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80-580: The river is first mentioned in the 17th century in connection with the Russian conquest of Siberia . In 1634, Russian Cossacks , headed by Voin Shakhov, established a winter settlement at the confluence of the rivers Vilyuy and Tyukyan . This settlement served as the administrative center of the area for several decades, after which it was moved to the Yolyonnyokh area 45 kilometers (28 mi) down by

160-650: A Cossack attempt to storm the Tatar fort at Mount Chyuvash was held off. On 23 October, the Cossacks attempted to storm the Tatar fort at Mount Chyuvash for a fourth time when the Tatars counterattacked. More than a hundred Cossacks were killed, but their gunfire forced a Tatar retreat and allowed the capture of two Tatar cannons. The forces of the Khan retreated, and Yermak entered Qashliq on 26 October. Kuchum Khan retreated into

240-729: A Mansi war band that had invaded the Russian settlers territory and ended as a punitive expedition against the Pelym Mansi and their ally the Siberian Khan. In some sources, Alach, Prince of Koda figures as an important ally of the Siberian Khan Kuchum Khan and is said to have been awarded one of the Yermak mail-coats taken from the enemy (Bahrushin 1955, 1:114). In 1592, another Russian campaign against

320-589: A campaign under the command of Prince Asyka . Moscow reciprocated by forming an alliance with Prince Vasily of Great Perm who together with the warriors of Vym who took part in the 1465 expedition to Yugra (Bahrushin 1955,1:76). It is recorded in the Russian Chronicles that, in 1465, as a result of this raid, two minor "Yugrian" princes (Kalpik and Chepik) were compelled to submit to the Russians and pay tribute . They were soon deposed. In 1467, during

400-410: A compromise was reached whereby the idols would be saved – for now at least – and at last Nahratsh who had consulted the elders of the village proposed a compromise: We will now obey the ruler's regulations and ukase. So we will not discard your teaching, we only beg you not to reject the idol so revered by our fathers and grandfathers, and if you wish to christen us, honour also our idol, christen it in

480-533: A given territory, such as China and Mongolia. A second ideological pillar justifying Russian colonialism was the spread of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , although this pretext originated largely from explorers and settlers themselves as an ad hoc justification rather than being put forward by the Russian Orthodox Church itself. Yugra Yugra or Yugor Land ( Russian : Югра, Югорский край ; also spelled Iuhra in contemporary sources)

560-525: A more honourable manner – with a golden cross. Then we will decorate and build a church with all the icons ourselves, as a custom goes, and we will place ours also among these. This arrangement seems to have lasted for a while, but later it is recorded that this agreement was broken and the totems and idols so sacred to the Mansi and Khanty were burned by Russian Christian zealots. Many of these totems were not destroyed, but hidden, their locations kept secret over

640-605: A previous number of 150,000, due to the mass slaughters by the Cossacks after its annexation in 1697 of the Itelmens and Koryaks throughout the first decades of Russian rule. The killings by the Russian Cossacks devastated the native peoples of Kamchatka. In addition to committing massacres the Cossacks also devastated the wildlife by slaughtering massive numbers of animals for fur. 90% of the Kamchadals and half of

720-611: A previous population of 20,000 in Kamchatka remained after the first half century of the Russian conquest. The Daurs initially deserted their villages fearing the reported cruelty of the Russians the first time Khabarov came. The second time he came, the Daurs fought back against the Russians, but were slaughtered. In the 17th century, indigenous peoples of the Amur region were attacked by Russians who came to be known as "red-beards". In

800-405: A second campaign, Prince Asyka himself was captured and brought to Vyatka (Bahrushin 1955,2:113). In 1483, Moscow sent forth another expedition against the princes of Yugra and Konda where the "grand duke" Moldan was captured (Bahrushin 1955,2:113). In 1499, Moscow dispatched a great force against "Yugra" (Pelym; led by Prince Semyon Kurbski), Konda or Koda (led by Prince Pyotr Ushatyi), and

880-545: A separate building (Novitski: 81). The Principality of Konda (mainly Mansi) formed a large semi autonomous part of the Pelym principality, according to the tax registers from 1628/29 it was inhabited by 257 tax-paying Mansi. The treasures of Prince Agai of Konda who was imprisoned by the Russians in 1594 gives us a good picture of the wealth of the Yugran nobles of this period. Namely, the Russians confiscated two silver crowns,

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960-429: A silver spoon, a silver beaker, a silver spiral bracelet, "precious drapery" and numerous pelts and precious furs (Bahrushin 1955,2:146). The third part of the Pelym principality was the region of Tabary, in which inhabited 102 adults in 1628/29. Preceding the coming of the Russians the Mansi of this region were farmers and according to the tradition Yermak collected tribute in the form of grain (Bahrushin 1955, 2:147). It

1040-524: Is also the closest linguistic relative of Khanty and Mansi . It is believed that Hungarians moved West from Yugra, first settling on the western side of the Urals , in the region known as Magna Hungaria (Great Yugria). Then they moved to the region of Levédia (present-day east Ukraine ), then to the region of Etelköz (present-day west Ukraine), finally reaching the Carpathian Basin in

1120-619: Is assumed that, as late as 1715, Prince Satyga of Konda and his 600 armed men made an attempt to impede the Christianisation of the Konda Mansi (Novitski: 98). From 1732–47, Konda was ruled by Satyga's son Prince Osip Grigoryev, followed by his own son Prince Vlas Ossipov. According to recent research by Aado Lintrop, one of the great-grandchildren of Satyga, the teacher of the Turinsky community school, Aleksander Satygin claimed

1200-562: Is believed the Yugran people or Ob-Ugrians had made trade with many countries far and wide since the earliest times. This trade was described in journals attributed to Abu Hamid al-Gharnati the Arab traveller during the 12th century: And from Bolghar merchants travel to the land of heathens , called Wisu ; marvellous beaver skins come from there, and they take there wedge-shaped unpolished swords made in Azerbaijan in their turn… But

1280-534: Is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons. ... New diseases weakened and demoralized the indigenous peoples of Siberia . The worst of these was smallpox "because of its swift spread, the high death rates, and the permanent disfigurement of survivors." ... In the 1650s, it moved east of the Yenisey, where it carried away up to 80 percent of the Tungus and Yakut populations. In

1360-528: Is not far (from them), and that the people of Yura go there and enter it with torches, and find a huge tree there which is like a big village. But on top of the tree there sits a large creature, they say it is a bird. And they bring merchandise along, and each merchant sets down his goods apart from those of the others; and he makes a mark on them and leaves, but when he comes back, he finds commodities there, necessary for his own country ... (Al Garnati:32) The Russians were attracted to Siberia by its furs , and

1440-740: Is recorded in the year 1032. The term Yugra was first used in the 12th century. Novgorod established two trade routes to the Ob River , both starting from the town of Ustyug . The first route went along the Sukhona and Vychegda , then along the Usa to the lower reaches of the Ob. The second route went down the Northern Dvina , then along the coasts of the White Sea and Kara Sea , before reaching

1520-400: Is the bearer of many goods, mainly ensuring the richness of waterfowls ... Comparisons of different Yugran traditions indicate that the goose was one of the shapes or appearances of the most popular god of the "World Surveyor Man", and that Belogorye is still sometimes referred to as his home. Novitsky also describes a site for worshipping this "World Surveyor" or "Ob Master": The home of

1600-705: The Siberian Chronicles also mention the Golden Lady: a hetman of Yermak's, by the name of Ivan Bryazga, invaded the Belogorye region in 1582 and fought the Ob-Ugrians there, who were defending their holiest object – the Golden Lady. Grigori Novitski's statement that in earlier days there used to be in one shrine in Belogorye together with the copper goose "the greatest real idol", and that

1680-709: The Far East to Russia was resisted by local residents and took place against the backdrop of fierce battles between the Indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Russian Cossacks , who often committed atrocities against Indigenous Siberians. The Russian conquest of Siberia began in July 1581 when some 540 Cossacks under Yermak Timofeyevich invaded the territory of the Voguls , subjects to Kuchum Khan , ruler of

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1760-577: The Khanate of Sibir became a loose political structure of vassalages that were being undermined by the activities of Russian explorers. Although outnumbered, the Russians pressured the various family-based tribes into changing their loyalties and establishing distant forts from which they conducted raids. It is traditionally considered that Yermak Timofeyevich 's campaign against the Siberian Khanate began in 1581. The annexation of Siberia and

1840-686: The Lena , opposite the mouth of the Vilyuy. To the west of the Vilyuy and Chona is the Nizhnyaya Tunguska basin. The Vilyuy basin is sparsely populated. Small settlements along the river include Vilyuysk , Verkhnevilyuysk , Suntar , Ekonda and Nyurba . The main tributaries of the Vilyuy are the Ulakhan-Vava , Chirkuo , Chona , Chybyda , Ulakhan-Botuobuya , Ochchuguy-Botuobuya , Tangnary , Kempendyay , Tonguo and Bappagay on

1920-673: The Sym ; two years later Mangazeyan promyshlenniks and traders descended the Turukhan to its confluence with the Yenisei, where they established the zimovie Turukhansk . By 1610, men from Turukhansk had reached the mouth of the Yenisei and ascended it as far as the Sym, where they met rival tribute collectors from Ketsk. To ensure subjugation of the natives, the ostrogs of Yeniseysk (1619) and Krasnoyarsk (1628) were established. Following

2000-746: The Vilyuy Plateau , part of the Central Siberian Plateau , in the Evenkiysky District ( Krasnoyarsk Krai ) and, flowing east, soon enters Sakha. It turns towards the south and southeast in the Central Yakutian Lowland , then back towards the east, and finally enters the Lena about 350 kilometres (220 mi) downstream of Yakutsk , near Sangar . The Ust-Vilyuy Range rises above the facing bank of

2080-584: The Vogules were killed from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries and the rapid slaughter of the indigenous population led to entire ethnic groups being entirely wiped out, with around 12 exterminated groups which could be named by Nikolai Yadrintsev as of 1882. Much of the slaughter was brought on by the Siberian fur trade . The oblastniki in the 19th century among the Russians in Siberia acknowledged that

2160-543: The steppes and over the next few years regrouped his forces. He suddenly attacked Yermak on 6 August 1584 in the dead of night and defeated most of his army. The details are disputed with Russian sources claiming Yermak was wounded and tried to escape by swimming across the Wagay River which is a tributary of the Irtysh River, but drowned under the weight of his own chain mail . The remains of Yermak's forces under

2240-595: The "Gogulichi", the free Voguls or Mansi). The 4000 strong army, using dog and reindeer teams, reached the Lyapin stronghold of the Khanty , located on the river of the same name (Bahrushin 1955,1:76–77). In the source it is told that 40 strongholds were taken and 58 Khanty and Mansi princes captured in the expedition. At the end of the 15th century the Grand Duke of Moscow assumed the honorary title of Prince of Yugra . By

2320-452: The 15th century, the newly emerging centralized Russian state also laid claim to the region, with Ivan III of Russia sending a large expeditionary force to Siberia in 1483 led by Fyodor Kurbsky, and another one in 1499–1500 under the command of Semyon Kurbsky. The Russians received tribute from the tribes, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left. The Golden Lady of the Obians

2400-585: The 1640s, the Yakuts were subjected to violent expeditions during the Russian advance into the land near the Lena River , and on Kamchatka in the 1690s the Koryaks , Kamchadals , and Chukchi were also subjected to this by the Russians according to Western historian Stephen Shenfield. When the Russians did not obtain the demanded amount of yasak from the natives, the governor of Yakutsk , Piotr Golovin, who

2480-455: The 1690s, smallpox epidemics reduced Yukagir numbers by an estimated 44 percent. The disease moved rapidly from group to group across Siberia." When the Cossacks' entreaties were rejected, they chose to respond with force. Under the leadership of Vasilii Poyarkov in 1645 and Yerofei Khabarov in 1650 many people, including members of the Daur tribe, were killed by the Cossacks. 8,000 out of

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2560-649: The 16th century onwards, Yugra was often assumed to be the Hungarians' ancestral home. Contemporary Uralic linguistics locates the Urheimat of the Ugric language family to Southwestern Siberia , at the margin of the Eurasian steppe . The Novgorodians were aware of the lands of Yugra from at least the 11th century, if not earlier, and launched expeditions to the region; the first mention of Siberia in chronicles

2640-528: The 16th century, several Yugran princes were paying tribute to the Siberia Khanate and participated in their military ventures against Russian settlers protected by Cossacks and Komi auxiliaries who were chasing the Yugran natives from their homes. In response the Khanty and Mansi of Pelym continually sent forth counter-campaigns to the lands of Great Perm . Thus, the year 1581 went into history as

2720-759: The 18th century, the successors of the Principality of Pelym and Principality of Konda – princes Vassili and Fyodor – lived in Pelym. They became Russianized and performed various duties for the Tsarist government. The Mansi, however, considered them still as their rulers. The fact that the ancient family of princes ruled on in Konda is also proved by a tsar letter from 1624: He, prince Vassili and prince Fyodor have close brothers in Big Konda – our tax-paying murzas, and our simple Voguls are ruled by them in Big Konda,

2800-620: The 18th century. Grigory Novitsky describes the Christianization of the Pelym Mansi in 1714 and the Konda Mansi in 1715. The words of the village elder and the caretaker of the sanctuary Nahratch Yeplayev have been recorded: We all know why you have come here – you want to pervert us from our ancient beliefs with your smooth-tongued flattery and damage and destroy our revered helper, but it is all in vain for you may take our heads but this we will not let you do. Novitsky describes

2880-457: The Golden Lady is Maciej Miechowita , a professor at Cracow University . The golden idol appeared on Sigismund von Herberstein 's map of Moscovia published in 1549, and on a number of later maps, such as Gerhard Mercator 's Map of the Arctic (1595) , where it is labeled Zolotaia Baba (from Russian Золотая баба – "Golden Lady" or "Golden Idol "). In connection with Yermak 's campaign,

2960-474: The Itelmens were armed with stone weapons and were badly unprepared and equipped but they used gunpowder weapons the second time. The Russians faced tougher resistance when from 1745 to 1756 they tried to subjugate the gun and bow equipped Koryaks until their victory. The Russian Cossacks also faced fierce resistance and were forced to give up trying to wipe out the Chukchi in 1729, 1730–1731, and 1744–1747. After

3040-482: The Koryaks in 1744 and 1753–1754. After the Russians tried to force the natives to convert to Christianity, the different native peoples like the Koryaks, Chukchis, Itelmens, and Yukaghirs all united to drive the Russians out of their land in the 1740s, culminating in the assault on Nizhnekamchatsk fort in 1746. Kamchatka today is European in demographics and culture with only 5% of it being native, around 10,000 from

3120-482: The Mansi of Pelym was launched. It ended in 1593 when the stronghold of Prince Ablegirim of Pelym was taken, the prince and his family captured and a Russian fortress erected in the heart of the stronghold. Although in the following year the Pelym principality suffered the loss of its lands lying on the Konda River , the Mansi did not give up resistance. In 1599, they once again brought "war, theft and treachery" to

3200-519: The Novgorodians traded iron artefacts and textiles for fur. Yugorshchina , a trade association, was set up in Novgorod in the 14th century. The Novgorodians also launched military campaigns to extract tribute from the local population, but they often met resistance, such as in two expeditions in 1187 and 1193 mentioned in chronicles that were defeated. After Novgorod was annexed by Moscow in

3280-508: The Ob Master was presumably near the stronghold Samarovo in the mouth of the river Irtysh. According to their heathen belief he was the god of the fish, depicted in a most impudent manner: a board of wood, nose like a tin tube, eyes of glass, little horns on top of the head, covered with rags, attired in a (gilt breasted) purple robe. Arms – bows, arrows, spears, armour, etc – were laid beside him. According to their heathen belief they say about

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3360-442: The Pelym princes was also a significant religious centre; a sacred Siberian larch grew in its surroundings and even in the 18th century people used to hang the skins of sacrificed horses on its branches. Near the sacred tree was a worship storehouse with five idols of human figure, and smaller storehouses with high pillars and human-faced peaks around it for storing sacrificial instruments. The bones of sacrificial animals were stored in

3440-518: The Russian defeat in 1729 at Chukchi hands, the Russian commander Major Pavlutskiy was responsible for the Russian war against the Chukchi and the mass slaughters and enslavement of Chukchi women and children in 1730–1731, but his cruelty only made the Chukchis fight more fiercely. Cleansing of the Chukchis and Koryaks was ordered by Empress Elizabeth in 1742 to totally expel them from their native lands and erase their culture through war. The command

3520-724: The Siberian capital. The force embarked in May 1582. After a three-day battle on the banks of the Irtysh River , Yermak was victorious against a combined force of Kuchum Khan and six allied Tatar princes. On 29 June, the Cossack forces were attacked by the Tatars but again repelled them. Throughout September 1582, the Khan gathered his forces for a defense of Qashliq. A horde of Siberian Tatars , Voguls, and Ostyaks massed at Mount Chyuvash to defend against invading Cossacks . On 1 October,

3600-418: The Sibir Khanate. They were accompanied by some Lithuanian and German mercenaries and prisoners of war. Throughout 1581, this force traversed the territory known as Yugra and subdued Vogul and Ostyaks towns. At this time, they also captured a tax collector of Kuchum Khan. Following a series of Tatar raids in retaliation against the Russian advance, Yermak's forces prepared for a campaign to take Qashliq ,

3680-464: The Tungus and Yakut populations. In the 1690s, smallpox epidemics reduced Yukagir numbers by an estimated 44 percent. The disease moved rapidly from group to group across Siberia. Death rates in epidemics reached 50 percent of the population. The scourge returned at twenty- to thirty-year intervals, with dreadful results among the young. In Kamchatka, the Russians crushed the Itelmen uprisings against their rule in 1706, 1731, and 1741. The first time,

3760-422: The Vilyuy, where the ostrog (fortified settlement) of Olensk (now Vilyuysk) was founded in 1773. In the 1950s, diamond deposits were discovered in the area, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) from its mouth. This led to the construction of the Mir Mine , together with access roads and an airport, and the Vilyuy Dam complex to generate power needed for the diamond concentrators. The Vilyuy has its sources in

3840-409: The Yugrans "living with the Samoyeds in the Land of Midnight" already at the end of the first millennium (Bahrushin 1955,1:86). At that time, the Russians probably came into contact with the Mansi who were still living in Europe, along the upper course of the river Pechora , in the neighbourhood of the ancient Komi realm of Great Perm . The Novgorod Chronicle tells of a military campaign under

3920-495: The above-mentioned idol as follows: The idol was carved of wood, attired in green clothes, the evil looking face was covered with white iron, a black fox skin was placed on its head; the whole sanctuary, especially his site which was higher than anywhere else, was decorated with purple broadcloth. Other smaller idols nearby which were placed lower were called the servants of the real idol. I think there were many other things in front of him – caftans, squirrel skins, etc. It seems that

4000-451: The banks of the Chusovaya River and Kurya River and plundered the Russian settlements there (Bahrushin,2:143–144). The close connections between the Yugrans and the Turkic Tartars are also demonstrated by the fact that even in the 1660s, the idea of restoring the Kuchum Khanate was still popular with the Khanty of Beryozovo (Bahrushin,2:143–144). It was only in the middle of the 17th century that Moscow succeeded in subduing Yugra. In

4080-430: The brothers of prince Vasily, the murzas." (Bahrushin 1955,2: 148 Prince Vassili and Prince Fyodor have close brothers in Big Konda – our tax-paying murzas, and our simple Voguls are ruled by them in Big Konda, the brothers of PrincePrince Kyntsha of Konda received a deed of gift from the Tsar in 1680 which confirmed his noble position. Even in the 18th century the Konda princes were known for their relative independence. It

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4160-404: The collected arms that he often has to fight in the water and conquer other vassals. The frenzy ones thought that the atrocious monster is especially horrifying in the darkness and in the large waters, that he comes through all the depths where he watches over all fish and aquatic animals and gives everyone as much as he pleases. The Christianization of the Mansi en masse started at the beginning of

4240-473: The command of Mescheryak retreated from Qashliq, destroying the city as they left. In 1586, the Russians returned, and after subduing the Khanty and Mansi people through the use of their artillery they established a fortress at Tyumen close to the ruins of Qashliq. The Tatar tribes that were submissive to Kuchum Khan suffered from several attacks by the Russians between 1584 and 1595; however, Kuchum Khan would not be caught. Finally, in August 1598, Kuchum Khan

4320-404: The confluences of major rivers and streams and important portages. The first among these were Tyumen and Tobolsk —the former built in 1586 by Vasilii Sukin and Ivan Miasnoi, and the latter the following year by Danilo Chulkov. Tobolsk would become the nerve center of the conquest. To the north Beryozovo (1593) and Mangazeya (1600–1601) were built to bring the Nenets under tribute, while to

4400-412: The east Surgut (1594) and Tara (1594) were established to protect Tobolsk and subdue the ruler of the Narym Ostiaks . Of these, Mangazeya was the most prominent, becoming a base for further exploration eastward. Advancing up the Ob and its tributaries, the ostrogs of Ketsk (1602) and Tomsk (1604) were built. Ketsk sluzhilye liudi ("servicemen") reached the Yenisei in 1605, descending it to

4480-418: The generations. Even during repression of the 1930s many of these sacred sites remained undiscovered by the authorities and some can be found today. There are three or four known proto-states of the Yugran inhabitants, both Khanty and Mansi . The Principality of Pelym was located in the basin of the Konda river and stretched from the mouth of the Sosva River near Tavda up to Tabory . The stronghold of

4560-477: The god of waterfowls – swans, geese and other birds swimming on water ... His throne in the temple is made of different kinds of broadcloth, canvas and hide, built like a nest; in it sits the monster who is always highly revered, most of all at the times of catching waterfowls in nests ... This idol is so notorious that people come from distant villages to perform atrocious sacrifice to it – offering cattle, mainly horses; and they are certain that it (the idol)

4640-489: The inhabitants of Visu take these swords to the land that lies near the Darkness [Yugra] by the Black Sea [now known as the White Sea ], and they trade the swords for sable skins. And these people take the swords and cast them into the Black Sea; but Allah the Almighty sends them a fish which size is like a mountain [a whale]; and they sail out to the fish in their ships and carve its flesh for months on end. According to some sources, Novgorod launched military campaigns against

4720-546: The interpretation that the legal incorporation of the Khanate of Sibir into the Russian realm gave Russia legal sovereignty over the entirety of the territory stretching from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean to the east. The actual boundaries of Siberia thus became very vaguely defined and open to interpretation; effectively, Russian dominion over the land ended only whenever Russia's claims to land conflicted with those of centralised states capable of opposing Russian expansion and consistently asserting their own sovereignty over

4800-421: The khan's death and the dissolution of any organised Siberian resistance, the Russians advanced first towards Lake Baikal and then the Sea of Okhotsk and the Amur River . However, when they first reached the Chinese border they encountered people that were equipped with artillery pieces and here they halted. The Russians reached the Pacific Ocean in 1639. After the conquest of the Siberian Khanate (1598),

4880-481: The lands historically known as Ioughoria . In modern Russian, this word is rendered "Югория" ( Yugoria ), and is used as a poetic synonym of the region. At the beginning of the 16th century, the similarity between Yugria (the latinized form of the name) and ugry , an old Russian ethnonym for the Hungarians , was noted by scholars such as Maciej Miechowita . The modern name of the Ugric language family, which includes Khanty and Mansi together with Hungarian ,

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4960-463: The late 19th century. Despite his personal escape, the capture of his family ended the political and military activities of Kuchum Khan and he retreated to the territories of the Nogai Horde in southern Siberia. He had been in contact with the tsar and had requested that a small region on the banks of the Irtysh River would be granted as his dominion. This was rejected by the tsar who proposed to Küçüm Khan that he come to Moscow and "comfort himself" in

5040-418: The leadership of Yadrei of Novgorod in 1193, which ended in the destruction of the Novgorod forces. The defeat was blamed on some Novgorodans who had reportedly "been in contact with the Yugrans" (Bahrushin 1955,1:75). From the 13th to 15th centuries, Yugra was supposed to pay tribute to Novgorod. But taxes could be collected only by means of armed forces. The chronicles describe several campaigns, mentioning

5120-456: The mouth of the Ob. The 12th century missionary and traveller Abu Hamid al-Gharnati also gives one of the earliest accounts of the region, which he calls Yura in Arabic: But beyond Wisu by the Sea of Darkness there lies a land known by the name of Yura . In summers the days are very long there, so that the Sun does not set for forty days, as the merchants say; but in winters the nights are equally long. The merchants report that Darkness

5200-407: The native peoples in Siberia and its cities except in the Republics of Tuva and Sakha , with the Slavic Russians making up the majority in the Buryat and Altai Republics , outnumbering the Buriat , and Altai natives. The Buryats make up only 33.5% of their own Republic, the Altai 37% and the Chukchi only 28%; the Evenk , Khanty , Mansi , and Nenets are outnumbered by non-natives by 90% of

5280-407: The natives were subjected to immense violent exploitation, and claimed that they would rectify the situation with their proposed regionalist policies. The Aleuts in the Aleutians were subjected to genocide and slavery by the Russians for the first 20 years of Russian rule, with the Aleut women and children captured by the Russians and Aleut men slaughtered. The Slavic Russians outnumber all of

5360-516: The population. The natives were targeted by the tsars and Soviet policies to change their way of life, and ethnic Russians were given the natives' reindeer herds and wild game which were confiscated by the tsars and Soviets. The reindeer herds have been mismanaged to the point of extinction. The Ainu have emphasized that they were the natives of the Kuril Islands and that the Japanese and Russians were both invaders. The core ideological justification for Russian expansion into Siberia stemmed from

5440-454: The right; and the Sen , Lakharchana , Akhtaranda , Ygyatta , Markha , Tyukyan , Kosmos [1] and Tyung on the left. Vilyuy is associated with geological formations Yakutsk-Vilyuy Rift (Vilyuy Rift Basin) and Yakutsk-Vilyuy LIP ( large igneous province ), also known as Vilyuy Traps. Russian conquest of Siberia Dissolution and Annexation of the Sibir Khanate The Russian conquest of Siberia took place during 1581–1778, when

5520-440: The service of the tsar. However, the old khan did not want to suffer from such contempt and preferred staying in his own lands to "comforting himself" in Moscow. Kuchum Khan then went to Bukhara and as an old man became blind, dying in exile with distant relatives sometime around 1605. In order to subjugate the natives and collect yasak (fur tribute), a series of winter outposts ( zimovie ) and forts ( ostrogs ) were built at

5600-443: The strong resistance of Yugran princes who took shelter in their strongholds. After the annexation of Ustyug by Moscow in the 14th century, Muscovite campaigns began instead of the Novgorodan ones. In the 15th century, the most important Russian stronghold in Permland and the starting point for all expeditions going to the East was the diocese established on the Vym River by Stephan of Perm. In 1455,the Mansi of Pelym launched

5680-431: The superstitious people "preserved that idol and took it to Konda now that idol-worshipping is being rooted up", has also been regarded as relating to the Golden Lady. Of the "Copper Goose" Novitski wrote the following: The goose idol very much worshipped by them is cast of copper in the shape of a goose, its atrocious abode is in the Belogorye village on the great river of Ob. According to their superstition they worship

5760-586: The title "Prince of Konda" as late as 1842. Yugra and its vicinity to the south are considered to be the place of origin of the Hungarians (in Hungarian magyar őshaza ). One hypothesis says that the name Hungary is a variety of the name Yugra (the Hungarians also were known in several languages under the name of Ugri , and are still known under this name in Ukrainian ). The Hungarian language

5840-457: The whole of North Asia – an area much larger than the old khanate – became known as Siberia and, by 1640, the eastern borders of Russia had expanded more than several million square kilometres. In a sense, the khanate lived on in the subsidiary title " Tsar of Siberia" which became part of the full imperial style of the Russian autocrats . The conquest of Siberia also resulted in the spread of diseases. Historian John F. Richards wrote: "... it

5920-520: The year of the raiding of Kaigorod and Cherdyn . According to Russian estimates, the army of the Mansi and their allies, the Tartars, stood 700 strong (Bahrushin 1955,1:99; 2:144). Continuing resistance to border conflagration led to the launching of a campaign in 1582–84 arranged and financed by the Stroganovs and led by the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich , which began with the destruction of

6000-470: Was a Cossack, used meat hooks to hang the native men. In the Lena basin, 70% of the Yakut population declined within 40 years, native women were raped and, along with children, were often enslaved in order to force the natives to pay the yasak. According to John F. Richards: Smallpox first reached western Siberia in 1630. In the 1650s, it moved east of the Yenisey, where it carried away up to 80 percent of

6080-522: Was a collective name for lands and peoples in the region east of the northern Ural Mountains in modern Russia given by Russian chroniclers in the 12th to 17th centuries. During this period, the region was inhabited by the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) peoples. In a modern context, the term Yugra generally refers to a political constituent of the Russian Federation formally known as Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra , located in

6160-433: Was also adopted on the assumption that the two words share a common origin. However, even though the linguistic connection between the Ugric languages is well established, the etymological connection between Yugra and ugry is disputed. András Róna-Tas has suggested that the name Yugria is related to the 10th–11th century ethnic name Ugur , whereas the Hungarian ethnonym derives from On Ugur ('ten Oghurs'). From

6240-461: Was apparently an idol of the Yugrans. The first reports of the Golden Lady are found in the 14th-century Novgorod Chronicle , with reference to Saint Stephan of Perm . Next, the golden idol is mentioned in the 16th century by the subjects of the grand prince of Moscow, commissioned to describe the trade and military routes of the expanding Russian state. The first non-Russian known to have examined

6320-553: Was defeated at the Battle of Irmen  [ ru ] near the Ob River . In the course of the fight, the Siberian royal family was captured by the Russians. However, Kuchum Khan escaped yet again. The Russians took the family members of Kuchum Khan to Moscow and there they remained as hostages. The descendants of the khan's family became known as the Princes Sibirsky and the family is known to have survived until at least

6400-463: Was that the natives be "totally extirpated" with Pavlutskiy leading again in this war from 1744 to 1747 in which he led the Cossacks "with the help of Almighty God and to the good fortune of Her Imperial Highness", to slaughter the Chukchi men and enslave their women and children as booty. However the Chukchi ended this campaign and forced them to give up by decapitating and killing Pavlutskiy. The Russians were also launching wars and slaughters against

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