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80-640: Vranje ( Serbian Cyrillic : Врање , pronounced [ʋrâɲɛ] ) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District . The municipality of Vranje has a population of 74,381 and its urban area has 55,214 inhabitants. Vranje is the economical, political and cultural centre of the Pčinja District in Southern Serbia. It was the first city from

160-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

240-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

320-419: A company of tunnel diggers from Novo Brdo were sent to Mehmet II (1451–1481) to aid in his attack on Constantinople, which ended on 29 May 1453 with the city's fall . According to the account of Bertrandon de la Broquière written in 1433, Đurađ was receiving 200,000 ducats out of Novo Brdo annually, while Novo Brdo mines were the most prosperous in the whole Balkan peninsula . At the time, annual income from

400-469: A custom of donating a certain amount of silver from Novo Brdo to various monasteries: Prince Lazar to Ravanica and Drenča , Despot Stefan Lazarević (r. 1389–1427) to Hilandar and Great Lavra , and Despot Đurađ Branković (r. 1427–1456) to Esphigmenou . In 1405, Despot Stefan donated an annual income of 100 pounds of silver from Novo Brdo to the Hilandar monastery. The law of the city of Novo Brdo

480-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

560-469: A mixed Slav-Albanian anthroponomy - that is to say, a Slavic first name and an Albanian last name, or last names with Albanian patronyms and Slavic suffixes such as Gjonoviç, Gjinoviq, Progonoviq, Bushatoviq, Dodishiq, Kondiq, Lekiq and other such names. Many Albanian Catholic priests were registered as residing in Novo Brdo, as well as in towns like Janjevo, Trepça, Prizren and others. Novo Brdo mines in

640-492: A steep decline of the town since 1455. According to defters for 1477 and for the period from 19 August 1498 to 7–8 August 1499, Novo Brdo was a completely Christian town, without a single Muslim , and contained 887 homes in total, out of which 78 were new. Of the approximately 5,000 inhabitants, 73 were miners and craftsmen. A defter for the Vučitrn sanjak , dated 4 January 1526, registered 514 homes, of which 139 were Muslim. From

720-541: A tower), while the remaining two vertices are actually arched ramparts (west) and Upper Town (East). The main entrance to the Lower Town is the great cart gate with a ramp, which is located in the southeast rampart alongside the south tower of the Upper Town. In the north wall near the north tower of the Lower Town is a pedestrian gate which was used for sallies during the siege. Novo Brdo has eight towers – six in

800-698: A word of Slavic origin meaning swarthy or dark, or the archaic Slavic given name Vran, which itself is derived from the same word. The Romans conquered the region in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC. Vranje was part of Moesia Superior and Dardania during Roman rule. The Roman fortresses in the Vranje region were abandoned during the Hun attacks in 539–544 AD; these include the localities of Kale at Vranjska Banja , Gradište in Korbevac and Gradište in Prvonek . During

880-447: Is twinned with: Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During

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960-419: Is 285 km (177 mi); distance from the international airports of Skopje and Niš are 90 km (56 mi). Vranje has a long tradition of industrial production, trade, and tourism and is rich in natural resources , such as forests and geothermal resources . Until the second half of the 20th century Vranje was a craftsman town. The crafts included weaving, water-milling, and carriages craft. With

1040-547: Is as follows: Novo Brdo Fortress Novo Brdo Fortress ( Albanian : Kalaja e Novobërdës, Kalaja e Artanës ; Serbian : Тврђава Ново Брдо , Tvrđava Novo Brdo ) is a medieval Serbian fortress in Kosovo . Its ruins are located near the town of Novo Brdo , about 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Pristina . The fortress was built in the late 13th century by king Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia to protect gold, silver, iron and lead mines which were abundant throughout

1120-413: Is in the north of the city. The city has traditional Balkan and Ottoman architecture. The well-known theater play Koštana by Bora Stanković is set in Vranje. Vranje is famous for its popular old music. The best known music is from the theater piece with music, Koštana , by Bora Stanković. This original music style has been renewed recently by taking different, specific, and more oriental form, with

1200-401: Is mentioned in 1439, which indicated that Novo Brdo in the 15th century was organized as a city municipality. Production of silver and gold peaked between 1420 and 1440. The Ottoman Empire tried to capture Novo Brdo in 1412, but after a long siege they were forced to retreat. They then shifted their activity in Novo Brdo to intercepting caravans from Ragusa, attempting to deny them access to

1280-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

1360-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

1440-547: The 33 oblasts ; in 1929, it became part of the Vardar Banovina . During World War II , Nazi German troops entered the town on 9 April 1941 and transferred it to Bulgarian administration on 22 April 1941. Vranje was liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans on 7 September 1944. During Socialist Yugoslavia , Vranje was organized into the Pčinja District. In the 1960s and 1970s it was industrialized . During

1520-613: The Balkans to be declared UNESCO city of Music in 2019. It is located on the Pan-European Corridor X , close to the borders with North Macedonia , Kosovo and Bulgaria . The Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Vranje is seated in the city, as is the 4th Land Force Brigade of the Serbian Army . The toponym Vranje is first attested in an 11th-century Byzantine text. The town's name is believed to be derived from vran ,

1600-710: The Habsburg monarchy during the Great Serb Migration . The Ottomans reclaimed the fortress later that year, killing the entire Austrian garrison that had been left behind by Piccolomini. Afterwards, the exploitation of Novo Brdo mines and the use of the nearby fortress and adjoining settlements ceased. The fortress suffered significant damage in 1892, when the Ottomans used its well-made stones to build barracks in Pristina. Systematic archaeological research of

1680-504: The Middle Ages , in the 9th-11th centuries, the territory of modern-day Vranje was a part of Bulgaria . The first written mention of Vranje comes from Byzantine chronicle Alexiad by Anna Comnena (1083–1153), in which it is mentioned how Serbian ruler Vukan in 1093, as part of his conquests, reached Vranje and conquered it, however only shortly, as he was forced to retreat from the powerful Byzantines. The city name stems from

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1760-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

1840-754: The Principality of Serbia , with little more than 8,000 inhabitants at that time. Up until the end of the Balkan Wars , the city had a special position and role, as the transmissive station of Serbian state political and cultural influence on Macedonia . In the early 20th century, Vranje had around 12,000 inhabitants. As a border town of the Kingdom of Serbia , it was used as the starting point for Serbian guerrilla (Chetniks) who crossed into Ottoman territory and fought in Kosovo and Macedonia. In World War I ,

1920-649: The Yugoslav Wars (1991–95) and the Kosovo War (1998–99), especially during and following the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , as well as emigrants from Kosovo in the aftermath of the latter conflict have further increased the population. According to the 2022 census results, there are 74,381 inhabitants in the city of Vranje. The ethnic composition of the city administrative area (2011 census): The city of Vranje consists of two city municipalities: Vranje and Vranjska Banja . Their municipal areas include

2000-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

2080-470: The "Strategy of sustainable development of the city of Vranje from 2010 to 2019," for the achievement of objectives through a transparent and responsible business partnership with industry and the public. As of 2020, a total of 24,509 people were employed. A total of 5,921 people (19.46%) were unemployed. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): The city of Vranje

2160-595: The 14th and 15th centuries they were invited to move to and work in Italy and Spain. Ragusan documents attest to the presence of a significant number of Albanians living in Novo Brdo throughout the 14th and early 15th centuries, including members of the Catholic Albanian clergy with names such as Gjergjash and Gjinko , Gjini , son of Gjergji , the presbyter (1382); the reverend Gjergj Gega , Nikollë Tanushi , Gjergj Andrea Pellini and Nikolla Progonovic . In

2240-490: The 15th century were especially known for the production of glam silver ( argentum de glama ), a type of silver containing up to 33% gold. Merchants of Dubrovnik sought to purchase this ore at the price of ordinary silver, then refine the gold themselves, and gain enormous profits. According historical estimates, the mines of Novo Brdo produced up to 6 tonnes of silver annually. When the Nemanjić dynasty first took control of

2320-402: The 17th century, mintage was renewed in the fortress during the reign of sultan Murad IV (1623–1640), but was stopped in 1651. At the time there were only 18 Roman Catholic homes with 70 Roman Catholics left, and both Roman Catholic churches were so damaged that the priest held mass in one of the houses. In 1685, there were only 10 houses left in the fortress, which was so ruined by then that

2400-484: The 1990s, the economy of Vranje was heavily affected by the sanctions against Yugoslavia and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia . Vranje is situated in the northwestern part of the Vranje basin, on the left waterside of the South Morava . Vranje is at base of the mountains Pljačkovica (1,231 metres (4,039 feet)), Krstilovice (1,154 metres (3,786 feet)) and Pržar (731 metres (2,398 feet)). The Vranje river and

2480-503: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

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2560-563: The 40 janissaries of the garrison were stationed in suburbs, which contained only 150 Christian and Muslim homes. During the Great Turkish War , with the help of local Serbian rebels, general Enea Silvio Piccolomini occupied Novo Brdo in 1686, only a year after it was abandoned. In 1690–91, under the leadership of the Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević (1672–1706), the local Serbs moved to

2640-697: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

2720-581: The Old Serbian word vran ("black"). The second mention is from 1193, when Vranje was temporarily taken by Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja from the Byzantines. Vranje definitely entered the Serbian state in 1207 when it was conquered by Grand Prince Stefan Nemanjić . Some time before 1306, tepčija Kuzma was given the governorship of Vranje (a župa , "county", including the town and neighbouring villages), serving King Stefan Milutin . At

2800-699: The Serbian Empire , Vranje was part of Uglješa Vlatković 's possessions, which also included Preševo and Kumanovo . Uglješa became a vassal of Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević after the Battle of Tripolje (1403); Vranje became part of Serbian Despotate . The medieval župa was a small landscape unit, whose territory expanded with creation of new settlements and independence of hamlets and neighbourhoods from župa villages and shepherd cottages. Good mercantile relations with developing mine city Novo Brdo led to creation of numerous settlements. In 1455, Vranje

2880-475: The Serbian name. Some of them are: Nowobordo , Nowebordo , Novus Mons , Novomonte , Monte Novo , Nyeberghe , Novaberde , Νοβόπριδον . Novo Brdo Fortress consists of two parts: the Upper Town and the Lower Town. It is composed of eight rectangular towers (six in the Upper Town and two in the Lower Town), three gates (one in the Upper Town and two in the Lower Town), and a large dry moat around most of

2960-548: The Upper Town and two in the Lower Town: Novo Brdo has three gates, one in the Upper Town and two in the Lower Town: Within the mining settlement of Novo Brdo there are seven Eastern Orthodox churches and two Roman Catholic churches, the most important being: Religious life in medieval Novo Brdo was characterized by the coexistence of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic communities. Novo Brdo

3040-616: The Yugoslav era, the fortress of Novo Brdo was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance . When Kosovo declared its independence in 2008 it was temporarily designated as a special protective site and since 2014 is on the database of protected cultural heritage of the Ministry of Culture of Kosovo. Novo Brdo means New Hill in Serbian . Other names for Novo Brdo in written sources are either translations or are derived from

3120-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

3200-459: The area in the 12th century, settlements were built on hilltops and in strong defensive positions against attacks by rivals or local peasants – but when the Ottomans took control of the area in the 15th century there was less need for this and towns developed in the valleys instead. The small steam bath located in the castle is considered to be unique in the history of Serbian medieval architecture. Significant mining activity in Novo Brdo began in

3280-470: The area. Novo Brdo was famous for its silver. Together with the castles of Prizren , 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the southwest, and Prilepac , 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to the southeast, which guard access roads to the fortress, Novo Brdo helped form a defensive complex overlooking the lucrative mining operations. Novo Brdo was at its height during the Serbian Despotate (1402–1459), when it

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3360-816: The beginning of industrialization in the 1960s, many of these crafts disappeared. In those years, many factories were opened, such as the Tobacco Industry of Vranje ( Serbian : Дуванска индустрија Врање ), Simpo , Koštana (shoe factory), Yumco (cotton plant), Alfa Plam (technical goods), SZP Zavarivač Vranje and others. The most common industries in the city of Vranje are timber industry , clothing, footwear and furniture, food and beverages, agricultural, textile industry , chemical industry , construction industry , machinery and equipment, and business services. There are more than 2,500 small- and medium-size companies. To potential investors there are industrial sites, with plan documents and furnished infrastructure. Among

3440-513: The book of debtors belonging to Ragusan merchant Mihail Lukarevic, who resided in Novobërda during the 1430s, 150 Albanian household heads were mentioned as living in Novo Brdo with their families. They worked as miners, artisans and specialists in the mines of Novo Brdo. The anthroponomy of these figures is characteristically Albanian; distinctive Albanian names such as Gjon, Gjin, Tanush, Progon, Lek, Gjergj and Bibë are mentioned. Some families had

3520-555: The border with North Macedonia . Vranje is the economical, political, and cultural centre of the Pčinja District in South Serbia. The Pčinja District also includes the municipalities of Bosilegrad , Bujanovac , Vladičin Han , Preševo , Surdulica , and Trgovište . It is located on the Pan-European Corridor X . The city population has been expanded by Yugoslav-era settlers and urbanization from its surroundings. Serb refugees of

3600-477: The breakup of Yugoslavia, and due to sanctions imposed on FR Yugoslavia during the rule of Slobodan Milošević , the number of employees began to drop; factories which employed a large number of people closed, among whom are Yumco and Koštana. As of 2010, there were only 18,958 employed inhabitants and 7,559 unemployed. As of 2010, the city of Vranje has 59,278 available workers. In 2010, the City Council passed

3680-446: The center and Hotel Pržar overlooking the city and the valley. The city has traditional Serbian cuisine as well as international cuisine restaurants and many cafes and bars. The city used to have an association football team, Dinamo Vranje , which has since been disbanded. Vranje is located in southern Serbia, on Corridor X near the border with North Macedonia and Bulgaria . The distance from Thessalonica international harbor

3760-418: The city are divided by the main road and railway line, which leads to the north Leskovac (70 km), Niš (110 kilometres (68 miles)) and Belgrade (347 kilometres (216 miles)), and, to the south Kumanovo (56 kilometres (35 miles)), Skopje (91 kilometres (57 miles)) and Thessalonica (354 kilometres (220 miles)). It is 70 km (43 mi) from the border with Bulgaria , 40 km (25 mi) from

3840-456: The companies with business locations in the city are British American Tobacco , Simpo , Sanch , Mladenovic D.O.O , Kenda Farben , Danny style , OMV and Hellenic Petroleum . As of September 2017, Vranje has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia. As of 1961, there were 1,525 employees; in 1971, there were 4,374 employees; and in 1998, there were 32,758 employees. Following

3920-779: The contribution of rich brass instruments. It is played particularly by the Vranje Romani people . Vranje is the seat of Pčinja District and, as such, is a major center for cultural events in the district. Most notable annual events are Borina nedelja, Stari dani, Dani karanfila (in Vranjska Banja ), etc. Vranje lies close to Besna Kobila mountain and Vranjska Banja, locations with high potential that are underdeveloped. Other locations in and around Vranje with some tourist potential include Prohor Pčinjski monastery , Kale-Krševica , Markovo kale, Pržar, birth-house museum of Bora Stankovic. Largest hotels are Hotel Vranje, near

4000-615: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

4080-405: The direction that is most approachable. In the middle of the flattened portion is the large rectangular four-sided donjon tower. Opposite the donjon in the western vertex is a three-sided tower, its curved side adorned with a cross in dark red brick facing the Lower Town and the west. In each of the remaining vertices are square towers. The entrance to the Upper Town was through a pedestrian gate in

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4160-460: The east and southeast. Settlements of Sass miners and merchant colonies of traders from Dubrovnik were located in the suburbs, as well as merchants from the Italian city-states , especially Venice . The Upper Town is the citadel of Novo Brdo and has a nearly regular hexagonal shape that is flattened on the east, so it almost takes on the look of a pentagon with the flat side facing outward toward

4240-599: The end of June, when they surrendered. The Ottomans then plundered and burnt the town. After a successful crusade in 1443–44, which penetrated all the way to Sofia and led to the restoration of the Serbian Despotate under the terms of the Szeged peace treaty, Novo Brdo was returned without a fight to Despot Đurađ Branković . Under Đurađ's vassal obligations towards the Ottoman sultan, a detachment of cavalry and

4320-423: The first half of the 13th century during the reign of Serbian King Stefan Vladislav (r. 1233–1243), who had brought Saxon miners (" Sasi ") to Serbia and developed mines. The fortress of Novo Brdo was created during the early years of the reign of king Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia (r. 1282–1321) and became one of the most important settlements of Sass miners (they called Novo Brdo Nyeuberghe ). Novo Brdo

4400-559: The following settlements: Vranje was an important Ottoman trading site. The White Bridge is a symbol of the city and is called "most ljubavi" (lovers' bridge) after the tale of the forbidden love between the Muslim girl Ajša and Christian Stojan that resulted in the father killing the couple. After that, he built the bridge where he had killed her and had the story inscribed in Ottoman Arabic. The 11th-century Markovo Kale fortress

4480-401: The insignia "Nouomonte moneta argentea" were made in Novo Brdo beginning in 1349 by Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović (r. 1373–1389). Novo Brdo's glam silver ( argentum de glama ) was much sought after by Ragusan traders. The significance of Novo Brdo is further documented by the number of late medieval luxury goods findings, which speak about its prosperity and high status. Serbian rulers had

4560-432: The main headquarters of the Serbian army was in the town. King Peter I Karađorđević , Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and the chief of staff General Radomir Putnik stayed in Vranje. Vranje was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria on 16–17 October 1915, after which war crimes and Bulgarisation was committed on the city and wider region. After the war, Vranje was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in one of

4640-551: The mid-19th century consisted of Turks and Albanians . During the Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878) , most of the Albanian population of Vranje was forced to flee to the Ottoman vilayet of Kosovo and others Muslims such as Turks fled from the city as well. The only Muslim population permitted to remain after the war in the town were Serbian speaking Muslim Romani of whom in 1910 numbered 6,089 in Vranje. Vranje entered

4720-509: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

4800-469: The rampart between the tower with the cross and the tower to the south of it. The length of Upper Town (in the north–south direction) is 50 metres (160 ft), while its width is 45 metres (148 ft). Lower Town is a fortified settlement of Novo Brdo in the shape of an elongated rectangle (180 m x 95 m, of which 45 m belong to Upper Town) with flattened sides (at the east and west). Lower Town consists of only two complete vertices (each with

4880-820: The rivers Kriva reka (which was known as Topolnica at the time) and Prilepnica. The approach to Novo Brdo was defended by castles in Prizrenac and Prilepac. Contemporary sources also mention the existence of a hospital owned by the Catholic church. The mining work force consisting mainly of Sass valturci or rupnici (miners). Lively trade was conducted in the square, mostly by merchants from Dubrovnik and Venice, but also by Sass purgar (citizens). Sass had its own civil court, notaries, urburare (accountants that took care of mining tithe ), and church. The Novo Brdo miners were so famous in Europe for their advanced skills that in

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4960-434: The same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and

5040-468: The same time, kaznac Miroslav held the surroundings of Vranje. Next, kaznac Baldovin (fl. 1325–45) received the province around Vranje, serving King Stefan Dečanski . Next, župan Maljušat, Baldovin's son, held the župa of Vranje. By the time of the proclamation of the Serbian Empire , holders with the title kefalija are present in Vranje, among other cities. During the fall of

5120-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

5200-686: The site started in 1952 by the Archaeological Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts . In 1957, the National Museum of Serbia joined the research. Endeavors resulted in a number of multidisciplinary studies. Research was discontinued in 1999, due to the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia . Amateur excavations, treasure hunting , plundering, and illegal diggings, almost constant since 1999, continue to deteriorate

5280-614: The town was around 120,000 ducats. In 1454 the great voivode of Novo Brdo was Alessio Spani, a son of Peter Spani of the noble Albanian Spani family . Alessio's father Petar was also voivode of Novo Brdo under Stefan Lazarević . In 1455, the Ottomans attacked Novo Brdo again, and with the use of heavy artillery, forced the besieged to surrender on 1 June 1455. Under the orders of Sultan Mehmed II , all men of any distinguished rank or importance were decapitated . An estimated 320 boys were taken to become janissaries ( devşirme ). Approximately 700 girls and young women were taken to serve as

5360-464: The town, but the town remained mainly undisturbed. Despot Stefan Lazarević ratified a set of laws on mining, the Sasi community, and exploitation of the mines in 1412. An archery tournament was held in 1413. After the first collapse of the Serbian Despotate in 1439, the Ottomans began a long siege of the fort, which ended with surrender of the Serbian defenders on 27 July 1441. Although the rest of Serbia

5440-545: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

5520-416: The walls (from the north point of Upper Town to the north point of Lower Town to the south point of Lower Town). Upper Town has an irregular hexagonal shape. Lower Town fans out toward the west down the slope of the hill. The dry moat wraps around the fortress from the west to the north. There is a source of drinking water inside the fortress. Vast suburbs ( Serbian : Подграђе ) outside the city walls expand to

5600-431: The wives of Ottoman soldiers and their commanders. The siege and its aftermath were described in Memoirs of a Janissary , written in 1490—1501 by Novo Brdo resident Konstantin Mihailović , who was one of the boys taken. Exploitation of the surrounding mines continued under the Ottomans, though operations were significantly diminished due to the lack of a professional work force and deteriorating conditions that had caused

5680-407: Was a scattered town, a huge mining settlement, and a suburb of Novo Brdo. The square ( mercatum or burgus ), the heart of social life, was located here. It had its own statute (law), at least since 1439. Due to large amounts of high-quality silver, trade ties of Novo Brdo extended far beyond the Balkan peninsula, especially to the west across the Adriatic Sea to Italy and beyond. Suburbs extended to

5760-601: Was also known as the Place of the Sasi ( Serbian : Сашко место ). Novo Brdo appears in historical records in 1325, already renowned as a mining and trading center in which Ragusan traders conducted trade and had a customs office and a consul. In a letter from that year, King Stefan of Dečani informed the government of the Republic of Ragusa that the lease for the use of the Novo Brdo mine had been paid in full by Ragusan merchants. Silver coins ( grossi di Novaberda ) carrying

5840-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

5920-581: Was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, amid the fall of the medieval Serbian state. It was organized as the seat of a kaza (county), named Vranje, after the city and the medieval župa . Vranje was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1878, when the town was captured by the Serbian army commanded by Jovan Belimarković . The urban population of Vranje consisted of 30,061 Christian and 12,502 Muslim males, with total number of 2,500 Serbian houses and 2,000 Muslim houses. The urban Muslim population of Vranje in

6000-631: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

6080-579: Was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

6160-566: Was one of the primarily Catholic settlements of Serbian Despotate. Albanian Roman Catholics, Ragusan merchants, and Saxon miners formed the bulk of the Catholic community of Novo Brdo. In the local registers, names of various priests that served the community have survived, such as the Albanian Ginus filius Georgii de Nouaberda and the Ragusan Pasko Bobaljević eanonieus Ragusii et plebanus Novi Montis . Novo Brdo

6240-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

6320-469: Was the most important mining area and second most important town in Serbia. A significant number of Saxon miners, Albanian Catholics and a large Ragusan merchant colony lived within the town, which was ruled by a vojvoda , but also a governor ( kefalija ), because it was the seat of an administrative unit of the Despotate. Systematic archaeological research of the site began in 1952. In 1948, during

6400-400: Was under Ottoman occupation for more than a year, during the two-year siege the residents of Novo Brdo stubbornly defended and even launched two attacks to repel the Ottomans, but were unsuccessful and lost the battles of Gračanica on 6 August 1439 and Makreš in 1440. In the first half of 1441, the Ottomans managed to take the suburbs of Novo Brdo. The town's defenders continued to resist until

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