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58-534: The group drew most of its early members from the Balkars , a small ethnic minority in the republic. However, their long-time leader between 2005 and 2010, Anzor Astemirov (Emir Sayfullah), was a Kabardin . Members come from other ethnic groups, including the Karachays and ethnic Russians . The group was named after the 7th-century Battle of Yarmouk . The group began as a moderate non-violent organization named

116-667: A Turkic ethnic group in the North Caucasus region, one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria . Their Karachay-Balkar language is of the Ponto-Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern ( Kipchak ) group of Turkic languages . The modern Balkars are a Turkic people, who share their language with the Karachays from Karachay-Cherkessia and have strong lingual similarities with Kumyks from Dagestan . Sometimes Balkars and Karachays are referred to as

174-526: A bailiff, so that during the passage of predatory parties with the Zakuban princes, the Karachay people could raise their weapons to the princely families, because according to the ancient custom of some highlanders, the common people cannot fight with the princes without having an order from their equal family. 3. Stop any friendly relationship with the mountaineers who are hostile to us, to keep guards from

232-719: A blast at the Nalchik hippodrome that injured two ministers during May Day festivities and a sabotage attack on the Baksan hydroelectric power station that inflicted significant economic damage in July. The group was also involved in a large number of near-daily attacks directed against members of security forces. According to a statement made by the Russian federal Interior Minister Rashid Nurgaliyev in November 2010, "the highest level of

290-463: A raid on the office of the federal drug control agency in Nalchik, during which they seized large quantities of weapons and ammunition. The founding leader of Yarmuk, Muslim Atayev, was killed when the police stormed an apartment in Nalchik in January 2005. The organization continued to operate, staging attacks under the leadership of his successor, Rustam Bekanov . He was killed three months later and

348-663: A recruitment drive among alienated and radicalized youth. Mounting pressure from a continued crackdown led the group's leader, Mussa Mukozhoyev (Musa Mukozhev), to join the underground. Many local young radicals had joined the Islamic Peacekeeping Army that invaded the republic of Dagestan from Chechnya in 1999 or fought on the Chechen separatist side in the Second Chechen War . Radical Chechen commander Shamil Basayev maintained close ties with

406-615: A single ethnicity. Ethnogenesis: The ethnogenesis of the Balkars resulted, in part, from: While acknowledging contributions by Bulgars and Kipchaks (among many others), Tavkul (2015) locates the ethnogenesis of Balkars-Karachays and other peoples of the Caucasus inside the Caucasus, not outside. During the 14th century, Alania was destroyed by Timur . Many of the Alans, Cumans, and Kipchaks migrated westward into Europe. While

464-571: A strong presence in the region. Caucasian War: Assistance of Karachays and Balkars to neighbors: The Balkars and Karachays have been helping the Kabardians in their rebellions since ancient times. Thus, in 1787, Kabard's bailiff wrote: "The Kabardians, in cases of close, always find their shelter and shelter of estates with them (the Balkars)“. During the uprising in Kabarda of

522-608: Is going to return under the current circumstances (which cannot be explained by a sense of fear, since everyone agrees to recognize him as the bravest of the brave), he reminds us of the legislator who forced his subjects to swear to obey his laws before his return and who then left his country forever. The league, of which Sefir Bay was appointed ambassador, consisted of the following twelve provinces: Natuhach, Shapsug , Abaza , Psadug, Temirgoy , Khatukoy , Makosh, Besni, Bashilbay, Teberdekh, Braki and Karachay. The Karachay-Balkars continued to be active until 1833, as well as to support

580-474: The Circassians , Karachays , Balkars and Abazins that they would help each other, and the general ambassador and representative of these peoples, or rather 12 provinces, Sefer Bey Zanoko was chosen. On this occasion, James Bell writes in 1837: "The Circassians are convinced that their main, if not the only, hope rests on themselves and on their own swords. Therefore, they are preparing to continue

638-756: The Ingush Jamaat , which later became part of the Caucasus Front 's Ingushetian Sector in Ingushetia of the Second Chechen War . Gorchkhanov, an ethnic Ingush , allegedly started his military career as a volunteer fighting in Chechnya . When the Ingush Jamaat started taking shape, he became the leader of the Nazran unit and was later often cited as the leader of the entire Jamaat. He

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696-627: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi , while Zalim Shebzukhov led those who retained loyalty to the Caucasus Emirate. Both commanders were killed by Russian security forces in operations in November 2015 and August 2016 respectively. Balkars Balkars ( Karachay-Balkar : Малкъарлыла , romanized:  Malqarlıla or Таулула, romanized: Tawlula , lit. 'Mountaineers') are

754-454: The Karachays , for example, were engaged in robbery. In June 1822. Yermolov told Major General Stal: "I'm sure, Your Excellency, that you will visit them if they continue to rob and don't want to evict" Karachay-Balkar resistance: And so, in 1828, the village of Nezlobnaya was brought together by fugitive Kabardians, Karachays, Balkars and other outer Kubans, on the way back a detachment of highlanders met with imperial forces, and there

812-702: The Kuban Circassians , thanks to which the Amanates received by Emmanuel in 1828 were sent in early 1833 to the Dmitrievsky semi-battalion of military cantonists: "The Karachay people live in the tops of the Kuban River, the population of it can be put up to 5,000 souls, which are divided into two classes: the elders and the free people. The Karachay people have repeatedly raided themselves or together with other highlanders on our borders. In 1828,

870-618: The Nom de guerre Amir Khamza) briefly became leader before being killed in September 2012 when Khasanbi Fakov became emir. Fakov was killed by security forces in August 2013 in Nalchik, as was his successor Tengiz Guketlov in March 2014. Vilayat KBK suffered a split in August 2015, with Robert Zankishiev joining Caucasus Emirate commanders in other North Caucasus republics in pledging allegiance to

928-597: The "mafia clans" that led the republic ("These mere apologies for rulers, who sold themselves to the invaders, have made drug addiction, prostitution, poverty, crime, depravity, drunkenness and unemployment prosper in our Republic"). Yarmuk launched its first attack in Kabardino-Balkaria that same month, ambushing policemen in Chegem district. A turning point came in December 2004, when Yarmuk members conducted

986-678: The Balkars secretly kept in touch with the Kubans, so the English official Edmund Spencer says, who visited the Western Caucasus in 1836 while visiting one of the representatives of the mountain tribes hostile to Russia, who lived in close proximity to Sukhum-Kale, Pitsunda and Bomborami, noted: "...Due to the increased blockade, the Circassians began to purchase this product (meaning gunpowder) from Karachay, or as they are called by

1044-545: The Circassian Knights, Karshaga-Kushkha (Black Tatars), whose mountains abundantly give sulfur and sanitrate: their gunpowder is beautiful and strong, but because of the difficulty of its transportation through the snowy mountains, Circassian warriors prefer, except in cases of urgent need for immediate delivery, to buy it from the Turks in exchange for their own products" Also, British agent James Bell , being with

1102-415: The Circassians from 1857 to 1859, had weight and connections with the leaders of the resistance, also of the same opinion: "Now we will consider the attitude of residents to the Russian government. Upon closer acquaintance, we should divide the peoples of the Caucasus into four groups on this relationship. Ilyas Gorchkhanov Ilyas (Ilias) Gorchkhanov (1967 – 13 October 2005) was the first leader of

1160-637: The Islamic Center in 1993. The group was renamed the Jamaat of Kabardino-Balkaria when it was not allowed to re-register under the original name in 1997. The focus of the group gradually changed because of persecution by Valery Kokov , the long-time ruler of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, who labeled all alternatives to the local branch of the Spiritual Board of Russia's Muslims, operating

1218-509: The Karachay people is very well described by Apollo Shpakovsky: "The head of the right flank, Major General Evdokimov, in November 1851, undertook an enhanced reclamation to the upper reaches of the rivers: Big and Small Tegeney... Priteginsky auls ... were in friendly relations with the Karachays, a strong, predatory and militant tribe, only by the name "peaceful and submissive". Karachay, surrounded by an almost impregnable chain of mountains,

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1276-598: The Karachays mostly supported Imam of Circassia Muhammad Amin , and joined his army, although there were those who were against him: "At the beginning of 1851... the Temirgoys refused to recognize the power of the naiba... in the spring of 1851, the power of Muhammad-Amin was overthrown by the Black Sea Shapsugs... In the summer of the same year, Natuhai residents and residents of the Big Shapsug opposed

1334-473: The Russian Emperor, no matter what claim is against us or we are against them, let us understand our customs, sheriat. 5) For exchange and trade, establish us on the river Kume, near the fortress of Akhandukovskaya, exchange yard, so that we can get salt, iron, goods and bread there and would be allowed to enter Russia according to our needs" Despite this, in 1830–1831, there was an agreement between

1392-489: The Shapsugs, on the territory of present-day Sochi in 1837, writes: "Every man (I could say every child) had a gun: the best, as I was told, are delivered from an area called Karachay, in the upper Kuban" Note: only one Shapsugs exceeded the Karachay people at that time by almost 100 times, but they told two British agents where they get guns and gunpowder, so it was important. Murid movement: The position chosen by

1450-466: The area of Hasauka, there was a battle between the united armed detachments of Karachays , Balkars, outer Kuban Adyghes , Nogais , Abazin and tsarist troops under the command of the General Kozlovsky . Russian troops won, Naib Muhammad-Amin went to outer Kuban, and an indemnit of 20 thousand rubles in silver was imposed on Karachay... However, despite the defeat, even after August 1855,

1508-658: The attack, and at least 52 were put on trial. The Jamaat apparently lost most of its members, including the deputy leader Ilyas Gorchkhanov . Survivors retrenched, and in late 2007 were subsumed into the United Vilayet of Kabarada, Balkaria and Karachay that would operate not only in Kabardino-Balkaria but also in the neighboring republic of Karachay–Cherkessia after the destruction of its native Karachay Jamaat . The number of attacks attributed to Vilayet KBK at that time had been relatively low, being mostly targeted assassinations such as that of Anatoly Kyarov . One exception

1566-527: The beginning of military operations in the republic. Their online manifesto rejected terrorism, referring to alleged government responsibility for the 1999 Russian apartment bombings ("We are not fighting against women or children, like Russian invaders are doing in Ichkeria . We are not blowing up sleeping people, like FSB of the Russian Federation does"). The manifesto noted the corruption of

1624-410: The certificate of the above, we give from the four surnames of the Amanates appointed by you. 3) If a large Circassian army will pass through our lands to invade Russia, which we will not be able to keep, we will not be accused of, but only immediately we are obliged to let us know about it, and we are responsible for those we will be able to keep. 4) If anyone has Muslims like us from the subjects of

1682-483: The conditions of the Empire: "1) Obeying the will of Your Excellency, we undertake from now on not to be guilty of anything against Russia, and guilty people, such as: Kabardians and others, not to accept them at all, and not to join them; to always be loyal to the Russian throne and to confirm with an oath, to return everything stolen by us in advance by people, cattle and other property without seizure under oath. 2) In

1740-549: The entire leadership of the Vilayet, including overall Emir Asker Dzhappuyev , Emir Zakaria of the southwestern sector and Emir Abdul Jabbar of the Northeastern Sector. The death of so many commanders led to a decline in the number of rebel attacks in Kabardino-Balkaria, mostly taking the form of attacks on local police officials and police stations. In September 2011 Alim Zankishiev (aka Emir Ubaidallah) became

1798-441: The expedition lasted from October 17th to 29th, a contingent was introduced into Karachay, the strength of which was more than 3,000 combat units with 15 guns, the final battle took place on October 20 near the village of Kart-Jurt. In official sources, the losses of Russian Empire amounted to 262 killed and wounded in unofficial sources up to 800 killed and wounded. After the battle, the Karachay people gave Amanats and accepted

United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-462: The general from the cavalry Emanuel penetrated the lands and took the Amanats from them as a pledge of loyalty, but as they continued to pass predators through their lands and some of them personally participated in predation, their Amanates were sent in early 1833 to the Dmitrievsky semi-battalion of military cantonists. According to their situation, the Karachay people can contribute a lot to ensuring

1914-469: The government considers it necessary to bring troops into the Karachay lands, they should assist them as much as possible. During the ongoing negotiations between Prince Shakhovsky and the elders, this Karachay people proved their diligence and benefits that can be expected from their sincere devotion. A party of predators, crossing the Kuban , stole 6 rams and 60 cattle from Kabardia and captured three boys;

1972-529: The invitation of the Karachays, Naib entered their territory at the head of the Adyghe detachments... In August 1855, an active movement to join the Caucasian War began in Karachay, led by the spiritual leader of the Karachay people, Kadiy Magomet-Efendi Khubiev and Prince Idris Karabashev. Up to 3,000 Karachays joined this movement (in opinion of others, the figure is several times higher). On August 25, in

2030-514: The local Salafis, living in the town of Baksan for more than a month in 2003, before narrowly escaping a police raid. An Ingush would-be suicide bomber, Zarema Muzhakhoyeva , lived in the republic's capital of Nalchik before going on a failed suicide mission to Moscow. A Nalchik resident housed the alleged organizer of the August 2004 bombing in the Moscow metro. In August 2004 Yarmuk announced

2088-464: The majority of remaining Alans fled south, deep into the mountains. Timur's incursion into the North Caucasus introduced the remaining to Islam and the process of intermixing and Ethnogenesis . Most Balkars adopted Islam in the eighteenth century due to contact with the Kumyks, Circassians , Nogais , and Crimean Tatars. The Balkars are considered deeply religious. The Sufi Qadiriya order has

2146-422: The military expedition of the highlanders, abandoned his intentions to move with a campaign to Karachay... Western Karachai to lead the rebels from there in the event of the outbreak of hostilities. To this end, Muhammad-Amin, gathering on the river. White a large number of horse and footmen, in mid-July 1853 moved to Karachay. Soon, having learned about this, the Russian troops passed to the rr. Marukha and Aksaut in

2204-473: The most honorable of the elders of the Karachays, the seventy-year-old Krimshamkhalov from 30 of his men rushed into the chase, caught up the predators and despite the fact that there were 140 people, stopped and held them until he received reinforcements from the people, then, having beaten off all the prey from them, returned the Kabardians according to belonging. In the following years, the Karachays and

2262-613: The movement of Karachays did not stop. Prince M. S. testified to the formal nature of the Karachays withdrawal from the Caucasian War . Vorontsov, who in his letter of September 15, 1855, Gen. G. R. Eristov noted that "the Karachay people call to themselves to Mohammed Amin ... I write in this letter the names of those Karachay residents who, as they say, called for the enemy: Mohammed Crimea Shavkalov, Aslan Murza Dudov, Shamakha Dudov, Badra Crimea Shavkalov, Adil Karabashev and Kuba Efendi" Theophilus Lapinsky, who lived and fought among

2320-752: The naib. In addition, in June 1851, a crowded people's assembly was held at the Shapsugs and Natuhais, at which the issue of trust in Muhammad-Amin was resolved... most of the gathered dissociated themselves from him. Soon the Naib was forced to leave the Shapsugs and Natukhais and move to the Abadzekhs on the Psekups River... representatives of the Bzhedukh nobility actively acted against the Naib. And in

2378-595: The new leader of the rebels, he was killed by Russian security forces in March 2012. A security operation in Nalchik in September 2012 again saw the killing of several senior commanders (Emir Hamza of the North-Western sector and acting leader of the group, Emir Abdal-Malik of the North-Eastern sector and Shamil Ulbashev, Emir of the Central Sector) in a single operation. Ruslan Baryrbekov (also using

United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-605: The only official mosque in the republic, as Wahhabis , and indiscriminately and brutally harassed them. Yarmuk was founded as a unit of around 30 Balkars and Kabardinians led by Muslim Atayev (Emir Sayfullah), which trained at the Chechen warlord Ruslan Gelayev 's camp in Pankisi Gorge , Georgia. In 2002 the group helped Gelayev's forces in a raid of the village of Galashki in the Republic of Ingushetia . Upon their return to Kabardino-Balkaria, Atayev and his men launched

2494-509: The opposite result. The local population increased its resistance to the royal troops. And the positions of Mohammed-Amin, on the contrary, began to consolidate... Meanwhile, in May 1852, Naib gathered large military forces in the Maikop and Kurgip gorges. The rebels were preparing to make a campaign to Karachay. However, Muhammad-Amin, having learned that the military command was well prepared to repel

2552-594: The primary bridles of the Kudenetovs, in the battle of May 9, 1804 on the river Chegem , the Karachays and Balkars came to the rescue, Lieutenant General Glazenap himself in a report to the Russian Emperor Alexander I reported that the battle lasted from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m., noting: "...Fought in the gorges for the most part with 11,000 desperately fighting Kabardians, Chegemians, Balkars, Karachays and Ossetians knocked out of 12 dug-out auls" In

2610-444: The readiness of Russian troops and Karachay detachments to give a decisive rebuff to the rebels, after that "panic began in the camp, and Mohammed-Amin went back." The naiba of Muhammad-Amin was invited to Karachay by Mufti Mohammed Khubiyev, who shared the ideas of the rebels... Thus, Muhammad-Amin's campaign in Karachay in 1853 did not take place... In the summer of 1855 Muhammad-Amin made an attempt to assert his power in Karachay. At

2668-431: The same time, they granted the prince and judge the title of ambassadors to try to get help for themselves from abroad, specifically instructing the first to stay abroad to finally achieve this goal. It was especially stipulated that no change could be made to the provision of the treaty without the consent or even the presence of Sefir Bey. It has been almost seven years since he has been absent and since nothing says that he

2726-423: The subsequent uprising of Kabarda, which was in 1810, the Balkars again did not deny help, on April 30, General Bulgakov reported from the camp to the river. Cherek: "Their armed gathering of more than 2,000 horsemen and as many as pedestrians can be heard, with the help of the Balkars held in two fortified gorges at the foot of the snowy mountains, is locked by me." The following years did not pass quietly either,

2784-522: The summer of 1851, the Khamysheev and Chercheneev princes and nobles appealed to the commander of the Russian troops on the Caucasus line and in the Black Sea N. S. Zavodovsky with an expression of submission to the Russian government and expressed a desire to take an oath of allegiance to Russia. However, the peasants did not support the feudal lords... the harsh actions of the military command led to

2842-613: The terrorist threat in the North Caucasus is in the republics of Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkaria ", as the KBR saw six times more gun attacks and nearly five times more explosions in 2010 as in the same period of 2009. The Vilayet KBK fighters began to simultaneously act as a Taliban -style morality police , targeting alleged "dens of vice". Between March and May 2011, the Russian Security Services killed nearly

2900-817: The tops of the Caucasus Mountains to the Morzhisin River, which is near the stone bridge in the Kuban, and to keep predatory parties not exceeding thousands of people, if there are more of them, then let the Urusbians and the nearest military post know. 4. If predatory parties break through below the Marzhisina River, the nearest military authorities are obliged to notify the Karachay bailiff so that he can take appropriate measures to assist in case of persecution of predators by Russian troops. If

2958-430: The tranquility of the neighborhoods of Mineralnye Vody and Kabarda, in order to have time to convince them to this, I allowed the staff captain Prince Shakhovsky to promise them that their former Amanates will be returned if they again express submission on favorable terms for us. What they promised to do: 1. To give one amanat from the elders and the free people. 2. To accept one of the Kabardian princes loyal to us as

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3016-463: The upper reaches of Maly Zelenchuk to "show the Karachai people their readiness to destroy the naib assasination assination " Karachay princes Krymshamkhalovs against the rebels "put up 500 well-armed Karachay people with two companies of Kuban huntsmen to guard all important and convenient points for passage." But when the naib settled down for the night in the upper reaches of Bolshoy Zelenchuk, his supporters from Karachay came to him and warned about

3074-511: The war against Russia on their own. To this end, Sefir Bey, the most prominent of their princes, Judge Haji-Oku Mehmet and other influential and high-ranking persons went on a tour of the provinces. Everywhere they were met by a meeting of special representatives who, under oath, committed themselves on behalf of their communities to remain faithful to each other and reject all conditions of obedience, whatever they may be and what Russia may offer, unless they are authorized by their general approval. At

3132-443: Was a battle, in Georgi Emmanuel 's report about these events it is written: "At the same time, I dare to witness to V.I.V. the excellent courage shown by all our troops, who were in this case, against the selected only in a large number of mountaineers, who were in shells and fought with incredible effort, attacking artillery, such examples have never happened before" In the same year, Emmanuel undertook an expedition to Karachay,

3190-483: Was an extremely important strategic point for the highlanders, and the Tegin auls served him from the Kuban, Zelenchuks and Laba as advanced strong outposts against our sudden invasions. Through them, the Karachays always learned about the misfortune that threatened them in time and deftly knew how to remove the well-deserved punishment, protecting themselves with the guise of a "peaceful and submissive people" and blaming all their frauds on non-peaceful Pritegins. In 1855,

3248-417: Was closely associated with the Yarmuk Jamaat in Kabardino-Balkaria and, together with Anzor Astemirov , was one of the first persons wanting to realize the Caucasus Emirate during the First and Second Chechen Wars . In October 2005, Gorchkhanov was one of the commanders of the 2005 Nalchik raid , an attack by a large group of militants on Nalchik , the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria, during which he

3306-430: Was replaced by Anzor Astemirov, a former deputy director of the Islamic Center. The group's base of operations was Nalchik and the Balkarian enclave around Mount Elbrus . Yarmuk was the main force involved in the botched raid by around 100–200 mostly untrained militants on the capital Nalchik in 2005, during which more than 140 people, including 95 alleged insurgents, were killed. Scores of suspects were detained after

3364-503: Was the shooting of a group of nine Russian hunters in November 2007. The militants systematically kept recruiting new fighters and gathering weapons. Following the killing of the group's leader Anzor Astemirov in March 2010, the leadership was assumed by more aggressive young commanders like the Baksan area-based Asker Dzhappuyev and the south-west sector commander Ratmir Shameyev , who regrouped Vilayet KBK and changed its tactics. The group went on to perpetrate two high-profile bombings:

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