Viipuri Province was a historical province of Finland from 1812 to 1945.
74-593: The predecessor of the province was Vyborg Governorate , which was established in 1744 from territories ceded by the Swedish Empire to Russia in 1721 ( Treaty of Nystad ) and in 1743 ( Treaty of Åbo ). These territories originated as parts of the Viborg and Nyslott County and Kexholm County in 1721, and parts of the Savolax and Kymmenegård County in 1743. The governorate was also known as Old Finland . During
148-724: A Soviet dictation of terms, was remembered, the government decided to interpret the Soviet response as a demand for unconditional surrender. It seemed that after Finnish unwillingness to accept the Soviet proposals in April 1944, owing to excessive reparation demands, Finland was to be offered only unconditional surrender. This was in line with Churchill's statement that as an Axis belligerent, Finland's surrender must be unconditional. The Soviet authorities denied this interpretation in an article published in Pravda on July 2, 1944, Furthermore, it
222-710: A beachhead behind the Finnish lines and also beyond the 'PSS'-line between the Viteleenjoki and Tuuloksenjoki rivers, severing the main road and railroad connections along the shore of Lake Ladoga. As Finns had previously moved most of the coastal defenses to the Karelian Isthmus the Soviet landing met only skeleton defense. Finnish attempts to drive the Soviets into the Ladoga proved unsuccessful but it had pushed
296-798: A defence in depth area which was fortified with strong-points with concrete pillboxes , barbed wire, obstacles and trenches. After the Winter War , the Salpa Line was built behind the 1940 border with concrete bunkers in front of the Kymi river . To overcome these obstacles, the Stavka assigned 11 divisions and 9 tank and assault gun regiments to the Leningrad Front . That meant that there were 19 divisions, 2 division strength fortified regions , 2 tank brigades, 14 tank and assault gun regiments at
370-470: A high proportion of these losses, concentrating deadly firepower with 250 artillery pieces sending 2,000 shells to one small target area the size of just 6 hectares in one minute. Red Army units saw no chances to penetrate through this fire power. The terrain favored the defenders forcing Soviet armor units into narrow death traps. Finnish radio intelligence intercepted many Red Army signals, giving data for effective artillery and air power counterattacks. After
444-624: A major aerial assault. At the same time, artillery units of the Leningrad Front and the Baltic Fleet shelled Finnish positions for 10 hours. The Finnish Army was in a well-fortified position, but the Soviet air attacks surprised the defending Finnish army and undermined its resistance causing many Finnish units to retreat and suffer from thousands of desertions. On June 10, the Soviet 21st Army , spearheaded by 30th Guards Corps, opened
518-572: A symbolic gesture and an attempt to appease the sentiment of the Finnish population, which had just experienced Russian conquest of their country by force in the Finnish War . 60°42′33″N 28°44′39″E / 60.7092°N 28.7442°E / 60.7092; 28.7442 Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk Offensive Soviet victory [REDACTED] Leningrad Front [REDACTED] Karelian Front 1942 1943 1944 The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive or Karelian offensive
592-417: A symbolic gesture and an attempt to appease the sentiment of the Finnish population, which had just experienced Russian conquest of their country by force. Siestarjoki was transferred to Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1864. When Finland became independent from Russia in 1917, the status of Viipuri Province remained unchanged. The provincial capital, Vyborg ( Swedish : Viborg , Finnish : Viipuri ),
666-589: Is also known that at June 26 Stalin even told American ambassador Harriman that US diplomats could try to clarify to the Finns that he did not intend to take over the country. An unsigned draft document called "The Terms for Finnish Unconditional Surrender" was found in October 1993 in the Russian Foreign Ministry archive, which led some historians to conclude that unconditional surrender was indeed
740-515: The 303rd Assault Gun Brigade (at half strength) and the 122nd Infantry Division . Also, new German anti-tank weapons, Panzerfausts and Panzerschrecks , were issued to Finnish army troops. Late on June 21, German foreign minister von Ribbentrop arrived to Finland in an attempt to extract political concessions from the military help. On June 21, Stavka ordered continued attacks on the Imatra–Lappeenranta–Virojoki defence line, on
814-724: The Kexholm County located on the Karelian Isthmus and Lake Ladoga region to Russia. First these areas were part of the Saint Petersburg Governorate . Vyborg Governorate was established in 1744 when Sweden ceded control of parts of Kymmenegård and Nyslott County (which had been parts of Viborg and Nyslott County prior to the Treaty of Nystad) by the Treaty of Åbo . In Sweden (including Finland),
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#1732780387385888-627: The Kingdom of Sweden had allied itself with the Russian Empire, United Kingdom and the other parties against Napoleonic France . However, following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, Russia made peace with France. In 1808, and supported by France , Russia successfully challenged Swedish control over Finland in the Finnish War . In the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Sweden was obliged to cede all its territory in Finland, east of
962-473: The Napoleonic Wars , the Kingdom of Sweden had allied itself with the Russian Empire, United Kingdom and other parties against Napoleonic France . However, following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, Russia made peace with France. In 1808, supported by France, Russia successfully challenged Swedish control over Finland in the Finnish War . In the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Sweden
1036-894: The Siege of Leningrad and drove the German Army Group North back to the Narva - Lake Ilmen - Pskov line. Finland had conducted peace negotiations intermittently during 1943–1944 with the Western Allies and the USSR, but no agreement had been reached. Finland asked for peace conditions again in February, but the Finnish Parliament ( Eduskunta ) considered the terms received impossible to fulfill. After Finland had rejected these peace conditions, and Germany halted
1110-631: The Torne River , to Russia. The ceded territories became a part of the Russian Empire and was reconstituted into the Grand Duchy of Finland , with the Russian tsar as the grand duke. In 1812, the area of Vyborg Governorate was transferred from Russia proper to the grand duchy and established as Viipuri Province . The transfer, announced by Tsar Alexander I just before Christmas, on December 23, 1811 O.S. (January 4, 1812 N.S. ), can be seen as
1184-462: The breakthrough sector at Valkeasaari. In addition to heavy coastal artillery of the Leningrad area and the guns of the capital ships of the Baltic Fleet ( Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya , Kirov , Maxim Gorky ) Stavka had also assigned heavy siege artillery (280 to 305 mm) in support of the attack. On June 9, a day before the main Soviet offensive, the 1,600-strong 13th Air Army conducted
1258-693: The Battle of Ihantala: in Äyräpää until July 18 and in Karelian Front even in early August. All offensives continued until very end – when there was no chance of a final decisive breakthrough. There hardly were any "limited objectives" on the Karelian Isthmus and Karelia. In the official history of the Great Patriotic War, failed offensives usually disappeared from memory as happened with the Vyborg–Petrozavodosk offensive. After Vyborg,
1332-474: The Finnish 61st Infantry Regiment to hold the Soviet advance, forcing the 21st Army to attempt to find a more suitable location for breaching the Finnish VKT-line. After 21st Army easily cleared the defending Finnish troops from Viborg on June 20, the Soviet forces attempted to press on the offensive, but met stubborn Finnish resistance at Tali and were forced to stop. After bringing fresh troops to
1406-497: The Finnish army was still a viable fighting force, it was estimated that should the Soviet offensive continue at its full strength, the Finnish army would be able to last for three months at most. For Finland the overall situation required peace especially when Germans had not much chance to keep Finns on their side longer. At the same time western allies had already made their crucial breakthrough in Normandy and were driving fast to
1480-516: The Finnish government, where Ryti and Tanner were willing to repeat the inquiry about the conditions, while others opposed the capitulation. During the meeting Marshal Mannerheim was called, and he stated that the Soviet demand constituted an unconditional surrender. When Paasikivi's negotiation trip to Moscow in March 1944, which was initiated by the Soviet ambassador in Stockholm, but turned out to be
1554-638: The Great issued a decree in 1775 to change the previous administrative division from governorates to viceroyalties ( namestnichestvo ), and in 1783 the Vyborg Governorate was renamed into Vyborg Viceroyalty ( Russian : Выборгское наместничество , romanized : Vyborgskoye namestnichestvo , however in Finnish the name did not change) within its previous borders. The subdivision was also changed, from provinces into uyezds ( Russian : уе́зд , Finnish : kihlakunta ), of which there were 6 in
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#17327803873851628-556: The Isthmus, all of which included over 220 artillery and rocket launcher batteries (almost 3,000 guns/launchers). Around 1,500 planes from the 13th Air Army and the Baltic Fleet naval aviation also contributed to the operation which included surface and naval infantry units of the Baltic Fleet . To the east of Karelia, the Stavka planned to use 9 divisions, 2 sapper brigades, 2 tank brigades and 3 assault gun regiments, raising
1702-466: The Karelian Front's advance, allowing for the U-line, running northwards from Pitkäranta to Loimola and Kivijärvi, to be reinforced. The first 7th Army units reached the U-line on July 10, but were fatigued following the long offensive and failed to breach the defence line. Soviet attempts to break through the U-line at Nietjärvi ended with clear Soviet failure on July 17 when a Finnish counterattack regained
1776-581: The Salpa Line sector of the front. Another group would attack northwards to Käkisalmi (now Priozersk, Russia) and surround the Finns defending the eastern VKT-line while preparations would be made for an advance towards Kotka , Kouvola and the Kymi river. On June 21 the Finnish government asked for Soviet peace terms. The response arrived on the next day and it demanded Finnish capitulation before any conditions could be presented. This created confusion in
1850-661: The Soviet Union. This time, the Karelian Isthmus became part of the Vyborgsky and Priozersky districts of the Leningrad Oblast , and only Ladoga Karelia and Border Karelia became part of the Karelo-Finnish SSR. While Ladoga Karelia retained most of its original toponyms , the vast majority of toponyms in the Karelian Isthmus were renamed by the Soviet government around 1948. In 1945 the parts of
1924-763: The Soviet advance, the Stavka (Main Command of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union) started to prepare for an offensive to force Finland's exit from the war. In order to destroy the Finnish Army and to push Finland out of the war, the Stavka decided to conduct the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive. The strategy called for a two-pronged offensive , one from Leningrad via Vyborg to the Kymi river , and
1998-761: The Soviet breakthrough at Siiranmäki, the VT-line had already been breached at Kuuterselkä. Soviet 98th Infantry Corps fighting in Siiranmäki against Finnish 7th Regiment announced to have lost during period of June 13 to June 16: 3 784 soldiers including 887 killed in action based on their own report. Red Army and especially Guard units took heavy losses in Siiranmäki-Kuuterselkä with 20,000 KIA, MIA or WIA. The Finnish army attempted to buy time by engaging in delaying actions during its retreat so that additional forces from East Karelia would be able to reach
2072-416: The Soviet goal. According to Baryshnikov this and similar drafts for the other countries the USSR was at war with existed since 1943, and they were replaced by new ones in the summer of 1944. With Finnish army reinforcements, there were 268,000 Finnish army troops with 2,350 guns (of which 1,030 field artillery, 393 heavy mortars), 110 tanks/assault guns and 250 planes facing the two Red Army Fronts; 40% of
2146-631: The USSR, in accordance with the secret protocols of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , invaded Poland from the east. Within months, the Soviet Union launched a war against Finland . As a result of this war, Finland was forced to cede territory, including parts of Viipuri Province, to the Soviet Union in the Moscow Peace Treaty in early 1940. Finland lost its natural border along the Rajajoki River ( Swedish : Systerbäck ) in
2220-833: The VKT-line. Unlike many battles on the Eastern Front in the Karelian Isthmus the Red Army was unable to trap any large Finnish units – not even a single battalion. Finnish forces had managed to retreat. At the same time more and more Finnish reserves were arriving at the VKT-defense line, where terrain was much more favorable for defenders than for the armored Red Army units. The Soviet 21st Army also faced logistics issues after its fast 120 km advance to west. Mannerheim had asked for German help, and on June 17 Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey arrived in Finland, followed on June 21 by
2294-604: The Viipuri Province 1812–1945: Both the second President of Finland Lauri Kristian Relander and Carl Gustaf Mannerheim , grandfather of the sixth President, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim , were governors of Viipuri province. People born in Viipuri Province between 1812 and 1917, when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Finland For people born after 1917 in Vyborg Vyborg Governorate Vyborg Governorate
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2368-858: The Vuoksi River. It also reopened the original route of the Murman Railway and the White Sea Canal to the Karelian Front forces. However, the offensive failed to breach the VKT-line and reach the Kymi River as ordered by the Stavka. In fact by the end of summer 1944 the Finnish armed forces were stronger and better equipped than ever before. Despite the losses suffered, the Finnish army managed to avoid encirclement of battalion-size units and benefited from supplies delivered by Germany. Based on documents found after 1991 in Russia
2442-568: The Vuosalmi region of the Vuoksi waterway. Though Soviet forces successfully pushed Finnish troops from Äyräpää ridge dominating the crossing and managed to create a strong bridgehead on the opposing side, the defending Finnish troops were able to contain it. The Soviet Union's Karelian Front attacked in the Olonets sector of White Karelia on June 20. Weakened Finnish forces proved unable to stop
2516-433: The actual amount to be paid, and so the Finns complained that the Soviets only pretended to lower the reparations. Despite not achieving all of the goals set by the Stavka, the offensive forced Finland from the war and to accept Soviet peace terms, or at least was an important factor leading to the ceasefire negotiations that were resumed a month after the offensive had ended. In Soviet propaganda, this offensive
2590-593: The area of the governorate was also known as Old Finland ( Swedish : Gamla Finland , Finnish : Vanha Suomi ), and between 1802 and 1812 it was named the "Finland Governorate". Initially the governorate had subdivision into three provinces: Saimaa Province, Vyborg Province and Kexholm Province, which reflected the previous borders of the Swedish counties (part of Kymmenegård and Nyslott County ceded in 1743, part of Viborg and Nyslott County ceded in 1721 and part of Kexholm County ceded in 1721, respectively). Catherine
2664-462: The beginning of the 20th century, a number of hydroelectric power plants were built by Enso in the higher reaches of the River Vuoksi to supply its pulp and paper mills . In Finnish kihlakunta , in Swedish härad . Those which were ceded to the Soviet Union during World War II are given in italics . Cities Towns Rural municipalities Finnish/Swedish name. Main village with
2738-634: The defenders with the twin assaults at the Vyborg Bay and Vuosalmi . However, the Finnish army was able to hold its positions on these sectors of the front. On July 12 Stavka ordered Leningrad front to release offensive elements from the Finnish front, and on July 15, the Red Army troops were ordered to assume a defensive posture, and offensive elements (mostly armor) were transferred to the German front for use in Narva offensive and Operation Bagration . The Soviet troops tried to penetrate deep west after
2812-545: The defending Finnish units in battles fought in the wilderness of Karelia. The last attempt to resume the offensive was made further north by two divisions of the Soviet 32nd Army which were defeated by counterattacking Finns in the Battle of Ilomantsi . The Finnish Army had previously withdrawn most of its forces from the southern shore of the Svir River, so when the Red Army offensive started on 21 June, it did not achieve
2886-471: The defending Soviets to the difficult position as ammunition and supplies started running low. Situation in the beachhead was improved when the 3rd Naval Infantry Brigade started its landings on the evening of June 24. Bad weather hampered the efforts the brigade was finally unloaded on the June 26 and it was able to link up with the advancing 7th Army. Landing caused some trouble for the defending Finns as it cut
2960-417: The desired surprise. The Karelian Front's Soviet 7th Army – 37th Guards , 4th and 99th Corps – crossed the river using amphibious vehicles on the following day and secured a bridgehead 8 km deep and 16 km wide. After securing the crossing the Soviet forces continued to chase the withdrawing Finns towards the defenses of the 'PSS'-line. On June 23, 70th naval infantry brigade attacked and captured
3034-477: The east. During the height of the offensive in June 1944, the Finns asked for negotiations and the Soviets responded with a demand for surrender, which in Finland was interpreted as an ambiguous demand for unconditional surrender and rejected. After the fighting had reached a stalemate in August 1944, another attempt to seek peace was made by Finland. In September 1944 the Soviets offered peace terms that were roughly
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3108-458: The ensuing battle the divisions were surrounded and forced to escape the encirclement suffering heavy losses (est. 7,000-8,000 KIA, MIA, WIA if including losses of last week of July in Ilomantsi area ) and being forced to leave their artillery and other heavy equipment behind. The offensive succeeded in reclaiming East Karelia and driving the Finnish army to the northern side of Viborg Bay and
3182-485: The extending Finnish line nor to break through it. Soviet losses in Nietjärvi were 7,000 KIA, MIA and WIA while Finnish forces lost 1,200 soldiers. North of the U-line the Soviet 32nd Army, which consisted of 176th , 289th , 313th and 368th Rifle Divisions , advanced after capturing Petrozavodsk towards small Finnish town of Ilomantsi while being delayed by defending Finnish 21st Brigade . Lack of suitable roads and
3256-453: The front the 21st Army managed to push Finnish lines to Ihantala but failed to create any breakthroughs. The battle fought over the area is considered to be the largest battle in the history of the Nordic countries . The Soviet 23rd Army joined the offensive by attempting to break through the Finnish lines between Tali and Vuoksi towards Noskua but the repeated Soviet attacks were halted by
3330-469: The front, and the VKT-line could be prepared for combat. However, on June 19 forces of the first Leningrad Front had reached Vyborg, and the first phase of the offensive was completed by the capture of the city on June 20, when the defending Finnish 20th Infantry Brigade fled in panic. Though Leningrad Front had managed to capture Vyborg within the time table set by Stavka they had been unable to prevent retreating Finnish units from regrouping and fortifying on
3404-554: The highly efficient Finnish artillery. In the end, the battle of Tali–Ihantala was a defensive strategic victory for the Finnish army. It blocked the possibility for the Soviet army to break through to the Finnish heartland and the road to Helsinki. Soviet military losses peaked on 28 June when Leningrad Front reported that it had lost during that single day over 5,000 soldiers including 1,800 killed in action, over 25% more than on 14 June when they reported losing almost 4,000 (including nearly 700 killed in action). The Finnish artillery caused
3478-409: The initial efforts of the 21st Army in Tali–Ihantala did not produce a breakthrough, the Leningrad Front ordered the 59th Army to capture the islands dominating the Viborg Bay and perform an amphibious landing on the opposing shore. Though the landings on the islands were ultimately successful, the attempted crossing failed. As the 21st Army was unable to advance, the 23rd Army attempted a crossing in
3552-423: The line was breached, the Finnish resistance managed to delay further Soviet advances. Simultaneous to Kuuterselkä, the Soviet 23rd Army attempted to break through at a perceived weak point in the Finnish VT-line at Siiranmäki. Siiranmäki was the first place where Finnish troops were able to use anti-tank Panzerfausts and Panzerschrecks which were imported from Germany. Though Finnish troops managed to contain
3626-430: The lost positions on the U-line causing severe losses to the Soviet 114th Division . Once the attempts to gain breakthrough into the Finnish U-line had failed Red Army attempted to go around the line by flanking it through the frontier north of the line. As Finns countered the flanking maneuvers the fighting extended far into the frontier in a makeshift extension of the U-line however Soviet 7th Army managed neither to flank
3700-399: The main line. These lines were reinforced with numerous concrete fortifications, but the work was still ongoing. The third line, the VKT-line (Viipuri- Kuparsaari -Taipale) was still on the drawing board and the construction of the fortifications began in late May 1944 at the Vyborg sector of the line. At the northern bank of the Svir River ( Finnish : Syväri ) the Finnish army had prepared
3774-708: The men and guns, and all the tanks were on the Isthmus. In total, the Red Army had a 1.7:1 advantage in men, 5.2:1 advantage in guns, and 6–7:1 advantage in planes and tanks against the Finnish army. However Finnish forces with 14 infantry divisions (a' 13,200), one armour division (9,200), 5 infantry brigades (a' 6,700), one cavalry regiment (4,300), 7 independent front border jaeger battalions, coastal defence forces and HQ/Corps artillery units even with full strength had less than 230,000 men. Less than 40 Finnish tanks and assault guns were modern (StuG III, T-34, KV-1) and less than 60 aircraft too ( Bf 109 dayfighter and Ju 88 medium bomber). With these figures Red Army material advantage
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#17327803873853848-410: The most important point of the plan - the destruction of Finnish forces in Karelian Isthmus in a determined time and reaching a certain line (Kotka) - had failed. Despite that, the psychological effect of the offensive on the Finnish leadership should not be underestimated. Even though the Finns had stopped the offensive at the Karelian Isthmus after 100 km and the Battle of Ilomantsi had shown that
3922-465: The new line at Vitele already on June 28 forcing the Finns to continue delaying the advancing Soviets while withdrawing towards the 'U'-line. For the Red Army the Svir–Petrozavodsk offensive cost losses of at least 45,000 soldiers while Finnish losses were 11,000. The Soviets themselves estimated having captured 933 Finnish artillery pieces and 18,000 rounds of ammunition however many of the guns had been spiked. The Finnish Army retreated further, delaying
3996-434: The north of Leningrad , to drive Finland out of the war, and to create better conditions for a major offensive to the south against Germany. The Finnish army had been preparing defensive fortifications since 1940, and three lines of defence on the Karelian Isthmus . The first two were the "Main line", which was constructed along the frontline of 1941, and the VT-line ( Vammelsuu - Taipale ) running 20 km behind
4070-435: The offensive on the Valkeasaari sector, which was defended by 1st Infantry Regiment of Finnish 10th Division. During the day, the Soviet units captured frontline trenches and destroyed fortifications, shattering the first Finnish defense line at the breakthrough sector. On June 13, the Soviet 21st Army's offensive reached the partially completed VT-line. The defensive position was breached at Kuuterselkä by June 15. Though
4144-407: The offensive which reached Olonets on June 25 and on June 29 took Petrozavodsk, one of the main goals of the operation. The long advance and the delaying tactics of the Finnish forces sapped the Soviet strength and the main push of the 7th Army stopped at the Finnish U-line. The Soviet 7th Army and the 32nd Army tried to go around the U-line attacking further to the north but failed to break through
4218-399: The plan was to reach the Kymi river. After the Soviet offensive on the Karelian Isthmus pushed north past Koivisto , the Finnish forces defending the Koivisto Islands (or in Russian : the Beryozovye Islands ) became isolated. After the Soviet 21st Army failed to attack the islands, the Leningrad front ordered the Soviet Baltic Fleet to capture the islands. The initial Soviet landing
4292-407: The province that remained in Finnish hands were renamed Kymi Province , with its center at Kouvola . The Kymi Province was in turn merged with other provinces into the larger Southern Finland Province in 1997. The area had a well-developed economy due to its proximity to Saint Petersburg , the capital of the Russian Empire . In 1856 Saimaa Canal ( Russian : Сайменский канал , Saymensky kanal)
4366-430: The railroad line running along the coast of lake Ladoga. Cutting of the road was of less consequence as Finns had already previously constructed new parallel roads further inland in fear of landing. However the heavy traffic of the withdrawing forces totally ruined the new road forcing some of the equipment to be abandoned. Though the Finns managed to withdraw to the new defensive line the advancing Soviet units broke through
4440-461: The same as in April 1944, though some of the demands, which had been seen by the Finns as impossible to concede to, were reduced. The $ 600 million war reparations were halved and the time to pay them off was extended. This was probably in part brought about by international pressure exerted on the Soviets, especially by the U.S. and Britain. However, after the ceasefire the Soviets demanded that payments be based on 1938 prices which nearly doubled
4514-1096: The same name unless otherwise noted. Following the electoral reform to the new Parliament of Finland in 1906, the province was divided into an Eastern and a Western electoral district. Western electoral district Haapasaari, Hamina, Johannes, Kanneljärvi, Koivisto, Koiviston maalaiskunta, Kotka, Kouvola, Kuolemajärvi, Kymi, Lappee, Lappeenranta, Lauritsala, Lavansaari, Lemi, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Nuijamaa, Pyhtää, Savitaipale, Seiskari, Sippola, Suomenniemi, Suursaari, Säkkijärvi, Taipalsaari, Tytärsaari, Uusikirkko, Vahviala, Valkeala, Vehkalahti, Viipuri, Viipurin maalaiskunta, Virolahti, Ylämaa. Eastern electoral district Antrea, Harlu, Heinjoki, Hiitola, Impilahti, Jaakkima, Joutseno, Jääski, Kaukola, Kirvu, Kivennapa, Korpiselkä, Kurkijoki , Käkisalmen maalaiskunta, Käkisalmi, Lahdenpohja, Lumivaara, Metsäpirtti, Muolaa, Parikkala, Pyhäjärvi, Rautjärvi, Rautu, Ruokolahti, Ruskeala, Räisälä, Sakkola, Salmi, Simpele, Soanlahti, Sortavala, Sortavalan maalaiskunta, Suistamo, Suojärvi, Terijoki, Uukuniemi, Valkjärvi, Vuoksela, Vuoksenranta, Äyräpää. Governors of
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#17327803873854588-418: The second across the Svir River through Petrozavodsk and Sortavala past the 1940 border, preparing for an advance deep into Finland. The plan called for the Finnish army to be destroyed on the Karelian Isthmus, and the remains blocked against the western shore of Lake Ladoga between the two assaults and Lake Saimaa . The main strategic objectives of the offensive were to push Finnish forces away from
4662-399: The slow progress of 7th Army forced 32nd Army to move 313th and 368th Rifle Divisions to support 7th Army's offensive but they were blocked by the Finnish 1st Division. The Soviet attack towards Ilomantsi with the remaining 2 divisions (176th and 289th) was initially successful, and the divisions reached the border of 1940 on July 21, (the only Soviet units which did so in the offensive), but in
4736-432: The south. 22,973 km, or 71.5 percent of the province on the Karelian Isthmus , including the cities of Viipuri and Sortavala , became part of the newly established Karelo-Finnish SSR in the Soviet Union. Following the peace treaty, the entire population of the ceded territories, more than four hundred thousand people, was evacuated to central Finland . In 1941 the Continuation War broke out and Finland recaptured
4810-400: The territories, but in 1944 its forces were pushed back and by the Moscow Armistice on September 19, 1944, and the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 the territorial losses were confirmed again. Winter war evacuees had returned following the Finnish offensive in 1941 and were evacuated again in 1944 after the Soviet counterattack, and the territories were repopulated by people from other parts of
4884-412: The viceroyalty: Wilmanstrand, Vyborg, Friedrichshaven, Nijschlott, Kexholm and Serdobol. Paul I changed the name back to Vyborg Governorate in 1796, renaming the previous uyezds into districts ( German : Lands Kommissariat , Russian : округ , romanized : okrug , Finnish : kihlakunta ) and Alexander I changed the name to Finland Governorate in 1802. During the Napoleonic Wars ,
4958-412: The whole strength to 16 divisions, 2 fortified regions, 5 separate rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades, 3 assault gun regiments and 3 tank battalions. They were supported by Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega naval flotillas and the 7th Air Army . At the Karelian Isthmus front there were on average 120 Red Army artillery pieces for every kilometer of frontline, with up to 220 artillery pieces per kilometer on
5032-459: Was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War , on the Eastern Front of World War II . The Soviet forces captured East Karelia and Vyborg/Viipuri . After that, however, the fighting reached a stalemate. The operations of the strategic offensive can be divided into the following offensives: In January 1944, Soviet forces raised
5106-443: Was about 1:20 at mid June 1944 (armour and aircraft). The offensive continued on June 25, when the Red Army breached the VKT-line at Tali, between the Vyborg Bay and the Vuoksi river . On June 26 the Finnish president Ryti gave the guarantee to Ribbentrop that Finland would fight to the end alongside Germany. When it became evident that a breakthrough was not possible at Ihantala, the Leningrad Front attempted to double envelope
5180-423: Was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire . It was established in 1744 in newly ceded territories from Sweden following the Treaty of Åbo and parts of Saint Petersburg Governorate which were previously ceded by Sweden in 1721 as a result of the Great Northern War . In the Treaty of Nystad of 1721, Sweden formally ceded control of parts of the Viborg and Nyslott County and
5254-437: Was at this time the fourth largest city in Finland. Viipuri Province had sided with the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic during the Finnish Civil War . The Province was important to Red Finland for the reason that it shared a border with the Russian SFSR which in turn could send troops and supplies to Red Finland . On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and started World War II . On September 17, 1939,
5328-665: Was contained but the Finnish Navy soon evacuated the defending forces. This movement was largely unopposed. Although the eagerness of the commanders to evacuate preserved the defending forces, the loss of the islands proved costly because the Soviet Baltic Fleet gained a safe route to Vyborg Bay. After capturing Viborg, the lead elements of the 21st Army attempted to push forward along the main road leading north from Viborg. Strong artillery support, narrow area of operations, and very favorable terrain made it possible for
5402-650: Was obliged to cede all its territory in Finland east of the Torne River to Russia. The Russian Empire reconstituted the new territories into the autonomic Grand Duchy of Finland , with the Russian Tsar as Grand Duke . In 1812, the territories of the Vyborg Governorate were transferred from Russia proper to the Grand Duchy of Finland and established as Viipuri Province. The transfer announced by Tsar Alexander I just before Christmas, on December 23, 1811 O.S. (January 4, 1812 N.S. ), can be seen as
5476-660: Was opened, linking Lake Saimaa and Finnish Lakeland to the Vyborg Bay . The development of the province was bolstered further by the construction of the Saint Petersburg–Riihimäki railroad in 1870, the Viborg–Joensuu railroad in 1894 and the Petrograd–Hiitola railroad in 1917. Granite , marble (in Ruskeala) and bog iron mining as well as logging were important branches of industry. Starting from
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