their father's heir or, after

4464-404: The dismay of the court. A month later, Victor Amadeus announced his wish to abdicate the throne and did so in a ceremony at the Castle of Rivoli on the day of his marriage. His son succeeded him as Charles Emmanuel III . Taking the style of King Victor Amadeus , he and Anna moved into the château de Chambéry outside the capital. The couple took a small retinue of servants and Victor Amadeus

4557-458: The eldest Maria Adelaide , who was the mother of Louis XV of France . His second daughter Maria Luisa , known in the family as Louison , would marry Philip V of Spain in 1701 and was also regent of Spain for various periods. These two marriages were tactics used by Louis XIV to keep Victor Amadeus close to France prior to the War of the Spanish Succession . Anne Marie would remain a devoted wife. She quietly accepted his extramarital affairs;

4650-450: The emperor increased his bribe, adding various territories in Lombardy , Victor Amadeus having ignored him. In 1703, Victor Amadeus switched sides, joining the Grand Alliance as he had in the Nine Years' War. Savoy fared particularly badly against the larger French forces resulting in a siege of Turin in 1706. Anne Marie's uncle, Louis XIV (along with Spanish forces from Anne Marie's second cousin Philip V of Spain ), besieged Turin during

4743-435: The end of 1928, the king's right to remove Mussolini from office was, at least theoretically, the only check on his power. Later, the King's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power led to much criticism and had dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself. Italy conquered Ethiopia in 1936 and Victor Emmanuel was crowned as Emperor of Ethiopia. He added

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4836-449: The face. Some of the activities of members of the House of Savoy have evoked media coverage disappointing to Italian royalists. In November 1991, after thirteen years of legal proceedings, the Paris Assize Court acquitted Vittorio Emanuele of the fatal wounding and unintentional homicide in August 1978 of Dirk Hamer (who was shot and killed while asleep on a yacht off Cavallo) , finding him guilty only of unauthorised possession of

4929-434: The first two marriages of Charles Emmanuel, the first one being to Anne Christine of Sulzbach , daughter of the Count Palatine of Sulzbach , which produced a son who died in infancy. The second marriage was to Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg , a first cousin of Anne Christine and mother of six children, including the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia . House of Savoy Through its junior branch of Savoy-Carignano ,

5022-421: The influence of France. At his father's death in 1675, his mother, Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Nemours , was regent in the name of her nine-year-old son and would remain in de facto power until 1684 when Victor Amadeus banished her further involvement in the state. Having fought in the War of the Spanish Succession , he was rewarded with the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713, but he was forced to exchange this title for

5115-618: The latter of which had a candidate in the person of Archduke Charles , who immediately proclaimed himself King of Spain. The Grand Duke of Tuscany also ignored his claims. In the meantime, he pursued the expansion of Savoy and bought various fiefdoms of the Holy Roman Empire . Victor Amadeus was in a position where on most sides of Savoy was a Bourbon ruler, the enemy of Philip V, and he was forced to let French troops enter his lands in order to get Milan which Victor Amadeus had wanted so greatly. Forced to ally himself again this time with Louis XIV and his grandson in Spain, his daughter Maria Luisa

5208-459: The leadership of the House of Savoy was contested by two cousins: Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples , who used to claim the title of King of Italy, and Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta , who claimed the title of Duke of Savoy. Their rivalry has not always been peaceful — on 21 May 2004, following a dinner held by King Juan Carlos I of Spain on the eve of the wedding of his son Felipe, Prince of Asturias , Vittorio Emanuele punched Amedeo twice in

5301-479: The limited Sicilian naval forces he had been granted. Victor Amadeus was able to use the experienced armies he developed in foreign wars to establish more firm control within his territories. Faced with rebellion by Mondovì at the end of the century, he brought a force of veterans from the Nine Years War there and re-established his authority. He employed a similar strategy against an anti-tax riot in Cigliano in 1724. Under his mother's regency Savoy, despite being

5394-405: The longest one being with the famed beauty Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes by whom he had two children. Jeanne Baptiste was his mistress for eleven years and eventually fled Savoy due to Victor Amadeus' obsession with her. Victor Amadeus subsequently had his daughter with Jeanne Baptiste, Maria Vittoria , marry the Prince of Carignano from which the present Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples

5487-415: The marriage between Victor Amadeus and the Infanta came to nothing and was thus cancelled. Other candidates included Maria Antonia of Austria , Countess Palatine of Neuburg and Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici . Victor Amadeus was keen on the match with Tuscany and negotiations were kept secret from France even though the match never happened. Under the influence of Louis XIV and Marie Jeanne, Victor Amadeus

5580-428: The marriage, as this would have left Marie Jeanne permanently in control of the Duchy of Savoy as Regent because her son would have had to live in Portugal with his new wife. The duchy would then revert to the Kingdom of Portugal at her death. Victor Amadeus refused, and a party was even formed which refused to recognise his leaving Savoy. Despite a marriage contract being signed between Portugal and Savoy on 15 May 1679,

5673-467: The medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion. As a result, Umberto I was assassinated in July 1900 in Monza by Gaetano Bresci , the brother of one of the women massacred in the crowd, who had traveled back to Italy from the United States for the assassination. The king had previously been the target of failed assassination attempts by anarchists Giovanni Passannante and Pietro Acciarito . When

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5766-424: The monarchy short of adoption of an entirely new constitution. The constitution also forbade male descendants of the House of Savoy from entering Italy. This provision was removed in 2002 but as part of the deal to be allowed back into Italy, Vittorio Emanuele , the last claimant to the House of Savoy, renounced all claims to the throne. He died in 2024. The Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in Turin and

5859-449: The name Tomislav II , but never ruled in practice as he remained residing in Italy, and formally abdicated in 1943 when Italy ended participation with the Axis Powers . In 1396, the title and privileges of the final king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , Levon V , were transferred to James I , his cousin and king of Cyprus. The title of King of Armenia was thus united with the titles of King of Cyprus and King of Jerusalem. The title

5952-587: The neighbourhood are protected as a World Heritage Site . Although the titles and distinctions of the Italian royal family are not legally recognised by the Italian Republic, the remaining members of the House of Savoy, like dynasties of other abolished monarchies , still use some of the various titles they acquired over the millennium of their reign prior to the republic's establishment, including Duke of Savoy; "Prince of Naples", previously conferred by Joseph Bonaparte to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren; Prince of Piedmont ; and Duke of Aosta . Before,

6045-414: The parents of sons Umberto and Amedeo born, respectively, in 2009 and 2011. In 2019, Vittorio Emanuele issued a formal decree that modified the medieval law restricting succession to male heirs to place his granddaughter, Vittoria Cristina Chiara Adelaide Marie , in the line of succession. Prince Aimone declared the change illegitimate, meaning the title will remain in male succession and will transfer to

6138-401: The peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any postwar role. Accordingly, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944. Rome was liberated two months later, and Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm . Within

6231-430: The people refused to pay taxes to the emissary of Savoy, Andrea Cantatore di Breo . The unrest caused an army to be sent to stop the unrest in the town, which was pacified quickly. However, in the town of Montaldo , the unrest began again and was more serious than before. 200 soldiers were killed in warfare which lasted for several days. The news of these rebellions soon reached a wider scope and it became clear that soon

6324-401: The poorer Kingdom of Sardinia in 1720. Reigning for over 55 years, he is the longest-reigning monarch in Savoyard history, surpassing Charles Emmanuel I . Victor Amadeus left a considerable cultural influence in Turin, remodeling the Royal Palace of Turin , Palace of Venaria , Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi , as well as building the Basilica of Superga where he rests. Victor Amadeus

6417-413: The rescue. The massacre prompted John Milton 's famous sonnet , " On the Late Massacre in Piedmont ". In 1898, the Bava Beccaris massacre in Milan involved the use of cannons against unarmed protesters (including women and the elderly) during riots over the rising price of bread. King Umberto I of the House of Savoy congratulated General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris for the massacre and decorated him with

6510-440: The secretariat system in Turin establishing individual secretaries for war, internal affairs and foreign affairs. From the 1670s he also had a new administrative zone built in Turin, around the ducal palace. This zone included a military academy, the ministry of war, a mint, and a customs house. This work was still ongoing upon his death. Victor Amadeus also undertook a number of military reforms. Often when one of his key fortresses

6603-439: The senior branch, such as emigration to another sovereign's realm, engagement in commerce, or a profession such as law, religion, academia, military service or government office. Some cadet branches came to inherit the crown of the senior line, e.g. the Bourbon Counts of Vendôme mounted the throne of France (after civil war) in 1593; the House of Savoy-Carignan succeeded to the kingdoms of Sardinia (1831) and Italy (1861);

6696-551: The size of the army of Savoy from about 8,500 to more than 24,000. During the War of the Spanish Succession, foreign subsidies amounted to almost half of the revenue raised by Savoy to fight the war. The end of the Nine Years' War had helped to design a new balance on the continent: at the death of the childless Charles II of Spain he left his throne to Philip , grandson of Louis XIV. The will stated that should Philip not accept it would go to his brother Charles . Victor Amadeus

6789-543: The south. Savoy relied heavily on foreign subsidies, particularly from England and the Dutch Republic , in both wars to maintain its armies. At the start of the Nine Years' War, Savoy had three regiments in the service of France in Flanders . Victor Amadeus struggled throughout the early part of the war to bring those troops back to his own use. Part of the agreement he reached with the Grand Alliance against France

6882-527: The state. A significant event of his mother's regency was the Salt Wars of 1680. These rebellions were caused by the unpopular taxes on salt in all cities in Savoy. The system had been put in place by Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy to raise money for the crown. The annual payment of a tax which had been in place for over 100 years caused great discontent and rebellion finally broke out in Mondovì , where

6975-520: The territory of the Republic. When incarcerated in June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was recorded admitting with regard to the killing of Dirk Hamer that "I was in the wrong, [...] but I must say I fooled them [the French judges]", leading to a call from Hamer's sister Birgit for Vittorio Emanuele to be retried in Italy for the killing. After a long legal fight, Birgit Hamer obtained the full video. The story

7068-482: The thrones of Russia , Monaco , and Luxembourg, respectively. The Dutch royal house has, at different times, been a cadet branch of Mecklenburg and Lippe(-Biesterfeld). In the Commonwealth realms, the male-line descendants of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh are cadet members of the House of Glücksburg . It was a risk that cadet branches maintaining legal heirs could sink in status because shrunken wealth that

7161-650: The title in 1051 after the death of his elder brother Amadeus I of Savoy . Otto married the Marchioness Adelaide of Turin, bringing the Marquessate of Susa , with the towns of Turin and Pinerolo, into the House of Savoy's possession. They once had claims on the modern canton of Vaud , where they occupied the Château of Chillon in Switzerland , but their access to it was cut by Geneva during

7254-426: The unified Kingdom of Italy which lasted from 1860–1946. Cadet branch A cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch 's or patriarch 's younger sons ( cadets ). In the ruling dynasties and noble families of much of Europe and Asia , the family's major assets ( realm , titles , fiefs , property and income) have historically been passed from a father to his firstborn son in what

7347-461: The whole of Piedmont was on the verge of revolt. Power at this point still being with Victor Amadeus' mother, she ordered representatives of the town of Mondovì to go to Turin to conclude treaties and were cordially welcomed by the young Victor Amadeus, who agreed to the treaties. The event had allowed Victor Amadeus a chance to exert some power. Having succeeded in ending his mother's power in Savoy, Victor Amadeus looked to his oncoming marriage with

7440-420: The youngest child of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (brother of Louis XIV) and Henrietta of England . The contract of marriage between Anne Marie and the Duke of Savoy was signed at Versailles on 9 April; On 10 April 1684, Anne Marie was married at Versailles, by proxy, to Victor Amadeus. The couple were married in person on 6 May 1684. At the urging of Louis, Victor Amadeus II began a large-scale persecution of

7533-498: Was aware that her husband fathered a child by another woman during their marriage. Aosta acknowledged paternity of another child, born out-of-wedlock in 2006 during his second marriage, but agreed to contribute financially to the child's care only after being directed to do so by court order. The patrilineal lineage of the House of Savoy was reduced to four males between 1996 and 2009. In 2008, Aimone of Savoy-Aosta married Princess Olga of Greece , his second cousin, and they became

7626-517: Was born in Turin to Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and his second wife Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Nemours . Named after his paternal grandfather Victor Amadeus I he was their only child. As an infant he was styled as the Prince of Piedmont , traditional title of the heir apparent to the duchy of Savoy . A weak child, his health was greatly monitored. As an infant he had a passion for soldiers and

7719-510: Was broken in the press by aristocratic journalist Beatrice Borromeo , who also wrote the preface for a book on the murder Delitto senza castigo by Birgit Hamer. Vittorio Emanuele sued the newspaper for defamation, claiming the video had been manipulated. In 2015, a court judgement ruled in favor of the newspaper. In 2007, lawyers representing Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy wrote to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano seeking damages for their years in exile. During

7812-518: Was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia after objections from an alliance of four nations , including several of his former allies. The duke was a marquis, prince and perpetual vicar in the Holy Roman Empire. Having done much to improve the state of his inheritance in 1684, Victor Amadeus decided abdicate in September 1730. The lonely king had lost most of his family, including his favourite and eldest son

7905-534: Was forced to marry a French princess Anne Marie d'Orléans . His mother was keen on the match and had always promoted French interests having been born in Paris a member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy . He asked for Anne Marie's hand in March 1684, Victor Amadeus, who had been using political allies to gain support to end his mother's grip on power, succeeded in 1684 when she was banished from further influence in

7998-806: Was held to the modern day by the House of Savoy. Male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold. VITTORIO AMEDEO III, per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, Cipro, Gerusalemme e Armenia; Duca di Savoia, Monferrato, Chablais, Aosta e Genevese; Principe di Piemonte ed Oneglia; Marchese in Italia, di Saluzzo, Susa, Ivrea, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Sezana; Conte di Moriana, Nizza, Tenda, Asti, Alessandria, Goceano; Barone di Vaud e di Faucigny; Signore di Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarantasia, Lumellino, Val di Sesia; Principe e Vicario perpetuo del Sacro Romano Impero in Italia. The English translation is: Victor Amadeus III , by

8091-703: Was himself in line to succeed, as a great-grandson of Infanta Catherine Michaela of Spain . As a result, Victor Amadeus expected compensation in the form of a territory which had been owned by the vast Spanish empire. Victor Amadeus had his eye on the Duchy of Milan which, having signed a treaty with Louis XIV, had support in conquering the duchy. With the Treaty of Vigevano in October 1696, however, Louis XIV's support waned. Victor Amadeus subsequently allied himself with Emperor Leopold I . England and Austria ignored his claim,

8184-425: Was kept informed of matters of state. He insisted on having a Louis XIV-style wig with him at all times as his only luxury. Under the influence of Anna, in 1731 having suffered a stroke , Victor Amadeus decided he wanted to resume his tenure on the throne and informed his son of his decision. Arrested by his son, he was transported to the Castle of Moncalieri and Anna was taken to a house for reformed prostitutes at

8277-550: Was noted as being very intelligent. His father died in June 1675 in Turin at the age of forty after a series of convulsive fevers. His mother was declared Regent of Savoy and, known as Madame Royale at court, took power. In 1677, during her regency, she tried to arrange a marriage between Victor Amadeus and his first cousin Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal , the presumptive heiress of her father, Peter II and Victor Amadeus' aunt . His mother urged him to agree to

8370-547: Was patronised by Victor Amadeus and was the mind behind the remodelling of the Royal Palace of Turin , Palace of Venaria , Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi as well as building the Basilica of Superga . The architect was also responsible for various roads and piazzas in Turin. Victor Amadeus' mother also used Juvarra for the famous staircase within the Palazzo Madama where she lived after being banished. In 1997

8463-457: Was that they would enable him to recover Pinerolo , which his predecessor and namesake had lost decades before. In 1692, he was the only member of the Grand Alliance to bring the war to French lands, invading the Dauphiné . In 1695 and 1696, he secretly negotiated a separate treaty with Louis XIV of France which included the return of Pinerolo to Savoy. Throughout the war, he greatly increased

8556-424: Was under attack, he would replace its commanding officer with one of his most reliable and trusted leaders. In 1690 he established a select militia within his territories, and he later overhauled the militia system in 1714 and strictly codified it. This included an obligation for each region under his rule to provide some men for the militia based on population. From 1713 he also began to establish his own navy based on

8649-451: Was used as a pawn to seal this alliance. His daughter subsequently married Philip V in 1701. In 1701, he fought bravely at the Battle of Chiari , fought in the name of Bourbon control of Milan. By 1702, Victor Amadeus was considering changing allegiance to the emperor again having entered secret correspondence with the emperor who promised him the Duchy of Montferrat . In order to appease him,

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