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62-796: Around 1 CE, the kingdom of Noricum was included in the Roman Empire . Henceforth, the Danube marked the border of the empire, and the Romans built fortifications and settlements on the banks of the Danube, including Vindobona with an estimated population of 15,000 to 20,000. Early references to Vindobona are made by the geographer Ptolemy in his Geographica and the historian Aurelius Victor , who recounts that emperor Marcus Aurelius died in Vindobona on 17 March 180 from an unknown illness while on

124-479: A 17 km long water pipeline. The source is in the Vienna Woods around today's Kalksburg . Wells, latrines and the thermae were supplied with water. Central buildings such as the commander's office and the hospital had their own supplies, as did the settlement outside the camp, where households had their own groundwater wells . Archaeological excavations done over the last 100 years have discovered

186-754: A copy of the last letter he wrote by hand, to Franz von Schober . The flat in Praterstraße in Leopoldstadt was the residence of Johann Strauss the Younger in the 1860s. Here he composed among other works the Blue Danube waltz, whose first notes traditionally inaugurate the New Year for the Viennese. The Vienna Museum includes a number of archaeological sites which document various periods in

248-445: A developed infrastructure as well as agriculture and forestry developed around Vindobona. Civic communities developed outside the fortifications ( canabae legionis ), as well another community that was independent of the military authorities in today's third district. It has also been proven that a Germanic settlement with a large marketplace existed on the far side of the Danube from the second century onwards. The asymmetrical layout of

310-540: A few additional rarities to the collection. The Vienna Museum includes numerous residences in which notable composers lived, were born and died, which are largely in original condition and intended to afford the visitor insight into the artists' everyday lives. Exhibits include music manuscripts, but also objects they used. The rooms in the Mozarthaus Vienna in Domgasse, near St. Stephen's Cathedral , are

372-546: A layer of plaster when the building was being renovated, and have been on view to the public since 1982. The Vergilius Chapel near St. Stephen's Cathedral was built around 1250, but in the 14th century became a crypt for a wealthy family. In 1732 the cathedral graveyard was abandoned and in 1781 the adjacent Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene burnt down, following which the Vergilius Chapel was filled in and eventually forgotten. It now lies approximately 12 metres under

434-683: A major steel industry. At Magdalensberg , a major production and trading centre, specialised blacksmiths crafted metal products and weapons. The finished arms were exported to Aquileia , a Roman colony founded in 180 BC. From 200 BC, the Noricum tribes gradually united into a kingdom, known as the Regnum Noricum , with its capital at a place called Noreia . Noricum became a key ally of the Roman Republic, providing high-quality weapons and tools in exchange for military protection. This

496-535: A military campaign against invading Germanic tribes. Today, there is a Marc-Aurelstraße (English: Marcus Aurelius street) near the Hoher Markt in Vienna. However, Sirmium (province of Pannonia Inferior , modern Sremska Mitrovica ) as Marc Aurel's death place is mentioned by Tertullian in his Apologeticum . It is possible that Vindobona as a legionary fortress was built around the year of 100, because from

558-469: A showroom was opened in 1961. For this purpose some of the original walls had to be removed; white marks on the floor show the spots where. The buildings, which are separated from one another by a road, housed an officer and his family. In 2008 this Roman ruins exhibit was expanded into the Museum of the Romans . Only a small portion can today be seen, for the majority of the remains are still located underneath

620-479: A total of 96 designs. The jury awarded Oswald Haerdtl fourth place, but he was subsequently "off-handedly" contracted to design the building, which was executed in an unassuming contemporary modern style. Haertl was also responsible for the interior design, down to the furnishing of the director's office. The museum opened on 23 April 1959 as the first newly built museum of the Second Republic , and remained

682-479: Is the Latin name for the kingdom or federation of tribes that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia . In the first century AD, it became a province of the Roman Empire . Its borders were the Danube to the north, Raetia and Vindelici to the west, Pannonia to the east and south-east, and Italia ( Venetia et Histria ) to the south. The kingdom was founded around 400 BC, and had its capital at

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744-724: The Annuario Pontificio as titular sees include: Vienna Museum#Museum of the Romans The Vienna Museum ( German : Wien Museum or Museen der Stadt Wien ) is a group of museums in Vienna consisting of the museums of the history of the city. In addition to the main building in Karlsplatz , the group includes some locations, numerous specialised museums, musicians' residences and archaeological excavations. The permanent exhibit of art and

806-656: The Hermesvilla , a former imperial residence in the Lainzer Tiergarten in the west of Vienna which Emperor Franz Joseph had built for his wife Empress Elisabeth in 1882–86. Under former mayor Bruno Marek , the building was restored by the Association of Friends of the Hermesvilla and subsequently taken over by the city. The permanent exhibition is dedicated to the history of the building and

868-700: The Mölker Bastei (Mölk Bastion, a remnant of the old city walls) in the Innere Stadt . Here he composed, among other works, the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies , Für Elise , the Archduke Trio and his only opera, Fidelio . Since Beethoven's actual flat in the north section of the fourth floor has a tenant, the next-door flat is on show as the Beethoven exhibit. In 1793, Joseph Haydn acquired

930-560: The Praetorian prefecture of Italy . It was in this time (304 AD) that a Christian serving as a military officer in the province suffered martyrdom for the sake of his faith, later canonised as Saint Florian . The Roman colonies and chief towns were Virunum (near Maria Saal to the north of Klagenfurt ), Teurnia (near Spittal an der Drau ), Flavia Solva (near Leibnitz ), Celeia ( Celje ) in today's Slovenia, Juvavum ( Salzburg ), Ovilava ( Wels ), Lauriacum ( Lorch at

992-681: The Stephansplatz and was rediscovered in 1973 during the building of the U-Bahn ; it is now integrated into the Stephansplatz station and can be reached from there. Archaeological excavations in the Michaelerplatz between 1989 and 1991 uncovered among other things the settlement of Canabæ associated with the Roman camp at Vindobona . This will have consisted primarily of the residences of soldiers' wives and children. The excavation site

1054-815: The mid-Republic onwards. Roman swords were made of the best-quality steel then available from this region, the chalybs Noricus . The strength of steel is determined by its composition and heat treatment. The wrought iron produced in the Greco-Roman world was too soft for tools and weapons. Ore from Noricum, by contrast, could yield a superior product. The ore needed to be rich in manganese (an element which remains essential in modern steelmaking processes), and contain little or no phosphorus , which weakens steel. The ore mined in Carinthia (S. Noricum) fulfilled both criteria particularly well. The Noricum discovered their ore made superior steel around 500 BC and built

1116-786: The City of Vienna. For several decades the museum was in the Planetarium of the city in the Prater park — in 2024 the museum was relocated into a newly erected building in the Wurstelprater. In the Hoher Markt north of Stephansplatz , excavated ruins of houses which served as officers' quarters in Vindobona are on display, together with exhibits of ceramic ware, gravestones and other objects which illuminate life 2,000 years ago in

1178-546: The Historical Museum of the City of Vienna ( Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien ), its existence dates back to 1887, and until 1959 was located in the Vienna Town Hall ( Rathaus ) . The first plans for a city museum on Karlsplatz date back to the beginning of the 20th century; one of proposed plans were drawn by the renowned Jugendstil architect Otto Wagner . However, not least because of two world wars,

1240-585: The Roman camp and attached town. This museum annexe, previously known as the "Roman Ruins", was expanded and reopened in May 2008 as the Museum of the Romans. The Vienna Clock Museum in the Palais Obizzi in the Innere Stadt , founded in 1917, is one of the most important of its kind on Europe. On the ground floor are displayed the collections of the museum's first and long-time director, Rudolf Kaftan , and of

1302-429: The archeological records there are no building inscriptions dating earlier than the year of 103. Vindobona was part of the Roman province Pannonia , of which the regional administrative centre was Carnuntum . Vindobona was a military camp with an attached civilian city ( Canabae ). The military complex covered an area of some 20 hectares, housing about 6000 men where Vienna's first district now stands. The Danube marked

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1364-521: The area became a Roman province , the Romans introduced water management and the already important trade relations between the people north and south of the Alps increased. Archaeological research, particularly in the cemeteries of Hallstatt , has shown that a vigorous civilization was in the area centuries before recorded history. The graves contained weapons and ornaments from the Bronze Age , through

1426-521: The border of the Roman Empire, and Vindobona was part of a defensive network including the camps of Carnuntum , Brigetio and Aquincum . By the time of Emperor Commodus , four legions ( X Gemina , XIV Gemina Martia Victrix , I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix ) were stationed in Pannonia. Vindobona was provisioned by the surrounding Roman country estates ( Villae rusticae ). A centre of trade with

1488-502: The building of the museum was postponed for several decades. In 1953, the City Council of Vienna passed a resolution to honour Austrian president and former mayor Theodor Körner , on the occasion of his 80th birthday by making the museum building a reality. A design contest was organised, in which 13 architects were specifically invited to take part (including Clemens Holzmeister , Erich Boltenstern and Karl Schwanzer ) but which

1550-413: The building was necessary. After some discussions it was decided to combine this renovation with an expansion of the museum. An international competition took place in 2015. The winning project by Certov, Winkler + Ruck was realised between 2020 and 2023. Two floors were added on top of the building — and a pavilion and a plaza in front. The former atrium is now known as great hall and used to display some of

1612-491: The camp. The name “Graben” (English: ditch) is believed to hark back to the defensive ditches of the military camp. It is thought that at least parts of the walls still stood in the Middle Ages, when these streets were laid out, and thus determined their routes. The Berghof was later erected in one corner of the camp. Rebuilt after Germanic invasions in the second century, the town remained a seat of Roman government through

1674-523: The civil war against Pompey . In 16 BC, having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria , they were defeated by Publius Silius Nerva , proconsul of Illyricum . Thereafter, Noricum became a Roman province. It was not until the reign of Antoninus Pius that the Second Legion, Pia (later renamed Italica ) was stationed in Noricum, and the commander of the legion became the governor of

1736-400: The courtyard was roofed over. In 2003, under the direction of Wolfgang Kos , the museums of the City of Vienna were united under the umbrella name of Vienna Museum and the Historical Museum was renamed Vienna Museum. In early 2006, the foyer was renovated and in addition, new exhibition space was created in what had been a storage area. Soon thereafter, it became clear that general overhaul of

1798-433: The current design of the square is a rectangular opening that evokes the archaeological excavations at the site and shows wall remains that have been preserved from different epochs. Part of a Roman canal system is underneath the fire station am Hof. Directly under the Hoher Markt are the remains of two buildings unearthed during the canalisation works of 1948/49 and made accessible to the public. After further excavation,

1860-478: The desk at which Mozart supposedly composed The Magic Flute . Ludwig van Beethoven spent the summer of 1802 in a house in Heiligenstadt , which at the time was a suburb of Vienna. There was a spa , where Beethoven attempted to reduce or cure his increasing deafness. During this stay, he worked on compositions including his Second Symphony , but also — in an episode of depression and despair about

1922-790: The first four and a half years of his life in this house in Nußdorfer Straße in Himmelpfortgrund in what is now Alsergrund , the 9th district of Vienna. One important exhibit is Schubert's 'trademark' glasses. The house also has on display approximately 50 paintings by Adalbert Stifter , who was better known as an author. Schubert spent only the last two and a half months of his life in his brother Ferdinand's flat in Kettenbrückengasse in Wieden , where he died in 1828. Exhibits include his last drafts of compositions and

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1984-536: The following Roman water supply fragment locations: Waste from the Roman camp was transported through an elaborate subterranean sewerage system that was planned from the beginning. The sewers were lined with brick walls and plates and ran beneath the main roads. Gradients were used in such a way that the waste water descended through the canals into the River Danube . Since the canals were up to two meters deep, they could be cleaned out regularly. Large waste

2046-715: The historical collection on the history of Vienna include exhibits dating from the Neolithic to the mid-20th century. The emphasis is on the 19th century, for example works by Gustav Klimt . In addition, the Vienna Museum hosts a variety of special exhibitions. The museum reopened in December 2023 after a three years reconstruction and extension of the building, which was erected after the Second World War based on plans of Oswald Haerdtl . Originally known as

2108-531: The history of the city. All are located in the Innere Stadt . The Neidhart frescoes are in a 14th-century building in Tuchlauben and are the oldest surviving secular wall paintings in Vienna. The cycle of paintings were executed in 1398 on the walls of a then banqueting room on a commission from the wealthy merchant Michel Menschein. For the most part they show scenes from the life of the minnesinger Neidhart von Reuental . They were discovered in 1979 under

2170-460: The house which is now Haydngasse 19 in Mariahilf , and lived there until his death in 1809. The original address was Kleine Steingasse 71 (changed in 1795 to 73), and it was located in the hamlet of Obere Windmühle, which was part of the outlying town of Windmühle but was almost entirely surrounded by the larger town of Gumpendorf and was part of its parish . Here Haydn composed, among other works,

2232-412: The imperial couple, who spent a few days there each year until Elisabeth's death. In addition, special exhibitions are mounted on a wide variety of themes in cultural history. Since 2005, a permanent exhibition on the life and work of Otto Wagner has been on show in this former Vienna Stadtbahn building. The building was constructed in 1898 as one of a pair of Jugendstil pavilions on either side of

2294-609: The largest objects of the collection. With the reopening in 2023 the Wien Museum unveiled its new permanent exhibit which tells the story of the city, from its beginnings in the Neolithic through the Roman camp of Vindobona to the present. This exhibit is free. In addition there are frequent special exhibitions held on the building's new top floor. The other new floor houses a cafe, a terrace, an event hall and an education centre. Since 1971, exhibitions have been presented in

2356-675: The lower Vienna Valley line on the Stadtbahn (between Meidling Hauptstraße and Hauptzollamt) and in April 1902. Today the imperial waiting room and study and other rooms in the building are on permanent display. Kirche am Steinhof was built as part of the Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital in Penzing , from 1904 to 1907. The church, designed by Otto Wagner, is considered one of the most important Art Nouveau buildings in

2418-462: The military camp, which was unusual for the otherwise standardised Roman encampments, is still recognisable in Vienna's street plan: Graben, Naglergasse, Tiefer Graben, Salzgries, Rabensteig, Rotenturmstraße. The oblique camp border along today's street Salzgries was probably caused by a tremendous flood of the River Danube that occurred during the 3rd century and eroded a considerable part of

2480-506: The mouth of the Enns , the ancient Anisus ). Knowledge of Roman Noricum has been decisively expanded by the work of Richard Knabl , an Austrian epigrapher of the 19th century. The transition from Roman to barbarian rule in Noricum is well documented in Eugippius ' Life of Saint Severinus , providing material for analogies for this process in other regions where primary sources from

2542-568: The only one of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's residences in Vienna to have been preserved (and the original furnishings have not been preserved). Mozart lived here from 1784 to 1787, during which time he composed, among other works, his opera The Marriage of Figaro , for which reason the house is also known today as the Figaro House. The flat has been open to visitors for decades; it was reopened in early 2006 after renovation. The house has several floors of exhibition space including objects such as

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2604-536: The only such for decades. The Historical Museum repeatedly distinguished itself with its exhibitions. In 1985, under director Robert Waissenberger, it presented the Jugendstil exhibition Traum und Wirklichkeit (Dream and Reality) at the Vienna Künstlerhaus on the opposite side of the square; with more than 600,000 visitors, one of the most successful exhibitions ever held in Vienna. In 2000,

2666-424: The oratorios The Creation and The Seasons . In 1862, the street was renamed for its most famous residents, and the house has been a memorial since 1899 and a museum since 1904. In one of the rooms, Johannes Brahms ' composing desk is on display. In 2009, the 200th anniversary year of Haydn's death, the permanent exhibition was recast and enlarged; it emphasizes the composer's last years. Franz Schubert spent

2728-537: The other Stadtbahn stations, this pavilion with its cupola has baroque elements, which could be interpreted as a sign of respect for the Emperor on the architect's part. It was built at the inbound end of the platform at the Hietzing station , which opened in 1898; originally there were steps linking it to the public platforms. The Emperor is only known to have used the station on two occasions: in 1899 when he opened

2790-498: The period are lacking. In 1919, Heinrich Lammasch , the last prime minister of Imperial Austria, proposed to give the young republic the name of Norische Republik or Noric Republic , because the ancient borders were similar to those of the new state, which—at the time—did not wish to be considered the heir of the Habsburg monarchy, but an independent, neutral and peaceful state. Episcopal sees of Noricum that are now listed in

2852-577: The period of transition, up to the Hallstatt culture, i.e., the fully developed older period of the Iron Age . The Noric language is attested in only fragmentary inscriptions, one from Ptuj and two from Grafenstein , neither of which provide enough information for any conclusions about the nature of the language. The kingdom of Noricum was a major provider of weaponry for the Roman army from

2914-476: The poet Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach . During the Second World War, the "House of Ten Thousand Clocks", as it is also known, was closed and attempts were made to disperse the valuable clocks for safety to various castles in Lower Austria , with only partial success. After the war, work began on rebuilding the collection; thanks to funds from the City of Vienna and private donations, it has been possible to add

2976-413: The province. Under Diocletian (245–313), Noricum was divided into Noricum ripense ("Noricum along the river", the northern part southward from the Danube ), and Noricum mediterraneum ("landlocked Noricum", the southern, more mountainous district). The dividing line ran along the central part of the eastern Alps. Each division was under a praeses , and both belonged to the diocese of Illyricum in

3038-476: The royal and imperial court) in Hietzing near Schönbrunn Palace was built in 1899 to Otto Wagner's design as a special station for the use of the Emperor and members of his court when using the Stadtbahn. It was not included in the original plans for the Stadtbahn, but Wagner began construction on his own initiative and was finally able to win over the Minister for Railways, Heinrich von Wittek . In contrast to

3100-561: The royal residence at Virunum on the Magdalensberg . Around 800 BC, the region was inhabited mostly by the people of the Hallstatt culture . Around 450 BC, they merged with the people of other areas in the south-western regions of Germany and eastern France . The country is mountainous and rich in iron and salt. It supplied material for the manufacturing of arms in Pannonia, Moesia , and northern Italy. The famous Noric steel

3162-662: The square and south of it. The remains of the walls date from different phases from the 1st to the 5th century AD. The houses were typical Roman villas, with living quarters and space for working set around a middle courtyard with columned halls. During drillings for the U5 underground line, new brick kiln and metal smelting sites were discovered that revealed further reaching suburbs of the ancient Roman settlement. Over 3,000 stamped bricks, several stone monuments and written sources prove that several legions, cavalry units and marines were stationed in Vindobona. Around 97 AD, Legio XIII Gemina

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3224-474: The square as part of the construction of the Stadtbahn in the 1890s; Otto Wagner was the contract designer of the system. During the planning in the 1960s for the new Vienna U-Bahn nodal station at Karlsplatz , the two pavilions were saved from demolition, dismantled, restored, and put back in place in 1977 after completion of the construction work in the square. They no longer serve any transport purpose. The Pavillon des k.u.k. Allerhöchsten Hofes (Pavilion of

3286-426: The state of his hearing — wrote his Heiligenstadt Testament . According to oral tradition, the house was Herrengasse 6, now Probusgasse 6; this is however disputed, since at the time there were no registration records for the suburbs of Vienna and Beethoven's own letters do not mention the address. In 1804–08 and 1810–14, Beethoven lived at the house of his patron Johann Baptist Freiherr von Pasqualati on

3348-554: The supply of goods and for the production and maintenance of weapons and commodities. They also extracted stone from quarries and wood from forests, produced bricks, and maintained the streets, bridges and the water system. Administrating the camp and ensuring its security required additional manpower. The Romans provided their cities, including Vindobona, with clean potable water through an elaborate systems of Roman aqueducts , canals , and large subterranean pipes . Excavations have revealed that Vindobona received its supply through

3410-557: The third and fourth centuries. The population fled after the Huns invaded Pannonia in the 430s and the settlement was abandoned for several centuries. Remains of the Roman military camp have been found at many sites in the centre of Vienna. The centre of the Michaelerplatz has been widely investigated by archaeologists. Here, traces of a Roman legionary outpost ( canabae legionis ) and of a crossroad have been found. The centrepiece of

3472-574: The world. Since May 7th 2022 it is part of the Vienna Museum. The Prater Museum is located in the Wurstelprater , near the Ferris wheel . It presents the history of Vienna's Prater  park and largest amusement park, the Wurstelprater, with exhibits such as an old mechanical fortune-teller and coverage of dark rides and sideshows . The museum was founded in 1933 by the teacher and local historian Hans Pemmer in his home and donated in 1964 to

3534-423: Was demonstrated in 113 BC, when Teutones invaded Noricum. In response, the Roman consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo led an army over the Alps to attack the tribes at the Noreia . Noricum was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 16 BC. For a long time previously, the Noricans had enjoyed independence under princes of their own and carried on commerce with the Romans. In 48 BC they took the side of Julius Caesar in

3596-434: Was largely used in the making of Roman weapons (e.g. Horace , Odes , i.16.9-10: Noricus ensis , "a Noric sword"). Gold and salt were found in considerable quantities. The plant called saliunca (the wild nard , a relative of the lavender) grew in abundance and was used as a perfume according to Pliny the Elder . The inhabitants developed a culture rich in art, salt mining, cattle breeding, and agriculture. When part of

3658-412: Was open to any other entrants. Designs were evaluated by a jury which was chaired by the architect Franz Schuster and whose other members were the architects Max Fellerer and Roland Rainer , the Vienna Director of Building, the Director of City Collections, Franz Glück, the Head of the City Department of Regulations and the Head of the Department of Architecture. 80 contestants took part and submitted

3720-404: Was probably deposed at the slope of the river. In the civilian settlement, waste was deposed in former water wells and dumps. The layout of a Roman camp ( castra ) was normally standardised. This has helped archaeologists to reconstruct what the camp must have looked like, despite the heavy rebuilding that has taken place in Vienna throughout the centuries. The basic contours of the camp, which

3782-472: Was responsible for construction of the legionary camps. Because of the wars in Dacia, they were pulled out and redeployed in 101 AD. A decade later, Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix followed. Legio X Gemina from Aquincum arrived in 114 AD and remained in Vindobona until the 5th century. About 6,000 soldiers were stationed in the Roman camp. Many of them were free from active duty during peaceful times and had other jobs. These so-called immunes were needed for

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3844-532: Was surrounded by a mighty wall with towers and three moats (today the Tiefer Graben, Naglergasse, Graben, and Rotenturmstraße) are identifiable. Along these axes, main roads connected the gates with one other. The main buildings were the commander's headquarters, the Palace of the Legate, the houses of the staff officers, and the thermae. At right angles to these, the soldiers' accommodation, a hospital, workshops, and mews (stables) were constructed. Noricum Timeline Noricum ( / ˈ n ɒr ɪ k ə m / )

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