106-612: Timeline The Military Frontier ( German : Militärgrenze ; Serbo-Croatian : Војна крајина , Vojna krajina , Војна граница , Vojna granica ; Hungarian : Katonai határőrvidék ; Romanian : Graniță militară ) was a borderland of the Habsburg monarchy and later the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire . It acted as the cordon sanitaire against incursions from the Ottoman Empire . The establishment of
212-418: A multi-party political system . The Civil Organisations Act was formally amended to allow multiple political parties on 11 January 1990, legalising the new parties. By the time of the first round of the first multi-party elections , held on 22 April 1990, there were 33 registered parties. There were single-seat constituencies for half of the seats and a single nationwide constituency (through election lists) for
318-632: A new parliament must convene within 20 days after the elections. As specified by the current electoral legislation in Croatia, 140 members of the Parliament are elected in multi-seat constituencies , up to 3 members are chosen by proportional representation to represent Croatian citizens residing abroad and 8 members represent ethnic and national communities or minorities (including "undeclared", "unknown", or otherwise other than constitutionally recognized groups). The model of parliamentary elections
424-412: A party's list, and Ivan Grubišić 's list of non-partisan candidates has won seats as well. Since individuals (not parties) possess parliamentary seats once won, there also can be (and have been) instances where seat-holders became independent or switched to another political party. (*)In the first multi-party elections in 1990 three parliamentary chambers were elected in a two-round majoritarian system:
530-649: A single land, but with separate administration and representation. The whole area of Military Frontier was under military administration. All population, regardless of age and sex, belonged to the army and was subject to austrian military legislation. The Main Command had its headquarters in Zagreb , but remained directly subordinate to the Ministry of War in Vienna. The Croatian Parliament made numerous pleas to demilitarize
636-434: A single member of the same list. If the percentage of votes for a candidate exceeds 10%, they are elected as if it was an open list system. The list ranking is maintained for those candidates that do not meet this quota. Since 1990, seven parliamentary elections have been held in Croatia. The elections held in 1990 were the first multi-party elections following 45 years of Communist rule. The Parliament had three chambers at
742-647: A six-member committee to do the work of the Sabor when sessions were not possible. This body became operational in 1689 and had its mandate extended through the entire 18th and into the 19th century. This Conferentia Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae consisted of the ban, two high clerics and three or four noblemen, and it would bring forward numerous acts; it met in various places, usually Zagreb or Varaždin , but also in Čiče , Ludbreg , Kerestinec , Vienna , Želin , Bratislava , Klenovnik , Slunj , Glina , Petrinja , Rasinja , Ptuj and Budim . In 1731,
848-661: Is based on the Christmas Constitution (1990), but has been significantly modified four times since then, most recently in 1999. The most recent substantial revision of the election law came in February 2015, and was partially upheld by the Constitutional Court in September 2015. An element of preferential voting was introduced by letting voters choose not only for a list of candidates, but also
954-683: The banovina of Jajce and Srebrenik , and in 1469 the military captaincy of Senj , modeled after the Ottoman captaincies in the Province of Bosnia . All these actions aimed to improve defence, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. But, they did lead to development of the Pandur infantry and the Hussar cavalry. Vlachs known as " Martolos " and " Voynuks " were the most dangerous military element under Ottomans, while Vlachs and Serbs which fled from
1060-625: The Austro-Turkish War of 1787 . In 1787 the civil administration became separate from the military, but this was reversed in 1800. By the end of the 18th century, it had already become apparent for some time that the Ottomans were on the decline and were not likely to attempt any further invasions north of the Sava River. The Military Frontier thus began to outlive its usefulness. In 1848, Josip Jelačić , Ban of Croatia , became
1166-688: The Croat-Serb Coalition with the Party of Rights and other Croat and Serb parties. This Coalition ruled Croatia between 1903 and 1918. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), established in 1904 and led by Stjepan Radić , advocated Croatian autonomy but achieved only moderate gains by 1918. In the Kingdom of Dalmatia , two major parties were the People's Party , a branch of the People's Party active in
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#17327661998141272-589: The Croatian War of Independence for more information). Timeline of Austrian history This is a timeline of Austrian history , comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Austria and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Austria . Croatian Parliament Supported by (10) Opposition (75) The Croatian Parliament ( Croatian : Hrvatski sabor ) or
1378-399: The Habsburg monarchy – to shift towards the northwest. Much of the old Croatian territory either became Ottoman land or bordered the new Ottoman domain. In 1435, in an attempt to strengthen the defences against the Ottomans and Venice, King Sigismund founded the so-called tabor , a military encampment, each in Croatia, Slavonia and Usora . In 1463 King Matthias Corvinus founded
1484-655: The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , and the Autonomist Party , which advocated maintaining the autonomy of Dalmatia, opposing the People's Party's demands for unifying Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia. The Autonomist Party was also linked to Italian irredentism . By the 1900s, the Party of Rights also made electoral gains in Dalmatia. In Dalmatia, the Autonomists won the first three elections held there in 1861, 1864 and 1867, while those from 1870 to 1908 were won by
1590-689: The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and NATO Parliamentary Assembly . The members of the parliament elect the Speaker of the Parliament and one or more deputy speakers by a simple majority vote. Since the first multi-party elections held after the start of Communist rule, there have been eight speakers of the parliament; the first five, executing the office until constitutional amendments in March 2001, were also speakers of
1696-695: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and electing Maria Theresa of Austria as monarch . This event is also specified by the Constitution of Croatia as a part of the foundation of unbroken Croatian statehood from the Middle Ages to the present. In 1848, first modern Diet with the elected representatives was summoned (even high nobility and high dignitaries of the Catholic and Orthodox church remained ex officio members). The Sabor operated as
1802-557: The President of Croatia , the government of Croatia or a majority of the parliamentary members. The sessions are open to the public. The parliament decides through simple majority votes, except in issues pertaining to (constitutionally recognised) ethnic minorities in Croatia , the constitution, electoral legislation, the scope and operational methods of governmental bodies and local government; in these cases, decisions are made by two-thirds majority votes. The parliament may authorise
1908-610: The Sabor is the unicameral legislature of Croatia . Under the terms of the Croatian Constitution , the Sabor represents the people and is vested with legislative power. The Sabor is composed of 151 members elected to a four-year term on the basis of direct, universal and equal suffrage by secret ballot . Seats are allocated according to the Croatian Parliament electoral districts : 140 members of
2014-840: The War Council in Graz . Despite the financial support of the Inner Austrian nobility, the financing of the Military Frontier was not efficient enough. The military leadership in Graz decided to try solutions other than mercenary units. In the 1630s the Imperial Court decided to give land and certain privileges to immigrants into the Frontier (the uskok guerrillas as well as refugees from Ottoman-controlled lands) at
2120-486: The diets of the 9th century nobility to the modern parliament. The oldest Sabor whose records are preserved was held in Zagreb on 19 April 1273 as the Congregatio Regni totius Sclavonie generalis or Universitas nobilium Regni Sclavoniae (General diet of the entire kingdom of Slavonia or Community of the nobility of the kingdom of Slavonia). Its decisions had legislative power. The 1527 Parliament decision
2226-591: The 13th century, but there was no special building for this until the 18th century. Previously, sessions of the Sabor had been held in private houses, in royal estates in Gradec and at the bishop's residence. During the Croatian-Ottoman Wars , which severely disrupted the functioning of the Croatian kingdom, the Sabor's sessions became so impractical that the 1685 session decided to have the ban appoint
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#17327661998142332-609: The 1860s and contributed significantly to this sentiment were the Party of Rights (1861–1929) and the People's Party . They were opposed by the National Constitutional Party that was in power for most of the period between the 1860s and 1918, which advocated closer ties between Croatia and Hungary. Another significant party formed in this era was the Serb People's Independent Party , which would later form
2438-543: The 20th century. At the time, the Sabor advocated the implicit severance of ties with the Kingdom of Hungary , emphasizing links to other South Slavic lands within the empire. A period of neo-absolutism was followed by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and Croatian–Hungarian Settlement , recognizing the limited independence of Croatia, together with reinvigorated claims of uninterrupted Croatian statehood. Two political parties that evolved in
2544-494: The Austrian Empire was conducted in 1857 and recorded the religion of the population. The population of the Military Frontier numbered 1,062,072 inhabitants, while the religious structure of the Military Frontier was: Population data by divisions: Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier (Total 675,817) Banat Military Frontier (Total 386,255) Many Serbs emigrated to the north toward the southern regions of Hungary during
2650-702: The Bosnian Democratic Party of Croatia, the Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia , the German People's Union – National Association of Danube Swabians in Croatia , the Independent Democratic Serb Party, the Party of Democratic Action of Croatia , and the Serb People's Party . In addition, some independents have won seats through party lists by being elected as an independent running on
2756-462: The Chamber of Deputies ( Croatian : Zastupnički dom ) of the parliament or the unicameral parliament since (in 1992, 1995, 2000, 2003 and 2007). Starting with the 1992 elections, the number of seats first in the Chamber of Deputies, and then in the unicameral parliament, were significantly variable: ranging from 127 in 1995 to 153 in 2007. In the Croatian parliamentary elections held since 1992, when
2862-404: The Chamber of Deputies (since the parliament was bicameral at the time). As of 16 May 2024, Gordan Jandroković ( HDZ ) is the 12th Speaker of the Sabor. There are five deputy speakers in the current parliament: Željko Reiner (HDZ), Ivan Penava ( DP ) and Furio Radin (Ind.), Sabina Glasovac ( SDP ) and Siniša Hajdaš Dončić (SDP). The speaker of the parliament becomes the acting President of
2968-408: The Constitution of Croatia adopted in 1990, the parliament became bicameral . The Chamber of Deputies had been elected a few months earlier; its members enacted legislation creating a new territorial organisation of Croatia . This reorganisation included counties that were to be represented by the new Chamber of Counties ( Croatian : Županijski dom ). The first election of members of the chamber
3074-790: The Croatian General Command headquartered in Zagreb . The Serbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees who had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire. The Corps would fight for the liberation of Serbia and for unification under Habsburg rule. Several freikorps operated along the Habsburg-Ottoman frontier. The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and in early 1788. Serbia
3180-1021: The Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević, the Dalmatian Action party, the Democratic Centre party, the Istrian Democratic Assembly, the Liberal Party , the Party of Liberal Democrats , the Serb Democratic Party , the Slavonia-Baranja Croatian Party , and the Social Democratic Action of Croatia party. The following parties have won special seats reserved for representatives elected by minorities (also in alphabetical order):
3286-635: The Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed ban ( Viceroy or governor). Before any elections were held, the establishment was made obsolete with the beginning of World War II and the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia which banned all political opposition. In 1942, three sessions of an unelected Sabor were held in the Independent State of Croatia; these were held between 23 February and 28 December 1942, when it
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3392-642: The Frontier after the Turkish wars subsided. The demilitarization began in 1869 and on 8 August 1873, under Franz Joseph , the Banat Frontier was abolished and incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary , while part of the Croatian Frontier (Križevci and Đurđevac regiments) was already incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia on 1 August 1871. The decree in which the rest of the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers were incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia
3498-609: The Habsburg military. For more than two centuries, they would retain complete civilian and military authority over the area, up to the abolition of the Military Frontier in 1881. During the 17th century, the territory was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia proper in the west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . During this period,
3604-539: The Habsburg military. It would have complete civilian and military authority over it until abolition of the Military Frontiers. In November 1630, Emperor Ferdinand II proclaimed the so-called Statuta Valachorum ("Vlach Statute"), which regulated the status of so-called Vlach settlers (which included Croats , Serbs and Vlachs ) from the Ottoman Empire with regard to military command, their obligations, and rights to internal self-administration. Over time,
3710-615: The Legislation Committee are obligated to place that bill on the agenda of the session of the working body and conduct a debate on it. Furthermore, the Committees hold hearings on the petitions and proposals submitted to Sabor by citizens. Members of the Croatian Parliament engage in various inter-parliamentary activities. Deputies form permanent delegations to inter-parliamentary organizations , such as
3816-666: The Military Frontier also included the Habsburg-controlled northern parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the mid-18th century the Frontier was once again reorganized and modelled after the Imperial army and its regular regiments. In 1737 the Vlach Statute was formally abolished. All previous captaincies and voivodships were discarded, and the area was instead subdivided into general-commands, regiments and companies: After 1767, every twelfth inhabitant of
3922-775: The Military Frontier was a soldier – in contrast to every 62nd inhabitant in the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. The Frontier soldiers became a professional military, ready to move to all European battlefields. Due to further immigration of refugees from the Ottoman domain, and to the expansion of the territory to places previously controlled by the Ottomans, the population of the Frontier became even more mixed. There were still many autochthonous Serbs and Croats in Slavonia and in parts of present-day Vojvodina (in Syrmia, Bačka and Banat). However, at this time they became outnumbered by
4028-497: The November 1945 elections and several changes of the constitution. After the first multi-party elections since Communist rule and the adoption of the 1990 constitution, the Sabor was bicameral (Chamber of Representatives and Chamber of Counties) until 2001, when constitutional amendments changed it to the unicameral form currently used. The Sabor, in its various forms, has represented the identity and opinions of Croats from
4134-473: The Ottoman Empire were called in sources as "Vlachs schismatics" and Vlachs or Uskoks , other names which are mentioned are "Valachi seu Rasciani" "Valachi seu Serviani", "Valachi seu Graeci", Vlachs or Morlachs , "Illirica gens graeci ritus" and "homines Ritus Ruthenici seu Graeci". During the 17th and first half of the 18th century Catholic natives and Catholics immigrated from Bosnia and Kingdom of Croatia also converted to Orthodoxy. Most documents state that
4240-712: The Ottoman Vlachs and the Habsburg Vlachs. After the Croatian Parliament elected the Austrian Habsburgs as kings of Croatia in 1526, Ferdinand I promised the Croatian Parliament that he would give them 200 cavalrymen and 200 infantrymen, and that he would pay for another 800 cavalrymen who would be commanded by the Croatians. Soon the Habsburg monarchy founded another captaincy in Bihać . In
4346-408: The Ottoman military system, they were mostly Christians and some were Muslims. The new military expenditures became a considerable concern, and the Congress of Inner Austrian lands in Bruck an der Mur in 1578 defined the obligations of each land in covering the military expenses and defined the priorities in improving the defensive strategy. It was determined that the Duchy of Styria will finance
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4452-401: The Ottomans in the 15th century had a similar military tradition which Habsburgs begin to use on their side of the border. They were joined by some Vlachs from Bosnia and thus under the Habsburgs a special system of land ownership and military organization was created ie Military Frontier. This military border was an area of some major war campaigns, but mostly consisted of eternal clashes between
4558-449: The Parliament of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia . Since 1681, it has been formally called the Diet of the Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia . In 1712, the Sabor once again invoked its prerogative to select the ruler, supporting what later became the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . Since the mid-1800s, the Sabor has regularly met and its members have been regularly elected. Exercising its sovereignty once again on 29 October 1918,
4664-424: The Parliament of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia. Since 1681 it has been formally styled as the Congregatio Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae or Generalis Congregatio dominorum statuum et ordinum Regni (Diet of the Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia or General Diet of the Estates of the Realm). In 1712, the Sabor once again invoked its prerogative to select the ruler, supporting what later became
4770-462: The People's Party. In 1861–1918, there were 17 elections in Croatia-Slavonia and 10 in Dalmatia. Exercising its sovereignty once again on 29 October 1918, the Sabor decided on independence from Austria-Hungary and formation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . The council of the newly established state voted to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ; however, the Sabor never confirmed that decision. The 1921 constitution defining
4876-409: The Presidency of the Sabor, and one of its functions became representing Croatia, as the Yugoslav constituent republics were essentially viewed as nation-states generally surrendering only their foreign and defence policies to the federation; the federal bodies were no longer independent of, but instead formed by, the republics (after 1974 constitution, this role was taken by newly formed Presidency of
4982-450: The Republic elected by the Sabor). The first political party founded in Croatia since the beginning of the Communist rule was the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), established on 20 May 1989, followed by the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) on 17 June 1989. In December, Ivica Račan became the head of the reformed Communist party. At this time, the Communist party decided to cancel political trials, release political prisoners and endorse
5088-477: The Republic in the event of the death, resignation or incapacitation of the President of Croatia, as specified by the constitution. This situation occurred after the death of Franjo Tuđman in 1999, when Vlatko Pavletić became the acting president. After the 2000 parliamentary elections , the role was transferred to Zlatko Tomčić , who filled the office until Stjepan Mesić was elected President of Croatia in 2000 . The Constitution of Croatia mandates that
5194-454: The Republic of Croatia . The members are granted parliamentary immunity ; their criminal prosecution is possible only after parliamentary consent, except for crimes with five or more years of imprisonment mandated. The parliament may appoint investigative commissions for any matter of public interest. The Croatian parliament's powers are defined by the Constitution of Croatia. These include: defining economic, legal and political relations in
5300-693: The Republic of Croatia; preservation of Croatia's natural and cultural heritage and its utilisation; and forming alliances with other states. The parliament has the right to deploy Croatian Armed Forces abroad. It may also restrict constitutional rights and liberties in wartime or in cases of imminent war or following natural disasters, although that constitutional provision is limited to specific rights—right to life, prohibition of torture, cruel or denigrating conduct or punishment, upholding of habeas corpus and freedoms of thought, conscience and religious views. In addition, in those circumstances parliamentary members' terms may be extended. (As these rights are defined by
5406-458: The Sabor as the sole user. The present parliament building was completed in 1911 using the design of Lav Kalda and Karlo Susan. Due to the renovation works on the Sabor Palace following the events of the 2020 Zagreb earthquake , in 2024 the parliament has decided to temporarily relocate to the Črnomerec district, in the Petar Zrinski Barracks, the site of the Croatian Military Academy "Dr. Franjo Tuđman" [ hr ] . The exact date of
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#17327661998145512-462: The Sabor decided on independence from Austria-Hungary and formation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which later joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The Sabor did not meet between 1918 and 1945, except for an unelected Sabor convened in 1942. The Sabor initially reconvened as an assembly of State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH) in 1943 and evolved since through various structures following
5618-422: The Sabor had to convene elsewhere; it met in a theatre building located on a corner of the square. The theatre building later became the Zagreb City Hall . In 1907, the government of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia bought the parliament building and adjacent structures, starting construction of the present parliament building. At the same time, the Zagreb County government moved its headquarters elsewhere, leaving
5724-408: The Serb, Croat and Vlach refugees/immigrants. Some Germans , Poles , Magyars and Slovaks also came to the Frontier, mostly as administrative personnel, and a number of other settlers and military personnel arrived from other parts of the Habsburg Empire – Czechs , Poles , Slovaks , Ukrainians , Rusyns and others. In 1783 the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers came under the unified control of
5830-486: The Slavonian and Hungarian Frontiers, and the Duchy of Carniola will finance the Croatian Frontier. The Duchy of Carinthia put their finances at the disposal of Styria and Carniola, to direct the money where needed. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, there were around 20,000 troops stationed in Hungarian and Croatian border forts. By the end of the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs, other Vlachs and Serbs flee from Ottoman territory to Military Frontier and Dalmatia . At
5936-493: The Social-Political Council, the Council of Municipalities and the Council of Associated Labour. Turnout for the election each chamber varied. It was as follows: Social-Political council (84.5% in first round in all constituencies, 74.82% in second round in 51 of 80 constituencies), Council of Municipalities (84.1% in first round, 74.6% in second round) and Council of Associated Labour (76.5% in first round in all constituencies, 66% in second round in 103 of 160 constituencies). Under
6042-440: The Vlachs arriving "from Turkey" or "from Bosnia", ie the Bosnia Eyalet . When in 1699 and 1718 the lands of Croatia and Hungary returned, which was previously occupied by the Ottomans, the vast majority of that area became the Military Frontier. Throughout the entire region of this frontier various ethnic groups were settled including Croats, Serbs, Albanians and others which were also all together called Vlachs. From 1718 to 1739
6148-503: The ability to centrally control the area and to draft cheap and numerous army units. After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, the Seressaner troops were established with both military and police duties. They were not paid, but were exempted from taxes. Over the following century, each regiment had one section of Seressaners that organized border patrols towards Bosnia, particularly on difficult terrain, and stopped incursions of bandits. Orthodox Christians who settled Military Frontier from
6254-416: The area of Žumberak . In return they would serve in the Imperial army. The remaining local population was also encouraged to remain by receiving the status of free peasants (rather than serfs ) and other privileges. These new units were organized into ten or more voivodeships per each captaincy. In 1627, the Military Frontier was removed from the control of the Croatian Sabor and put under direct rule of
6360-430: The armed forces and security services, calls referendums , performs elections and appointments conforming to the constitution and applicable legislation, supervises operations of the Government and other civil services responsible to the parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences and performs other duties defined by the constitution. The oldest Sabor with extant records was held in Zagreb on 19 April 1273. This
6466-401: The building in 1807, when a building across St. Mark's Square was bought to accommodate them. Subsequently, the newly purchased building was named Banski dvori after its new primary purpose of housing the ban and his office. The Zagreb County government purchased buildings adjacent to the parliament in 1839 and commissioned a new building at the site. It was completed in 1849; in the meantime,
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#17327661998146572-405: The commander of the Military Frontier. He pressed for the unification of Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, and the Croatian-Slavonian Frontier. Although he did not have the power to abolish it, he secured approval for reforms and in 1848 the Military Frontier sent representatives to the Croatian Sabor, however, this was revoked in the 1850s. From 1850 the Frontier, Croatia and Slavonia formally constituted
6678-407: The constitution and applicable legislation, supervises operations of the government (headed by the Prime Minister of Croatia ) and other civil services responsible to the parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences and performs various other duties defined by the constitution. Becoming the Prime Minister of Croatia requires majority support in the parliament. The Government is responsible to
6784-453: The constitution, the decision would require a two-thirds majority. Since Croatia never declared a state of war during the breakup of Yugoslavia , this option has not been exercised in practice. ) The parliament reserves the right to amend the borders of Croatia. The parliament decides on constitutional amendments, enacts legislation, passes the state budget, declares war and decides on the cessation of hostilities, adopts declarations of policy of
6890-473: The defence system was also changed, from a conventional garrison model to one of 'soldier-settler' communities. The inhabitants of the area were known as the Grenzer (or frontiersmen). They were mostly Serbian, Croatian, German, Vlach and other colonists. In exchange for land-grants, religious freedom and favorable tax rates, they colonized the area and served as the bulwark for the monarchy against Ottoman incursions. Germans had been recruited by Hungary in
6996-427: The elections since 1990. These have been (in alphabetical order): the Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar (previously named Rijeka Democratic Alliance), the Croatian Christian Democratic Union , the Croatian Citizen Party, the Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja, the Croatian Democratic Peasant Party , the Croatian Independent Democrats , the Croatian Party of Pensioners, the Croatian Party of Rights ,
7102-466: The end of the 1560s, the new border system consisted of around 100–120 forts and extended from the Adriatic Sea to Transylvania . It was organized into six Border Fortress Captain Generalcies ( Grenzgeneralat ): In addition, there were four District Captain Generalcies ( Kreisgeneralat ). From the 1530s, immigration to the Military Frontier began to include a large number of Martolos , Vlach military colonists and other irregulars who were part of
7208-410: The government purchased houses at the site of the present building and construction of a new building started the next year. The Sabor first met in the new building on 6 May 1737. The building was originally designed to accommodate archives , the court and the office of the ban; however, the government of Zagreb County moved in as well in 1765. The ban's office, the court and the archives moved out of
7314-417: The government to enact regulations dealing with matters normally covered by parliamentary acts. Such regulations expire one year after the authorisation is issued. The authorisation does not apply to matters that must be decided upon by a parliamentary two-thirds vote. Legislation enacted by the parliament is either endorsed by the President of Croatia within eight days or referred to the Constitutional Court of
7420-405: The late 18th century to resettle and develop the Danube River Valley, and became known as Donauschwaben . The military regiments formed by the settlers had a vested reason to stand and fight and were familiar with local terrain and conditions. They soon gained a formidable military reputation. The Ottoman wars in Europe caused the border of the Kingdom of Hungary – and subsequently that of
7526-401: The legislative authority during the existence of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1848/1868 – 1918). The events of 1848 in Europe and in the Austrian Empire represent a watershed in Croatian society and politics, given their linkage to the Croatian national revival that strongly influenced and significantly shaped political and social events in Croatia from that point onwards to the end of
7632-449: The military units defending the empire against Ottomans. The majority of immigrants were Serbs, and some were ethnic Croats, mainly from Bosnia. A large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević . The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary, and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees who were peasants. The 17th century
7738-405: The most important forts on the border with the Ottoman Empire. In the 1540s and following the Ottoman campaign of 1552, several conferences were held in which a new defense strategy was adopted. Separate defense zones were to be established in parts of Hungary and Croatia around the border forts. Austrian and Bohemian provinces were obligated to help finance this new system, beginning in the 1550s. At
7844-511: The name (Krajina) for their unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina . The occupied territory was virtually identical to the Military Frontier's territory, however also including some territories that were never a part of former Military Frontier, such as northern Dalmatia with town of Knin . Other territories that had constituted the Military Frontier remained under control of Republic of Croatia . Croatian forces regained control over Serb occupied territories after Operation Storm in 1995 (see
7950-663: The new defense system in Hungary and Croatia took place in the 16th century, following the election of Ferdinand I as king. Six districts under special military administration were established in Hungary and Croatia. The Croatian Military Frontier and the Slavonian Military Frontier came under the jurisdiction of the Croatian Sabor and ban . In 1627, they were placed under the direct control of
8056-524: The new kingdom as a unitary state , and the abolition of historical administrative divisions, effectively ended Croatian autonomy for the time and the Sabor did not convene until the 1940s. The Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 established the autonomous Province of Croatia , or Banovina of Croatia, in which the Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport, while other matters were left to
8162-733: The number of seats in the parliament was limited to below 160, only 5 parties have won 10 seats or more in any one parliamentary election. These were the HDZ, the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), the Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS), the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) and the SDP. Several political parties, besides the HDZ, HSS, HNS, HSLS and SDP, have won parliamentary seats in
8268-678: The parliament are elected in multi-seat constituencies . An additional three seats are reserved for the diaspora and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina , while national minorities have eight places reserved in parliament. The Sabor is presided over by a Speaker , who is assisted by at least one deputy speaker (usually four or five deputies). The Sabor's powers are defined by the Constitution and they include: defining economic, legal and political relations in Croatia, preservation and use of its heritage and entering into alliances. The Sabor has
8374-433: The parliament consists of at least 100 members and no more than 160 members, elected by a direct secret ballot for four-year terms. Parliamentary elections are held within 60 days following the term's expiration or parliamentary dissolution (the latter takes place with a parliamentary no-confidence vote or if the parliament fails to approve a state budget within 120 days after the government submits one for approval), and
8480-471: The parliament, adopts national defence strategy, representing a long-term defence resource planning document, and national defence strategy, which defines bases for establishment and implementation of institutions, measures and activities in response to general security issues and specific challenges and threats to Croatia, implements civil supervision of the armed forces and security services, calls referendums , performs elections and appointments conforming to
8586-485: The parliament, is granted parliamentary immunity equal to that enjoyed by parliamentary members. The table below lists all 29 of the main committees in the 11th Sabor. The members of Sabor can be members of one or more of its committees. The working body has a president, vice-president and members of the working body from the ranks of representatives, unless otherwise specified in the Rules of Procedure. The composition of
8692-632: The parliament; some other institutions, such as the Croatian National Bank and the State Audit Office, also report directly to the parliament. The parliament appoints an ombudsman to promote and protect human rights and liberties established by the constitution, parliamentary legislation and treaties adopted by Croatia. The ombudsman is appointed for an eight-year term; the ombudsman's work is independent. The ombudsman, as well as all other persons authorised to act on behalf of
8798-604: The period when the territory of Serbia was largely under Ottoman rule. In order to attract Serbs into Hungary, emperor Leopold I decreed that they would be allowed to elect their own ruler, or Vojvoda, from which the name Vojvodina derives. In 1690, about 30,000 to 70,000 Serbs settled eastern Slavonia, Bačka and Banat in what became known as the Great Serbian Migrations . Later the Habsburgs did not allow Serbs to elect their own vojvoda; they incorporated
8904-455: The population of the Frontier (as it was then) became mixed between the autochthonous Croats and Croatian serfs who had fled the Ottoman territories, and the numerous minority of the Serb and Vlach (who were later assimilated into Croats and Serbs ) refugees who strove to expand their rights as a major contributor in the defense of the land. By creating the new military class in the Frontier,
9010-610: The region into the military frontiers of eastern Slavonia and the Banat. However, the strong Serb presence in the region resulted in Vojvodina serving as the cradle of the Serbian renaissance during the 19th century. From October 1990, eight months before Croatia declared independence (June 25, 1991) from Yugoslavia , the Serbs who lived in the region of the former Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina) started an insurrection and adopted
9116-478: The relaxation of the Ottoman threat. During the 17th century territory of the Military Frontier was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia in the west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . The area was settled primarily with Croatian, Serbian and German colonists (known as grenzer and graničari ) who, in return for land grants, served in
9222-682: The remaining seats. Still, the most relevant parties and coalitions were the renamed Communist party (the League of Communists of Croatia — Party of Democratic Changes), the HDZ and the Coalition of People's Accord (KNS), which included the HSLS, led by Dražen Budiša , and the HSS, which resumed operating in Croatia in December 1989. The runoff election , open to any candidate receiving at least 7% of
9328-555: The right to deploy the Croatian Armed Forces abroad, and it may restrict some constitutional rights and liberties in wartime or in cases of imminent war or following natural disasters. The Sabor amends the borders of Croatia or the Constitution, enacts legislation, passes the state budget, declares war and decides on cessation of hostilities, adopts parliamentary resolutions and bylaws, adopts long-term national security and defence strategies, implements civil supervision of
9434-693: The ruling party and the Communist Party of Croatia (from 1952 the League of Communists of Croatia ) as a branch party. In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation. During Communist rule, the Sabor went from a unicameral parliament as specified by the 1947 constitution, to bicameral in 1953, changing again in 1963 to as many as five chambers and then to three in 1974. The constitutional amendments of 1971 established
9540-679: The same time the Croatian Military Frontier became known as the Karlovac generalate , and from the 1630s the Upper Slavonian Military Frontier was known as the Varaždin generalat . During the 16th and 17th centuries, the military administration of the Frontier was moved away from the Croatian ban and the Sabor (Parliament) and instead instated in the high command of Archduke Charles and
9646-400: The short term, all this was ineffective, as in 1529 the Ottomans swept through the area, captured Buda and besieged Vienna , wreaking havoc throughout the Croatian border areas. The Habsburgs aimed at holding the Ottoman forces on Hungarian and Croatian territory before they could reach Austria, but did not have a clear defense plan. In the 1530s, significant reinforcements were sent only to
9752-472: The subject of news coverage by media of Croatia , and Saborska televizija was set up in 2007 in addition as an IPTV channel broadcasting all plenary sessions of the parliament. Finally, the Parliament's Public Relations Department publishes a news bulletin available to all institutions and citizens of Croatia through a print paid subscription, and online for free. The Sabor has convened in Zagreb since
9858-459: The territory of the Frontier eventually became fully detached from the Croatian Parliament and the ban . As freedom of faith was granted to them, they preserved their Orthodox faith in spite of their living in a Catholic country. Eventually, the whole male population of the Military Frontier became professional soldiers who served the Empire on several fronts and through many European wars, even after
9964-882: The time; the candidates ran for all 80 seats in the Social-Political Council of Croatia, all 116 seats to the Municipalities Council of Croatia and all 160 seats to the Associated Labour Council of Croatia. The first round of the election saw a turnout of 85.5%; the turnout for the runoff election was 74.8%. In this election, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won 205 seats and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia won 107. Between then and 2007, five parliamentary elections were held for
10070-534: The vote, was held on 6 May 1990. The HDZ led by Franjo Tuđman won ahead of the reformed Communists and the KNS. The KNS, led by the former leaders of the Croatian Spring ( Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Miko Tripalo ), soon splintered into individual parties. On 8 October 1991, Croatia's declaration of independence took effect. The HDZ maintained a parliamentary majority until the 2000 parliamentary elections when it
10176-517: The war, the Communists ran unopposed in the 1945 elections; all opposition parties boycotted the elections due to coercion and intimidation by the OZNA secret police and the Communist Party , aimed at eliminating electoral dissent. Once in power, the Communists introduced a single-party political system, with the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (from 1952 the League of Communists of Yugoslavia ) as
10282-403: The working body generally corresponds to the party composition of the Parliament. The parliamentary committees debate and discuss initiatives and motions ahead of the enactment of laws, other regulations and other matters within the authority of the Sabor. Prior to the debate on any bill proposed by the government or deputies at the Sabor session, the chairperson of the competent working body and
10388-502: Was a decisive event of fundamental importance for the extension and confirmation of Croatian statehood, as described by the Constitution of Croatia. The parliament freely chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as the new ruler of Croatia, after centuries of Croatian personal union with Hungary . Following the entry into the Habsburg Monarchy, the Sabor became a regular noble diet, and its official title gradually stabilised by 1558 to
10494-669: Was a relatively peaceful period, during which only smaller raids were made from the Province of Bosnia . After the Ottoman army was repelled at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Great Turkish War ended with much of the former Croatian lands under Habsburg control. Despite this, the Frontier system was retained, and expanded onto former Ottoman territories in Lika , Kordun , Banija , lower Slavonia , Syrmia , Bačka , Banat , Pomorišje , and Transylvania . The Habsburg Empire valued
10600-474: Was defeated by the SDP led by Račan. The HDZ returned to power in the 2003 elections , while the SDP remained the largest opposition party. The Parliament represents the citizens of the Republic of Croatia ; it acts as the country's legislature . It convenes regularly in two sessions each year, from 15 January to 15 July and from 15 September to 15 December; however, extraordinary sessions may be called by
10706-549: Was formally dissolved. The assembly had no real power as the state was under the direct rule of (the fascist) Ante Pavelić . The post-World War II Sabor developed from the National Anti-fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), formed in 1943. In 1945, ZAVNOH transformed itself into the National Sabor of Croatia, preserving the continuity of Croatian sovereignty. After
10812-612: Was on 13 April 1997. The Chamber of Counties was abolished by a 2001 constitutional amendment. The Croatian Parliament publishes all its decisions in Narodne Novine , the official gazette of the Republic of Croatia. Article 90 of the constitution requires publication of all acts and other regulations in the gazette before they are legally binding. Narodne Novine is available through a paid subscription as print, or for free online. Parliamentary debates and other proceedings are
10918-464: Was on 7 February 1993, with each of the counties acting as a three-seat constituency using proportional representation. In addition, as per Article 71 of the 1990 constitution, the President of Croatia was given the option of appointing up to 5 additional members of the Chamber of Counties; it could have as many as 68 members. The second and last election for the Chamber of Counties of the parliament
11024-576: Was proclaimed on 15 July 1881, while incorporation began on 1 August 1881, when Ban of Croatia Ladislav Pejačević took over from the Zagreb General Command. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the frontier was divided into several districts: In 1828 the population included: An Austrian statistical yearbook for 1846 notes that 1,226,408 residents lived in the Military Frontier: The first modern population census in
11130-580: Was subsequently liberated, and organized into a Habsburg protectorate . On 8 October 1789 Ernst Gideon von Laudon took over Belgrade . Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organizational and military skills. By 1791, however, the Austrians were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serb families who feared Ottoman persecution. The Treaty of Sistova (1791) ended
11236-502: Was the Sabor of Slavonia , and not of Croatia and Dalmatia . The earliest recorded Sabor of the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia dates to 1350 in Podgrađe near Benkovac . The Parliament session held in 1527 in Cetin affirmed the House of Habsburg as Croatian rulers. After this, the Sabor became a regular gathering of the nobility, and its official title gradually stabilised by 1558 as
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