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70-712: In the mid-16th century, the Military Frontier was established as a buffer against the Ottoman Empire . Balkan refugees, including Orthodox groups such as Serbs, Vlachs and speakers of other languages, crossed into Habsburg lands. The Vlachs left mountainous homelands and settled in the Ottoman conquered territories, from which a large number of them moved to the Habsburg area in Croatia. This process began in

140-590: A commission was established which supposed to separate real Vlachs from private Vlachs, Slavonians (indigenous population of Slavonia) which are also called Vlachs and Predavci. By engaging this and some others commission with assignment to separate true Vlachs from Slavonians, Predavci and private Vlachs this commission only partially succeed because these different groups lived together for a long time, and there were administrative reasons as well. The serfs continued fled to Military Frontier despite this commission and decision that they should no longer be accepted, so in 1644

210-651: A single land, but with separate administration and representation. The whole area of Military Frontier was under military administration. All population, regardless of age and sex, belonged to the army and was subject to austrian military legislation. The Main Command had its headquarters in Zagreb , but remained directly subordinate to the Ministry of War in Vienna. The Croatian Parliament made numerous pleas to demilitarize

280-423: Is both reflected and rooted in the attempted revision of history. The Croats have always resented the rights granted to Serbs in Croatia, and most especially Krayina's historic separate existence. Croat historians have claimed that Krayina's settlers were not Serbs but “Vlachs,”81 [footnote:] While all Orthodox settlers were indeed called Vlachs by the Habsburg authorities, and some truly were Vlachs and different from

350-628: The banovina of Jajce and Srebrenik , and in 1469 the military captaincy of Senj , modeled after the Ottoman captaincies in the Province of Bosnia . All these actions aimed to improve defence, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. But, they did lead to development of the Pandur infantry and the Hussar cavalry. Vlachs known as " Martolos " and " Voynuks " were the most dangerous military element under Ottomans, while Vlachs and Serbs which fled from

420-625: The Austro-Turkish War of 1787 . In 1787 the civil administration became separate from the military, but this was reversed in 1800. By the end of the 18th century, it had already become apparent for some time that the Ottomans were on the decline and were not likely to attempt any further invasions north of the Sava River. The Military Frontier thus began to outlive its usefulness. In 1848, Josip Jelačić , Ban of Croatia , became

490-786: The Croatian War of Independence for more information). Vara%C5%BEdin generalate The Varaždin Generalate ( German : Warasdiner Generalat , Croatian : Varaždinski generalat ), also known as the Windische Grenze (" Slavic Border") in German, was a province of the Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy (later the Austrian Empire and briefly Austria-Hungary ), that existed between 1531 and

560-743: The Slavonian Military Frontier came under the jurisdiction of the Croatian Sabor and ban . In 1627, they were placed under the direct control of the Habsburg military. For more than two centuries, they would retain complete civilian and military authority over the area, up to the abolition of the Military Frontier in 1881. During the 17th century, the territory was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia proper in

630-529: The Varaždin Generalate (between Drava and Sava ), later came to be used by all Vlachs. A rebellion broke out in the generalate in 1632, when the Frontiersmen rose up against local Austrian governors; the rebellion was suppressed, and knez (count) Marko Bogdanović and harambaša Smiljan Vujica (or Smoljan Vujić) were executed. To determine who has benefits from Statuta Valachorum decree in 1635

700-773: The War Council in Graz . Despite the financial support of the Inner Austrian nobility, the financing of the Military Frontier was not efficient enough. The military leadership in Graz decided to try solutions other than mercenary units. In the 1630s the Imperial Court decided to give land and certain privileges to immigrants into the Frontier (the uskok guerrillas as well as refugees from Ottoman-controlled lands) at

770-591: The feudal lords whose land they occupied. This law had little practical effect, but it appeased the Croatian nobility at the time. The heraldic emblem used for these "Vlachs" was the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty coat of arms. Serbs were issued a Vlachs Diploma by Rudolf II after refuge of Arsenije III Crnojević , the heraldic emblem used for these "Vlachs" was the Serbian coat of arms of Nemanjić dynasty. In

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840-521: The "Vlach people inhabiting the regions of Slavonia and Croatia, the right to stay undisturbed in their settlements and estates"; the Frontier Vlachs were allowed land use regardless of the land's ownership, in an effort to make the Grenzers independent of the Croatian nobility, and more willing to wage wars for him. This decision has been interpreted as a feudalization attempt, and in 1628, it

910-779: The 1560s the Habsburgs established a frontier defense system, made up of six main Grenzgeneralat (captain-generalcies) in the Military Frontier in Hungary and Croatia, each commanded by captain generals; the one centered in Varaždin was after 1578 known as the Wendish-Bajcsavár captain-generalcy. Until the Long Turkish War , the Military Frontier's defense system had two centers, Karlovac and Varaždin. During

980-521: The 1610s and 1620s, there were conflicts between the Vlachs (refugees and Frontiersmen) and the Croatian nobility. The Croatians demanded the abolishment of the Frontier and incorporation into Croatia. In 1627, the Varaždin Grenzer told authorities they "rather be hacked into pieces than be separated from their officers and become subjects of the Croatian nobility". In 1627, emperor Ferdinand II granted

1050-560: The 19th century. While the Generalate was originally based in Warasdin (Varaždin) , Varaždin County , including the city, was removed from the Military Frontier in the 18th century; the district the Generalate controlled was thereafter centered on Bellowar (Bjelovar) , which also briefly acted as its administrative center until it was moved to Zagreb in 1787. The border command was established by Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1531. By

1120-497: The Austrian Empire was conducted in 1857 and recorded the religion of the population. The population of the Military Frontier numbered 1,062,072 inhabitants, while the religious structure of the Military Frontier was: Population data by divisions: Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier (Total 675,817) Banat Military Frontier (Total 386,255) Many Serbs emigrated to the north toward the southern regions of Hungary during

1190-675: The Catholic Croatian nobility. The warrior-tradition of the Serbs of Croatia, which includes the service to the Habsburg monarchy and the Statuta Valachorum, is an important part of the identity of the community still today. About service of Grencers in Habsburg Monarchy testify documents which includes and the Statuta Valachorum from 1630 which applies to both Orthodox and Catholic Grencers. In historiography,

1260-797: The Croatian General Command headquartered in Zagreb . The Serbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees who had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire. The Corps would fight for the liberation of Serbia and for unification under Habsburg rule. Several freikorps operated along the Habsburg-Ottoman frontier. The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and in early 1788. Serbia

1330-546: The Croatian parliament tried once again to pass a law in which the refugee community be included into the jurisdiction of the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia , however, without results. In early 1630, representatives of Croatian nobility and Vlachs (Serbs) met in Vienna. The Croatian nobility pressured the Emperor to enact a decree on 10 May in which the Serbs pay the nobility as much as they paid their captains, however,

1400-666: The Ferdinand III had to order that General of the Slavonian Military Frontier stop such crossings to Varaždin Generalate. When Ferdinand III came to power (1637), the ownership of the Croatian Military Frontier was transferred to the Imperial court. A rebellion broke out in the generalate in 1665–66 when Frontiersmen under Stefan Osmokruhović rose up against the Austrian officers, after the rights of

1470-696: The Frontier after the Turkish wars subsided. The demilitarization began in 1869 and on 8 August 1873, under Franz Joseph , the Banat Frontier was abolished and incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary , while part of the Croatian Frontier (Križevci and Đurđevac regiments) was already incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia on 1 August 1871. The decree in which the rest of the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers were incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia

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1540-512: The Frontier. The Croatians tried to reduce the Frontier's autonomy; the incorporation of the Frontier into Croatia would mean the loss of status and prerogative of the Grenzers ( Frontiersmen ). In 1608, Austrian emperor Rudolf II instituted such a law, under which "Vlachs" of the Military Frontier, regardless of their faith, owed one tenth of their income to the Bishop of Zagreb , and 1/9th to

1610-485: The Frontiersmen had been compromised. On 14 April 1667 the Statute was revised. In the 18th century, the nobility was finally formally deprived of all Frontier land when it was declared an Imperial fief . The importance of the statute is seen in it being the first public law document regarding rights of citizens within the Military Frontier. These grants to Serbs made them valuable allies of the Habsburg government against

1680-541: The Habsburg military. It would have complete civilian and military authority over it until abolition of the Military Frontiers. In November 1630, Emperor Ferdinand II proclaimed the so-called Statuta Valachorum ("Vlach Statute"), which regulated the status of so-called Vlach settlers (which included Croats , Serbs and Vlachs ) from the Ottoman Empire with regard to military command, their obligations, and rights to internal self-administration. Over time,

1750-611: The Military Frontier also included the Habsburg-controlled northern parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the mid-18th century the Frontier was once again reorganized and modelled after the Imperial army and its regular regiments. In 1737 the Vlach Statute was formally abolished. All previous captaincies and voivodships were discarded, and the area was instead subdivided into general-commands, regiments and companies: After 1767, every twelfth inhabitant of

1820-707: The Military Frontier was a soldier – in contrast to every 62nd inhabitant in the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. The Frontier soldiers became a professional military, ready to move to all European battlefields. Due to further immigration of refugees from the Ottoman domain, and to the expansion of the territory to places previously controlled by the Ottomans, the population of the Frontier became even more mixed. There were still many autochthonous Serbs and Croats in Slavonia and in parts of present-day Vojvodina (in Syrmia, Bačka and Banat). However, at this time they became outnumbered by

1890-473: The Ottoman Empire were called in sources as "Vlachs schismatics" and Vlachs or Uskoks , other names which are mentioned are "Valachi seu Rasciani" "Valachi seu Serviani", "Valachi seu Graeci", Vlachs or Morlachs , "Illirica gens graeci ritus" and "homines Ritus Ruthenici seu Graeci". During the 17th and first half of the 18th century Catholic natives and Catholics immigrated from Bosnia and Kingdom of Croatia also converted to Orthodoxy. Most documents state that

1960-855: The Ottoman Vlachs and the Habsburg Vlachs. After the Croatian Parliament elected the Austrian Habsburgs as kings of Croatia in 1526, Ferdinand I promised the Croatian Parliament that he would give them 200 cavalrymen and 200 infantrymen, and that he would pay for another 800 cavalrymen who would be commanded by the Croatians. Soon the Habsburg monarchy founded another captaincy in Bihać . In

2030-567: The Ottoman military system, they were mostly Christians and some were Muslims. The new military expenditures became a considerable concern, and the Congress of Inner Austrian lands in Bruck an der Mur in 1578 defined the obligations of each land in covering the military expenses and defined the priorities in improving the defensive strategy. It was determined that the Duchy of Styria will finance

2100-401: The Ottomans in the 15th century had a similar military tradition which Habsburgs begin to use on their side of the border. They were joined by some Vlachs from Bosnia and thus under the Habsburgs a special system of land ownership and military organization was created ie Military Frontier. This military border was an area of some major war campaigns, but mostly consisted of eternal clashes between

2170-640: The Sava and Drava, whose numbers in the last thirty years increased to such extent that they have become the solid bulwark of the Military Frontier against the Turks". Based on the Grenzers' petitions and the court statement, Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Statuta Valachorum on 5 October 1630, in effect in the Varaždin generalate , that is, the captaincies of Koprivnica , Križevci and Ivanec . The statute

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2240-524: The Serb, Croat and Vlach refugees/immigrants. Some Germans , Poles , Magyars and Slovaks also came to the Frontier, mostly as administrative personnel, and a number of other settlers and military personnel arrived from other parts of the Habsburg Empire – Czechs , Poles , Slovaks , Ukrainians , Rusyns and others. In 1783 the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers came under the unified control of

2310-507: The Serbs, the majority were Serbian and even the Vlachs assimilated into Serbs by the nineteenth century. As Nicholas Miller explains, “the term Vlach became a weapon in the war to devalue Serbian claims to territory and history in Croatia.” Military Frontier Timeline The Military Frontier ( German : Militärgrenze ; Serbo-Croatian : Војна крајина , Vojna krajina , Војна граница , Vojna granica ; Hungarian : Katonai határőrvidék ; Romanian : Graniță militară )

2380-567: The Slavonian Krajina massively and in a very short time from 1597 to 1600. Freedom of religion was promised to all Orthodox settlers. The Habsburg Monarchy was effectively divided into separate civil and military parts with Emperor Ferdinand's granting full civil and military authority of the Military Frontier to a general officer in 1553. This displeased the Hungarian Diet and Croatian nobility , stripped of their authority in

2450-671: The Slavonian and Hungarian Frontiers, and the Duchy of Carniola will finance the Croatian Frontier. The Duchy of Carinthia put their finances at the disposal of Styria and Carniola, to direct the money where needed. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, there were around 20,000 troops stationed in Hungarian and Croatian border forts. By the end of the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs, other Vlachs and Serbs flee from Ottoman territory to Military Frontier and Dalmatia . At

2520-504: The Vlachs arriving "from Turkey" or "from Bosnia", ie the Bosnia Eyalet . When in 1699 and 1718 the lands of Croatia and Hungary returned, which was previously occupied by the Ottomans, the vast majority of that area became the Military Frontier. Throughout the entire region of this frontier various ethnic groups were settled including Croats, Serbs, Albanians and others which were also all together called Vlachs. From 1718 to 1739

2590-613: The ability to centrally control the area and to draft cheap and numerous army units. After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, the Seressaner troops were established with both military and police duties. They were not paid, but were exempted from taxes. Over the following century, each regiment had one section of Seressaners that organized border patrols towards Bosnia, particularly on difficult terrain, and stopped incursions of bandits. Orthodox Christians who settled Military Frontier from

2660-457: The area and served as the bulwark for the monarchy against Ottoman incursions. Germans had been recruited by Hungary in the late 18th century to resettle and develop the Danube River Valley, and became known as Donauschwaben . The military regiments formed by the settlers had a vested reason to stand and fight and were familiar with local terrain and conditions. They soon gained a formidable military reputation. The Ottoman wars in Europe caused

2730-416: The area of Žumberak . In return they would serve in the Imperial army. The remaining local population was also encouraged to remain by receiving the status of free peasants (rather than serfs ) and other privileges. These new units were organized into ten or more voivodeships per each captaincy. In 1627, the Military Frontier was removed from the control of the Croatian Sabor and put under direct rule of

2800-470: The border of the Kingdom of Hungary  – and subsequently that of the Habsburg monarchy  – to shift towards the northwest. Much of the old Croatian territory either became Ottoman land or bordered the new Ottoman domain. In 1435, in an attempt to strengthen the defences against the Ottomans and Venice, King Sigismund founded the so-called tabor , a military encampment, each in Croatia, Slavonia and Usora . In 1463 King Matthias Corvinus founded

2870-407: The commander of the Military Frontier. He pressed for the unification of Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, and the Croatian-Slavonian Frontier. Although he did not have the power to abolish it, he secured approval for reforms and in 1848 the Military Frontier sent representatives to the Croatian Sabor, however, this was revoked in the 1850s. From 1850 the Frontier, Croatia and Slavonia formally constituted

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2940-467: The end of the 1560s, the new border system consisted of around 100–120 forts and extended from the Adriatic Sea to Transylvania . It was organized into six Border Fortress Captain Generalcies ( Grenzgeneralat ): In addition, there were four District Captain Generalcies ( Kreisgeneralat ). From the 1530s, immigration to the Military Frontier began to include a large number of Martolos , Vlach military colonists and other irregulars who were part of

3010-411: The ethnicity of the settlers has been a subject of debate. Viewpoints which have presented the origin of the Vlach settlers as predominantly Serb have been criticized for overemphasizing the Slavic origin of a part of the settler groups. In 1630 the Habsburg Emperor signed the Statuta Valachorum, or Vlach Statutes (Serbs and other Balkan Orthodox peoples were often called Vlachs). They recognized formally

3080-416: The generalate in 1665–66 when Frontiersmen under Stefan Osmokruhović rose up against the Austrian officers, after the rights of the frontiersmen had been compromised. In 1737 the Military Frontier was re-organized, and the Varaždin general command included the two regiments of Križevci and Đurđevac. The area was ceded to the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in 1871 and by 1886 its territory had become

3150-419: The growing practice of awarding such refugee families a free grant of crown land to farm communally as their zad- ruga. In return all male members over sixteen were obliged to do military service. The further guarantees of religious freedom and of no feudal obligations made the Orthodox Serbs valuable allies for the monarchy in its seventeenth-century struggle ... This also explains why extremist Croat nationalism

3220-400: The imperial court, giving them an appearance of autonomy, despite the fact that the level of self-government they had prior had actually decreased. The Statute created a separate region at the expense of the Croatia-Slavonia province. The statute also included the first delineation of the Varaždin generalate ( Slavonian Military Frontier ). The Statuta , applied only to Vlachs in the area of

3290-453: The military units defending the empire against Ottomans. The majority of immigrants were Serbs, and some were ethnic Croats, mainly from Bosnia. A large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević . The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary, and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees who were peasants. The 17th century

3360-407: The most important forts on the border with the Ottoman Empire. In the 1540s and following the Ottoman campaign of 1552, several conferences were held in which a new defense strategy was adopted. Separate defense zones were to be established in parts of Hungary and Croatia around the border forts. Austrian and Bohemian provinces were obligated to help finance this new system, beginning in the 1550s. At

3430-512: The name (Krajina) for their unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina . The occupied territory was virtually identical to the Military Frontier's territory, however also including some territories that were never a part of former Military Frontier, such as northern Dalmatia with town of Knin . Other territories that had constituted the Military Frontier remained under control of Republic of Croatia . Croatian forces regained control over Serb occupied territories after Operation Storm in 1995 (see

3500-471: The period when the territory of Serbia was largely under Ottoman rule. In order to attract Serbs into Hungary, emperor Leopold I decreed that they would be allowed to elect their own ruler, or Vojvoda, from which the name Vojvodina derives. In 1690, about 30,000 to 70,000 Serbs settled eastern Slavonia, Bačka and Banat in what became known as the Great Serbian Migrations . Later the Habsburgs did not allow Serbs to elect their own vojvoda; they incorporated

3570-405: The population of the Frontier (as it was then) became mixed between the autochthonous Croats and Croatian serfs who had fled the Ottoman territories, and the numerous minority of the Serb and Vlach (who were later assimilated into Croats and Serbs ) refugees who strove to expand their rights as a major contributor in the defense of the land. By creating the new military class in the Frontier,

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3640-448: The region into the military frontiers of eastern Slavonia and the Banat. However, the strong Serb presence in the region resulted in Vojvodina serving as the cradle of the Serbian renaissance during the 19th century. From October 1990, eight months before Croatia declared independence (June 25, 1991) from Yugoslavia , the Serbs who lived in the region of the former Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina) started an insurrection and adopted

3710-479: The relaxation of the Ottoman threat. During the 17th century territory of the Military Frontier was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia in the west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . The area was settled primarily with Croatian, Serbian and German colonists (known as grenzer and graničari ) who, in return for land grants, served in

3780-408: The same time the Croatian Military Frontier became known as the Karlovac generalate , and from the 1630s the Upper Slavonian Military Frontier was known as the Varaždin generalat . During the 16th and 17th centuries, the military administration of the Frontier was moved away from the Croatian ban and the Sabor (Parliament) and instead instated in the high command of Archduke Charles and

3850-404: The second half of the 16th century Vlachs from Slavonia were no longer an exclusive part of population because the Vlach privileges were attractive for many non-Vlachs who mixed with the Vlachs in order to get their status. A large migration of Serbs (called "people of Rascians or Vlachs") into Croatia and Slavonia from Ottoman territory took place in 1600. Vlachs moved to the Varaždin Generalate of

3920-604: The second half of the 16th century with concentration in Upper Slavonia where they lived in accordance with their traditions which later became part of Statuta Valachorum. Vlachs of Varaždin Generalate were once romanized groups which later gradually became Slavicized and integrated into the Greek Orthodox Church. In the sources fugitives without exception are called Vlachs and names Uskoks , Pribezi, Predavci are rarely used. Military colonists were exempted from some obligations and granted small land tracts, and allowed to elect their own captains ( vojvode ) and magistrates ( knezovi ). In

3990-429: The settlers, their civil administration based on the settlers' traditional law. All the rights were given in return for the settlers' military service to the Austrian Emperor. All males over sixteen were obliged to serve militarily. Ferdinand II did not include matters of land ownership in the statute, so that he wouldn't upset Croatian nobility. The goal of Statuta Valachorum was to bring the "Vlachs" under supervision of

4060-400: The short term, all this was ineffective, as in 1529 the Ottomans swept through the area, captured Buda and besieged Vienna , wreaking havoc throughout the Croatian border areas. The Habsburgs aimed at holding the Ottoman forces on Hungarian and Croatian territory before they could reach Austria, but did not have a clear defense plan. In the 1530s, significant reinforcements were sent only to

4130-430: The statute enabled for the Vlachs' election of local authorities, an argument for the consideration of the statute as that of a basis for the population's inner autonomy. The local authorities included knezes and judges, as representatives of executive and legislative powers. The decree laid out the rights and obligations of the settlers that stabilized their status for years after. These rights assumed free land given to

4200-406: The territory of the Frontier eventually became fully detached from the Croatian Parliament and the ban . As freedom of faith was granted to them, they preserved their Orthodox faith in spite of their living in a Catholic country. Eventually, the whole male population of the Military Frontier became professional soldiers who served the Empire on several fronts and through many European wars, even after

4270-435: The unhappy Serbs between the Sava and Drava instead gave colonel Trauttmansdorff their own draft, which would regulate relations to the state, and economical, legal and social relations. The War Council established a commission to study this draft. The Austrian court chancellery issued a statement to the emperor on 30 September, in which it is highlighted that "great military importance of the Vlach population accommodated between

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4340-524: The war, the area around the generalate was deserted. The Statuta Valachorum (1630), a decree of privileges to the Orthodox and some Greek Catholic Vlachs and ( Serb ) refugee community, was in effect in the generalate. A rebellion broke out in the generalate in 1632, the Frontiersmen ( Grenzer ) rose up against local Austrian governors; the rebellion was suppressed, and knez (count) Marko Bogdanović and harambaša Smiljan Vujica (or Smoljan Vujić) were executed. A rebellion broke out in

4410-533: The west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . During this period, the defence system was also changed, from a conventional garrison model to one of 'soldier-settler' communities. The inhabitants of the area were known as the Grenzer (or frontiersmen). They were mostly Serbian, Croatian, German, Vlach and other colonists. In exchange for land-grants, religious freedom and favorable tax rates, they colonized

4480-468: Was a borderland of the Habsburg monarchy and later the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire . It acted as the cordon sanitaire against incursions from the Ottoman Empire . The establishment of the new defense system in Hungary and Croatia took place in the 16th century, following the election of Ferdinand I as king. Six districts under special military administration were established in Hungary and Croatia. The Croatian Military Frontier and

4550-500: Was a relatively peaceful period, during which only smaller raids were made from the Province of Bosnia . After the Ottoman army was repelled at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Great Turkish War ended with much of the former Croatian lands under Habsburg control. Despite this, the Frontier system was retained, and expanded onto former Ottoman territories in Lika , Kordun , Banija , lower Slavonia , Syrmia , Bačka , Banat , Pomorišje , and Transylvania . The Habsburg Empire valued

4620-411: Was and a good part of the local Croatian population while Catholic population in Military Frontier also converted to Orthodoxy. During discussions of the Military Frontier administrative authorities of the Varaždin Generalate, it was established that among the Vlachs fugitives exist Slavonians whose ancestors were serfs who did not flied from the Ottomans and they are mixed among themselves. In its essence,

4690-403: Was feared that if the Vlachs left the Frontier for Ottoman Slavonia, the military and economical strength of the Habsburg monarchy would be notably weakened and threatened; at an assembly of ca. 3,400 war-equipped Vlachs (mainly Serbs), it was promised that the Vlachs stay under military organization and be given regulations in form of a statute, thereby regulating their legal status. The next year,

4760-429: Was proclaimed on 15 July 1881, while incorporation began on 1 August 1881, when Ban of Croatia Ladislav Pejačević took over from the Zagreb General Command. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the frontier was divided into several districts: In 1828 the population included: An Austrian statistical yearbook for 1846 notes that 1,226,408 residents lived in the Military Frontier: The first modern population census in

4830-411: Was signed in Regensburg, and was a compromise to the Grenzers' demands. It was given to a delegation of twelve Grenzers, military commanders and clergy. The Orthodox refugee community, called "Vlachs", were mainly Serbs. Privileges of Grenzers (called as "Vlachs" or "Morlachs") on the northern and northwestern border of Bosnia in 1630 was confirmed by Ferdinand II in "Statuta Valachorum". Under Vlach name

4900-472: Was subsequently liberated, and organized into a Habsburg protectorate . On 8 October 1789 Ernst Gideon von Laudon took over Belgrade . Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organizational and military skills. By 1791, however, the Austrians were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serb families who feared Ottoman persecution. The Treaty of Sistova (1791) ended

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