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154-605: Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH (commonly referred to as Schneider ) is a manufacturer of industrial and photographic optics. The company was founded on 18 January 1913 by Joseph Schneider as Optische Anstalt Jos. Schneider & Co. at Bad Kreuznach in Germany . The company changed its name to Jos. Schneider & Co., Optische Werke, Kreuznach in 1922, and to the current Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH in 1998. In 2001, Schneider received an Oscar for Technical Achievement for their Super-Cinelux motion picture lenses. It

308-636: A Fraktur X, with a cross-stroke: X {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {X}}} ). About 1017, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor enfeoffed his wife Cunigunde's grandnephew, Count Eberhard V of Nellenburg , with the noble estate of Kreuznach and the Villa Schwabenheim belonging thereto. After his death, King Henry IV supposedly donated the settlement of Kreuznach to the High Foundation of Speyer in 1065, who then transferred it shortly after 1105 – presumably as

462-479: A Redstone missile unit, a firing range, a small airfield and a drill ground in Bad Kreuznach. The last US forces in Bad Kreuznach were parts of the 1st Armored Division ("Old Ironsides"). In 1958, President of France Charles de Gaulle and Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer agreed in Bad Kreuznach to an institutionalisation of the special relations between the two countries, which in 1963 resulted in

616-649: A fief  – to the Counts of Sponheim . On Epiphany 1147, it is said that Bernard of Clairvaux performed a miraculous healing at Saint Kilian 's Church. In 1183, half of the old Frankish village of Kreuznach at the former Roman castrum – the Osterburg – burnt down. Afterwards, of the 21 families there, 11 moved to what is now the Old Town ( Altstadt ). In the years 1206 to 1230, Counts Gottfried III of Sponheim (d. 1218) and Johann I of Sponheim (d. 1266) had

770-467: A " wellness temple" with 12 great saunas on an area of 4 000 m , which receives roughly 80,000 visitors every year. In the hospital run by kreuznacher diakonie (397 beds) and the St. Marienwörth hospital ( Franciscan brothers), Bad Kreuznach has at its disposal two general hospitals that have available the most modern specialised departments for heart and intestinal disorders, and also strokes. In

924-492: A 105° coverage angle. The f/4 and f/5.6 lenses are 8-element, 4-group designs, while the f/8 lenses are older 6-element, 4-group, symmetrical designs. Coating technologies improved along the production life of these lenses, and recent Super-Angulons are multicoated. This is an update of the Super-Angulon lens design, incorporating modern glass and multicoating technologies, and an expanded angle of coverage. The Symmar

1078-722: A 6-element, 5-group aspheric design, which give a 105° angle of coverage. These lenses are also heavily corrected for chromatic aberrations, and are physically more compact than other wide-angle lenses of similar focal lengths. Schneider's inexpensive, classic Xenar asymmetrical, anastigmatic, 4-element, 3-group lens design was introduced in 1919, and is largely unchanged from the original Zeiss Tessar formula. They feature an angle of coverage of 60–62°. An inexpensive 4-element, 2-group telephoto lens design featuring 35° of coverage. The 1000 mm lenses, by comparison, give only an 18° angle of coverage, but require even less focal distance than other telephoto designs (slightly more than 1/2

1232-482: A common intersection. A similar proof is given by Larmore (1965, 171–173). From Figure 7, where u′ and v′ are the object and image distances along the line of sight and S is the distance from the line of sight to the Scheimpflug intersection at S. Again from Figure 7, combining the previous two equations gives From the thin-lens equation, Solving for u′ gives substituting this result into

1386-480: A concert at the spa house in 1860. With the building of the Nahe Valley Railway from Bingerbrück to Saarbrücken in 1858/1860, the groundwork was laid for the town's industrialisation. This, along with the ever-growing income from the spa, led after years of stagnation to an economic boost for the town's development. Nevertheless, the railway was not built for industry and spa-goers alone, but also as

1540-740: A deed confirmed under international law by the 1801 Treaty of Lunéville . The parts of town that lay north of the Nahe were assigned to the Arrondissement of Simmern in the Department of Rhin-et-Moselle , whereas those that lay to the south were assigned to the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German). The subprefect in Simmern in 1800 was Andreas van Recum and in 1806 it

1694-666: A few months later. As part of the 2009 German federal election , a plebiscite was included on the ballot on the question of whether the towns of Bad Kreuznach and Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg should be merged, and 68.3% of the Bad Kreuznach voters favoured negotiations between the two towns. On 25 May 2009, the town received another special designation, this time from the Cabinet : Ort der Vielfalt – "Place of Diversity ". As at 31 August 2013, there are 44,851 full-time residents in Bad Kreuznach, and of those, 15,431 are Protestant (34.405%), 13,355 are Catholic (29.776%), 4 belong to

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1848-687: A footprint that formed roughly a square in the Old Town, and was set back a few metres from what are today the streets Wilhelmstraße, Salinenstraße and Schloßstraße, with the fourth side skirting the millpond. Serving as town gates were, in the north, the Kilianstor or the Mühlentor (" Saint Kilian 's Gate" or "Mill Gate"; torn down in 1877), in the southeast the Hackenheimer Tor (later the Mannheimer Tor ; torn down in 1860) and in

2002-661: A higher radon content than the springwater. The inhalatorium was destroyed in 1945. In 1974, however, the old mining gallery itself was converted into a therapy room. To this day, radon inhalation serves as a natural pain reliever for those suffering from rheumatism . In the First World War , both the Kreuznach spa house and other hotels and villas became as of 2 January 1917 the seat of the Great Headquarters of Kaiser Wilhelm II . The Kaiser actually lived in

2156-560: A lens that has a smaller image circle. Rotation of the lens or back about a horizontal axis is commonly called tilt , and rotation about a vertical axis is commonly called swing . Tilt and swing are movements available on most view cameras , often on both the front and rear standards, and on some small- and medium format cameras using special lenses that partially emulate view-camera movements. Such lenses are often called tilt-shift or " perspective control " lenses. For some camera models there are adapters that enable movements with some of

2310-455: A lens with focal length f is tilted by an angle θ relative to the image plane, the distance J from the center of the lens to the axis G is given by If v′ is the distance along the line of sight from the image plane to the center of the lens, the angle ψ between the image plane and the PoF is given by Equivalently, on the object side of the lens, if u′ is the distance along

2464-436: A logistical supply line for a war that was expected to break out with France. Before this, though, right at Kreuznach's town limits, Prussia and Bavaria once again stood at odds with each other in 1866. Thinking that was not influenced by this led to another railway line being built even before the First World War , the "strategic railway" from Bad Münster by way of Staudernheim , Meisenheim , Lauterecken and Kusel towards

2618-536: A long tradition in rowing . Also important are the shooting sport clubs SG Bad Kreuznach 1847 and BSC Bad Kreuznach. In disabled sports , the Sportfreunde Diakonie especially has been successful, particularly in bocce. The Sportplakette der Stadt Bad Kreuznach is an honour awarded by the town once each year to individual sportsmen or sportswomen, whole teams, worthy promoters of sports and worthy people whose jobs are linked to sports. With this award,

2772-477: A marked expansion into the nighttime hours, with trains leaving for Mainz three hours later each day. Bad Kreuznach station is one of Rhineland-Palatinate's few V-shaped stations (called a Keilbahnhof , or "wedge station", in the German terminology). Branching off the Nahe Valley Railway ( Bingen – Saarbrücken ) here is the railway line to Gau Algesheim . From Bingen am Rhein, Regionalbahn trains run by way of

2926-558: A minimum aperture of f/22. A 9/4 wide-angle lens with a minimum aperture of f/22 An update of the f/4.0 model, with an 8/4 design and slightly increased sharpness. A 10/8 wide-angle lens with a minimum aperture of f/22. A 28 mm f/2.8 shift lens with 67EW filter thread and a lens shade with filter holder for 74R rimless filters and M92x1.00 filter ring. Many user-changeable mechanically-only mount modules available from Schneider Kreuznach. Also available as Leica PC-Super-Angulon R 28 mm f/2.8 with Leica R mount. Can be modified from

3080-473: A number of important academics ( Michael Creizenach , Theodor Creizenach , and Wilhelm Creizenach ). The Yiddish name for Kreuznach was צלם־מקום (abbreviated צ״מ), variously rendered in Latin script as Zelem-Mochum or Celemochum (with the initial Z or C intended to transliterate the letter "צ", as they would be pronounced /ts/ in German), which literally meant "Image Place", for pious Jews wished to avoid

3234-646: A reputation for high-quality construction and durability, and all lenses carry a lifetime warranty. Some of the higher-end lenses of the Schneider line are among the most expensive optics available in large format photography. Introduced in 1930, the Angulon is the original Schneider wide-angle lens line. It is a 6-element, 2-group, symmetric anastigmat design somewhat related to the Goerz Dagor . Compared to many modern wide angles, they are quite compact, though

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3388-696: A result of a judicial sentence – was broken on the wheel . The execution was likely linked to the Mainz blood libel accusations, which in March and April 1283 also led to pogroms in Mellrichstadt , Mainz , Bacharach and Rockenhausen . In 1311, Aaron Judeus de Crucenaco (the last three words mean "the Jew from Kreuznach") was mentioned, as was a Jewish toll gatherer from Bingen am Rhein named Abraham von Kreuznach in 1328, 1342 and 1343. In 1336, Emperor Louis

3542-457: A separate rotating ring on the lens. The PA-Curtagon is available in Praktica ( M42 ), Exakta , Alpa-Reflex , Contarex , Leica R , Minolta , Miranda , Canon , Nikon , Contarex , and Olympus OM mounts. It was also available for Rollei QBM mount under the name PC-Curtagon. A Cooke triplet (3-element, 3-group) design with a minimum aperture of f/22. A 3-element, 3-group design with

3696-500: A service within the town but also lines out into the surrounding area, to Bad Münster am Stein , Langenlonsheim and Sankt Johann . In 1953, the whole operation was shut down. Since the introduction of "Rhineland-Palatinate Timetabling" ( Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt ) in the mid 1990s, the train services other than the ICE / EC / IC services have once again earned some importance. Besides the introduction of hourly timetabling , there has also been

3850-400: A shift-only lens to a tilt-only lens by the German company. The first variable-focal-length lens with fixed back focal distance for 35 mm cameras, introduced in 1964. These lenses were available with 19 interchangeable mounts (loosen two screws and replace with a different mount). The mounts each have a small number on them and equate as follows: Production of the 80–240 mm f/4

4004-452: Is Emanuel Letz, elected in March 2022. Listed here are Bad Kreuznach's mayors since Napoleonic times: The town's arms might be described thus: On an escutcheon argent ensigned with a town wall with three towers all embattled Or, a fess countercompony Or and azure between three crosses pattée sable. Bad Kreuznach's right to bear arms comes from municipal law for the state of Rhineland-Palatinate . The three crosses pattée (that is, with

4158-635: Is a spa town , most well known for its medieval bridge dating from around 1300, the Alte Nahebrücke , which is one of the few remaining bridges in the world with buildings on it. The town is located in the Nahe River wine region , renowned both nationally and internationally for its wines, especially from the Riesling , Silvaner and Müller-Thurgau grape varieties. Bad Kreuznach does not lie within any Verbandsgemeinde , even though it

4312-404: Is a 6/2 construction, giving 78° of coverage, while the 1100 mm lens is 4/4 with 45.7° of coverage. Both lenses are mounted in a Copal 3 shutter , and the longer lens is also available in a barrel mount with Waterhouse stops , if the faster f/14 version is desired. One of Schneider's original lens designs, a symmetric double gauss design, introduced in 1914. Also known as the "Jsconar",

4466-420: Is a good fit to the scene, and satisfactory sharpness can often be achieved with a smaller lens f -number (larger aperture ) than would be required if the PoF were parallel to the image plane. The region of sharpness can also be made very small by using large tilt and a small f -number. For example, with 8° tilt on a 90 mm lens for a small-format camera, the total vertical DoF at the hyperfocal distance

4620-582: Is a graveyard of honour for wartime and camp victims. Under the Potsdam Protocols on the fixing of occupation zone boundaries, Bad Kreuznach found itself for a while in French zone of occupation , but in an exchange in the early 1950s, United States Armed Forces came back into the districts of Kreuznach , Birkenfeld and Kusel . Until the middle of 2001, the Americans maintained four barracks ,

4774-446: Is a telephoto design. Earlier f/4 and f/5.5 models are 5 elements in 4 groups. The 250 mm f/5.6 is a modern multicoated 5-element, 5-group lens. All models have a 35° angle of coverage. The Fine-Art XXL line is designed for ultra-large format shooting, covering 20×24 inches. Both lenses are large and heavy, but are designed with exceptional image quality and a huge 900 mm circle of coverage in mind. The 550 mm lens

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4928-500: Is a tilt and shift version of the Super-Angulon. This lens will shift up to 12 mm up/10 mm down, and tilt up to 10°, all in the vertical axis. The Leaf Shutter lenses are designed for the Phase One (company) 645 camera platform. PC-TS APO-DIGITAR for Mamiya / Phase One. Same lens is available as LEICA TS-APO-ELMAR-S 1:5,6/120 mm ASPH for Leica S. It is a tilt–shift lens. Schneider's line of large format lenses has

5082-557: Is a wide angle lens designed for use with digital imaging systems. The M-Digitars are macro lenses offering 1:1 magnification, designed for use with digital imaging systems. They may also be used with good result with film cameras. Bad Kreuznach Bad Kreuznach ( German pronunciation: [baːt ˈkʁɔʏtsnax] ) is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany. It

5236-399: Is approximately At an aperture of f /2.8, with a circle of confusion of 0.03 mm, this occurs at a distance u′ of approximately Of course, the tilt also affects the position of the PoF, so if the tilt is chosen to minimize the region of sharpness, the PoF cannot be set to pass through more than one arbitrarily chosen point. If the PoF is to pass through more than one arbitrary point,

5390-402: Is best known as manufacturers of large format lenses for view cameras , enlarger lenses, and photographic loupes . It also makes a limited amount of small- and medium-format lenses, and has at various times manufactured eyeglasses and camera rangefinders, as well as being an OEM lens maker for Kodak and Samsung digital cameras. It has supplied the lenses for various LG devices and

5544-451: Is documented in one line of a song by the minstrel Tannhäuser from the 13th century, which is preserved in handwriting by Hans Sachs : "vur creűczenach rint aűch die na" . In Modern German, this would be " Vor Kreuznach rinnt auch die Nahe " ("Before Kreuznach, the Nahe also runs"). Records witness Jewish settlement in Kreuznach beginning in the late 13th century, while for a short time in

5698-468: Is half the length and 70% the weight of the normal Apo-Tele-Xenar 400 mm lens. The 350 mm compact model is actually not a tele-design but a dialyte; however it is called the Apo Tele Xenar 350 Compact. A 5-element, 4-group design, giving a 60° angle of coverage. These are fast lenses compared to other lens designs of similar focal length, but with somewhat less coverage. The Tele-Arton

5852-463: Is home to the following tourist attractions: The Kulturpreis der Stadt Bad Kreuznach is a promotional prize awarded by the town of Bad Kreuznach each year in the categories of music, visual arts and literature on a rotational basis. A full list of prizewinners since the award's introduction can be seen at the link. In 2013, the prize was not awarded owing to cost-cutting measures. In Bad Kreuznach there are many clubs that can boast of successes at

6006-662: Is made up of 44 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the chief mayor as chairwoman. Since this election, the town has been run by a Jamaica coalition of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany , the Free Democratic Party and the Greens . The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results: Bad Kreuznach's current mayor ( Oberbürgermeister )

6160-427: Is named not only as Crucenacum , Crucin[i]acum (adjective Crucenacensis , Crucin[i]acensis ) and the like, but also as Stauronesus, Stauronesum (adjective Staurone[n]s[i]us ; from σταυρός "cross" and νῆσος "island" ) or Naviculacrucis (from navicula , a kind of small boat used on inland waterways, called a Nachen in German, and crux "cross"). Sometimes also encountered is the abbreviation Xnach (often with

6314-507: Is one of the original Schneider designs, introduced in 1920, and is still relevant and used today. They have a 6-element, 4-group, symmetric design, and give a 70° angle of coverage. The f/5.6 series of lenses are " convertible ", meaning that by removing one of the lens cells the user creates a 3 element lens of longer focal length than the complete lens. The resulting 3 element lens has a narrower aperture of f/12 and an angle of view of 40°. These lenses have two aperture markings, one in white for

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6468-728: Is owned by the company Rhenus Veniro. Furthermore, there is a great number of regional bus routes serving the nearby area, run by VGK and Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe GmbH (ORN). The routes run by the various carriers are all part of the Rhein-Nahe-Nahverkehrsverbund (" Rhine - Nahe Local Transport Association"). Found in Bad Kreuznach are not only several primary schools, some of which offer "full-time school", but also secondary schools of all three types as well as vocational preparatory schools or combined vocational-academic schools such as Berufsfachschulen , Berufsoberfachschulen and Technikerschulen , which are housed at

6622-418: Is said to be approximately 250 units, the 45–100 mm f/2.8 about 57 units. The 80–240 is split amongst two different variants. 4 elements in 3 groups of genre "Wide Angle Tessar" The Xenar uses a Tessar -type optical formula, originally designed by Paul Rudolph for Zeiss, with 4 elements in 3 groups, and the rear group is a cemented doublet. The formula could only be used by Schneider Kreuznach after

6776-520: Is scheduled for completion by 2012. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate , the hitherto self-administering municipalities of Bosenheim, Planig, Ippesheim (all three of which had belonged until then to the Bingen district) and Winzenheim were amalgamated on 7 June 1969 with Bad Kreuznach. Furthermore, Rüdesheim an der Nahe was also amalgamated, but fought the amalgamation in court, winning, and thereby regaining its autonomy

6930-487: Is the biggest winegrowing centre in the Nahe wine region and the seventh biggest in Rhineland-Palatinate. Bad Kreuznach has roughly 1,600 businesses with at least one employee, thereby offering 28,000 jobs, of which half are filled by commuters who come into town from surrounding areas. The economic structure is thus characterised mainly by small and medium enterprises , but also some big businesses like

7084-457: Is the lens f -number and c is the circle of confusion . At a large focus distance (equivalent to a large angle between the PoF and the image plane), v′ ≈ f , and (Merklinger 1996, 48) or Thus at the hyperfocal distance, the DoF on a plane parallel to the image plane extends a distance of J on either side of the PoF. With some subjects, such as landscapes, the wedge-shaped DoF

7238-414: Is the lens focal length, v′ and u′ are the image and object distances parallel to the line of sight, u h is the hyperfocal distance , and J is the distance from the center of the lens to the PoF rotation axis. By solving the image-side equation for tan ψ for v′ and substituting for v′ and u h in the equation above, the values may be given equivalently by where N

7392-411: Is the seat of the Bad Kreuznach (Verbandsgemeinde) . The town is the seat of several courts, as well as federal and state authorities. Bad Kreuznach is also officially a große kreisangehörige Stadt ("large town belonging to a district"), meaning that it does not have the district-level powers that kreisfreie Städte ("district-free towns/cities") enjoy. It is, nonetheless, the district seat, and also

7546-611: Is very low, falling into the lowest third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. Only at 5% of the German Weather Service's weather stations are even lower figures recorded. The driest month is January. The most rainfall comes in June. In that month, precipitation is 1.8 times what it is in January. Precipitation varies only slightly. At only 7% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded. As early as

7700-755: The Alsenz Valley Railway , which branches off the Nahe Valley Railway in Bad Münster am Stein , to Kaiserslautern , reaching it in roughly 65 minutes. Running on the line to Saarbrücken and by way of Gau Algesheim and the West Rhine Railway to Mainz are Regional-Express and Regionalbahn trains. The travel time to Mainz lies between 25 and 40 minutes, and to Saarbrücken between 1 hour and 40 minutes and 2 hours and 20 minutes. Bad Kreuznach can be reached by car through

7854-717: The BlackBerry Priv . It also supplied the lenses for the Kodak Regent camera in the 1930s and other classic cameras such as certain models of the Rolleiflex starting in the 1940s, the Kodak Retina and Kodak Retinette camera series in the 1950s and 1960s, and certain specialty lenses for Hasselblad . In 1961, it created Feinwerktechnik GmbH , a manufacturer of electrical-hydraulic servo valves. In recent years, it has acquired several other companies: From

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8008-512: The Counts of Veldenz , the Margraves of Baden and Palatinate-Simmern . In 1457, at a time when a children's crusade movement was on the rise, 120 children left Kreuznach on their way to Mont-Saint-Michel by way of Wissembourg . In 1475, Electoral Palatinate issued a comprehensive police act for the Amt of Kreuznach, in which at this time, no Badish Amtmann resided. Elector Palatine Philip

8162-559: The County of Sponheim-Starkenburg , bequeathing to them one fifth and four-fifths respectively. In 1418, King Sigismund of Luxembourg enfeoffed Count Johann V of Sponheim-Starkenburg (about 1359–1437) with the yearly market, the mint , the Jews at Kreuznach and the right of escort , as far as Gensingen on the Trier - Mainz highway. In 1437, the lordship over Kreuznach was divided up between

8316-529: The Czech Republic ). Even though the Bad Kreuznach's radon content was much slighter than that found in the waters from Brambach or Bad Gastein , the town was quickly billed as a " radium healing spa" – the technical error in that billing notwithstanding. In 1912, a radon inhalatorium was brought into service, into which was piped the air from an old mining gallery at the Kauzenberg, which had

8470-545: The Fachhochschule Rheinland-Pfalz , Bingen , was located in Bad Kreuznach. Since it moved away to Bingen, Bad Kreuznach has been offering collegelike training for aspirant winemakers and agricultural technologists with the DLR ( Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum ). This two-year Technikerschule für Weinbau und Oenologie sowie Landbau is a path within the agricultural economics college. It continues

8624-666: The Grand Duchy of Hesse to the east and the Bavarian exclave of the Palatinate to the south. The two saltworks, which had now apparently been taken away from Napoleon's sister, were from 1816 to 1897 Grand-Ducal-Hessian state property on Prussian territory. In 1817, Johann Erhard Prieger opened the first bathing parlour with briny water and thereby laid the groundwork for the fast-growing spa business. In 1843, Karl Marx married Jenny von Westphalen in Kreuznach, presumably at

8778-712: The Heidenmauer ("Heathen Wall") have led to the conclusion that there were a temple to either Mercury or both Mercury and Maia and a Gallo-Roman provincial theatre . According to an inscription and tile plates that were found in Bad Kreuznach, a vexillatio of the Legio XXII Primigenia was stationed there. In the course of measures to shore up the Imperial border against the Germanic Alemannic tribes who kept making incursions across

8932-932: The Middle Ages , the eastern part of today's Poststraße in the New Town was the Judengasse ("Jews' Lane"). The Kleine Judengasse ran from the Judengasse to what is today called Magister-Faust-Gasse. In 1482, a "Jewish school" was mentioned, which might already have stood at Fährgasse 2 (lane formerly known as Kleine Eselsgass – "Little Ass's Lane"), where the Old Synagogue of Bad Kreuznach later stood (first mentioned here in 1715; new Baroque building in 1737; renovated in 1844; destroyed in 1938; torn down in 1953/1954; last wall remnant removed in 1975). In 1525, Louis V, Elector Palatine allowed Meïr Levi to settle for, at first, twelve years in Kreuznach, to organise

9086-658: The Nazis seized power in 1933, some, among them the trade unionist Hugo Salzmann , organised resistance to National Socialism . Despite imprisonment , Salzmann survived the Third Reich , and after 1945 sat on town council for the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The Jews who were still left in the district after the Second World War broke out were on the district leadership's orders taken in 1942 to

9240-1012: The Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pfälzischer Erbfolgekrieg , or War of the Palatine Succession), the Kauzenburg ( castle ) was conquered on 5 October 1688 by Marshal Louis François, duc de Boufflers . The town fortifications and the castle were torn down and the town of Kreuznach largely destroyed in May 1689 by French troops under Brigadier Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac (about 1630–1704) or Lieutenant General Marquis Nicolas du Blé d’ Uxelles . On 18 October 1689, Kreuznach's churches were burnt down. As of 1708, Kreuznach wholly belonged to Electoral Palatinate . Under Elector Palatine Karl III Philipp ,

9394-625: The Oberste Heeresleitung being moved to Spa in Belgium. After the First World War , French troops occupied the Rhineland and along with it, Kreuznach, whose great hotels were thereafter mostly abandoned. In 1924, Kreuznach was granted the designation Bad , literally "Bath", which is conferred on places that can be regarded as health resorts. Since this time, the town has been known as Bad Kreuznach. After Adolf Hitler and

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9548-417: The Old Catholic Church (0.009%), 77 belong to the Greek Orthodox Church (0.172%), 68 belong to the Russian Orthodox Church (0.152%), 1 is United Methodist (0.002%), 16 belong to the Free Evangelical Church (0.036%), 41 are Lutheran (0.091%), 2 belong to the Palatinate State Free Religious Community (0.004%), 1 belongs to the Mainz Free Religious Community (0.002%), 4 are Reformed (0.009%), 9 belong to

9702-481: The Pädagogisches Zentrum Rheinland-Pfalz ("Rhineland-Palatinate Paedagogical Centre"), the latter of which the state's schools support with their further paedagogical and didactic development, likewise have their seats in the town, as does the Staatliche Studienseminar Bad Kreuznach (a higher teachers' college). The Evangelical Church in the Rhineland maintained from 1960 to 2003 a seminary in Bad Kreuznach to train vicars . Scheimpflug principle Normally,

9856-418: The Reformation was introduced into Kreuznach. According to the 1601 Verzeichnis aller Herrlich- und Gerechtigkeiten der Stätt und Dörffer der vorderen Grafschaft Sponheim im Ampt Creutznach ("Directory of All Lordships and Justices of the Towns and Villages of the Further County of Sponheim in the Amt of Kreuznach"), compiled by Electoral Palatinate Ober amtmann Johann von Eltz-Blieskastel-Wecklingen,

10010-442: The Roman road that led from Metz (Divodurum), by way of the Saar crossing near Dillingen-Pachten ( Contiomagus ) and the Vicus Wareswald, near Tholey to Bingen am Rhein (Bingium). About AD 250, an enormous (measuring 81 × 71 m), luxurious palace , unique to the lands north of the Alps , was built, in the style of a peristyle villa . It contained 50 rooms on the ground floor alone. Spolia found near

10164-422: The Wilhelmskirche (William's Church), which had been built between 1698 and 1700 and was later, in 1968, all but torn down, leaving only the churchtower. In Kreuznach, Marx set down considerable portions of his manuscript Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right ( Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie ) in 1843. Clara Schumann , who was attending the spa in Kreuznach, and her half-sister Marie Wieck gave

10318-456: The castle Kauzenburg built, even though King Philip of Swabia had forbidden them to do so. Along with the building of this castle came the rise of the New Town ( Neustadt ) on the Nahe's north bank. In the years 1235 and 1270, Kreuznach was granted town rights, market rights, taxation rights and tolling rights under the rule of the comital House of Sponheim , which were acknowledged once again in 1290 by King Rudolf I of Habsburg . In 1279, in

10472-409: The limes into the Empire, an auxiliary castrum was built in 370 under Emperor Valentinian I . After Rome's downfall , Kreuznach became in the year 500 a royal estate and an imperial village in the newly growing Frankish Empire . Then, the town's first church was built within the old castrum's walls, which was at first consecrated to Saint Martin , but later to Saint Kilian , and in 1590, it

10626-463: The money market there, to receive visits, to lay out his own burial plot and to deal in medicines. In the earlier half of the 16th century, his son, the physician Isaak Levi, whose collection of medical works became well known as Des Juden buch von kreuczenach ("The Jew's Book of/from Kreuznach"), lived in Kreuznach. The work is preserved in a manuscript transcribed personally by Louis V, Elector Palatine. The oldest Jewish graveyard in Kreuznach lay in

10780-400: The spinal column and joints, women's complaints, illnesses of the respiratory system , paediatric illnesses , vascular illnesses , non-infectious skin diseases , endocrinological dysfunctions, psychosomatic illnesses and eye complaints . After the noticeable decline in the spa business in the mid 1990s, there was a remodelling of the healing spa. At the Saunalandschaft bathhouse rose

10934-419: The vocational schools . The following schools are found in Bad Kreuznach: In 1950, the Max Planck Institute for Agricultural and Agricultural Engineering was moved from Imbshausen to Bad Kreuznach, where it used spaces of the Bangert knightly estate. From 1956 until its closure in 1976, it bore the name Max-Planck-Institut für Landarbeit und Landtechnik . From 1971 to 1987, the discipline of cultivation of

11088-414: The wellness tourism also hold a special place for the town as the world's oldest radon - brine spa and the Rhineland-Palatinate centre for rheumatic care. Available in town are 2,498* beds for guests, which out of 449,756* overnight stays have seen 270,306* stays by guests in rehabilitation clinics. All together, the town was visited by 92,700 overnight guests (*as of 31 December 2010). Also available to

11242-481: The Élysée Treaty . A monumental stone before the old spa house recalls this historic event. On 1 April 1960, the town of Bad Kreuznach was declared, after application to the state government, a große kreisangehörige Stadt ("large town belonging to a district"). In 2010 Bad Kreuznach launched a competition to replace the 1950s addition to the Alte Nahebrücke ("Old Nahe Bridge"). The bridge, designed by competition winner Dissing+Weitling architecture of Copenhagen ,

11396-442: The 13th or 14th century. On 24 August 1495, there was another uprising of the townsfolk, but this one was directed at Kreuznach's Palatine Amtmann , Albrecht V Göler von Ravensburg, who had refused to release a prisoner against the posting of a bond. Nobody was beheaded this time, but Elector Palatine Philip did have a few of the leaders maimed , and then put into force a new town order. The town wall, first mentioned in 1247, had

11550-620: The 1501 epidemic, the humanist and Palatine prince-raiser Adam Werner von Themar, one of Abbot Trithemius's friends, wrote a poem in Kreuznach about the plague saint, Sebastian . Outside the town, a sickhouse for lepers , the so-called Gutleuthof , was founded on the Gräfenbach down from the village of Hargesheim and had its first documentary mention in 1487. In the War of the Succession of Landshut against Elector Palatine Philip of

11704-594: The 480 mm lenses give a 56° angle. This is a redesign of the Apo-Symmar line, using new environmentally friendly glass compositions and incorporating slightly more coverage. These are 6-element, 4-group apochromatic lenses with a 75° angle of coverage. These are 8-element, 6-group variations of the Symmar line, which feature an 80° angle of coverage. The HM in the name indicates that these lenses use high-modulation glass elements. These are wide-angle lenses of

11858-580: The 5th century BC, there is conclusive evidence that there was a Celtic settlement within what are now Bad Kreuznach's town limits. About 58 BC, the area became part of the Roman Empire and a Roman vicus came into being here, named, according to legend, after a Celt called Cruciniac, who transferred a part of his land to the Romans for them to build a supply station between Mainz ( Mogontiacum ) and Trier ( Augusta Treverorum ). Kreuznach lay on

12012-817: The Alzey Free Religious Community (0.02%), 2 form part of a membership group in a Jewish community (0.004%) (162 other Jews belong to the Bad Kreuznach-Koblenz worship community [0.361%] while a further one belongs to the State League of Jewish worship communities in Bavaria [0.002%]), 9 are Jehovah's Witnesses (0.02%), 1 belongs to yet another free religious community (0.002%), 5,088 (11.344%) belong to other religious groups and 10,579 (23.587%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation. The council

12166-636: The Battle of Sprendlingen , the legend of Michel Mort arose. He is a local legendary hero, a butcher from Kreuznach who fought on the Sponheim side in the battle against the troops of the Archbishop of Mainz . When Count Johann I of Sponheim found himself in difficulties, Michel Mort drew the enemy's lances upon himself, sparing the Count by bringing about his own death. Early knowledge of the town of Kreuznach

12320-523: The Bavarian allowed Count Johann II of Sponheim-Kreuznach to permanently keep 60 house-owning freed Jews at Kreuznach or elsewhere on his lands (" … daß er zu Creützenach oder anderstwoh in seinen landen 60 haußgesäsß gefreyter juden ewiglich halten möge … "). After further persecution in the time of the Plague in 1348/1349, there is no further evidence of Jews in Kreuznach until 1375. By 1382 at

12474-697: The Fowler (in 923), Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (in 962 as Cruciniacus ) and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (in 1179 as Cruczennach ). On the other hand, the Crucinaha in Emperor Otto III's documents from 1000 (which granted the rights to hold a yearly market and to strike coins) is today thought to refer to Christnach, an outlying centre of Waldbillig , a town nowadays in Luxembourg . In mediaeval and early modern Latin sources, Kreuznach

12628-550: The Karlshalle Saltworks were built in 1729. Built in 1743 by Prince-Elector, Count Palatine and Duke Karl Theodor were the Theodorshalle Saltworks. On 13 May 1725, after a cloudburst and hailstorm , Kreuznach was stricken by an extreme flood in which 31 people lost their lives, some 300 or 400 head of cattle drowned , two houses were utterly destroyed and many damaged and remaining parts of

12782-650: The Nahe. Belonging to the fortified complex of the Kauzenburg, across the Ellerbach from the New Town, were the Klappertor and a narrow, defensive ward ( zwinger ), from which the street known as "Zwingel" gets its name. On the bridge over to the ait (or the Wörth as it is called locally; the river island between the two parts of town) stood the Brückentor ("Bridge Gate"). To defend the town there was, besides

12936-510: The Pious stayed in 819 and 839. Kreuznach was mentioned in documents by Louis the Pious (in 823 as villa Cruciniacus and in 825 and 839, as Cruciniacum castrum or Cruciniacum palatium regium ), Louis the German (in 845 as villa Cruzinacha and in 868 as villa Cruciniacum ), Charles III, "the Fat" (in 882 as C[h]rucinachum , Crutcinacha , Crucenachum ), Arnulf of Carinthia (in 889), Henry

13090-662: The PoF rather than merely displacing it along the lens axis. The axis of rotation is the intersection of the lens's front focal plane and a plane through the center of the lens parallel to the image plane, as shown in Figure 3. As the image plane is moved from IP 1 to IP 2 , the PoF rotates about the axis G from position PoF 1 to position PoF 2 ; the "Scheimpflug line" moves from position S 1 to position S 2 . The axis of rotation has been given many different names: "counter axis" (Scheimpflug 1904), "hinge line" (Merklinger 1996), and "pivot point" (Wheeler). Refer to Figure 4; if

13244-420: The PoF, as illustrated in Figure 1. But when a lens is tilted with respect to the image plane, an oblique tangent extended from the image plane and another extended from the lens plane meet at a line through which the PoF also passes, as illustrated in Figure 2. With this condition, a planar subject that is not parallel to the image plane can be completely in focus. While many photographers were/are unaware of

13398-495: The PoF; in Figure 5, the distances y n and y f on the plane VP are equal. This distribution can be helpful in determining the best position for the PoF; if a scene includes a distant tall feature, the best fit of the DoF to the scene often results from having the PoF pass through the vertical midpoint of that feature. The angular DoF, however, is not equally distributed about the PoF. The distances y n and y f are given by (Merklinger 1996, 126) where f

13552-507: The Rear and x2 for the Front, the narrower aperture results in the need for 2x and 4x longer exposures, respectively. These are wide-angle lenses which have been developed in several steps. The Super-Angulons are Biogon designs, making for huge, heavy lenses, but also giving very generous angles of coverage. The f/4 lenses give 95° of coverage, the f/8 models give 100°, and the f/5.6 units give

13706-631: The Reverend Hugo Reich, to Kreuznach. It is now a foundation known as the kreuznacher diakonie (always written with lowercase initials). In 1904, the pharmacist Karl Aschoff discovered the Kreuznach brine's radon content, and thereafter introduced "radon balneology", a therapy that had already been practised in the Austro-Hungarian town of Sankt Joachimsthal in the Bohemian Ore Mountains (now Jáchymov in

13860-602: The Rhine , both the town and the castle were unsuccessfully be sieged for six days by Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and William I, Landgrave of Lower Hesse , who then laid the surrounding countryside waste. The Sponheim abbot Johannes Trithemius had brought the monasterial belongings, the library and the archive to safety in Kreuznach. The besieged town was relieved by Electoral Palatinate Captain Hans III, Landschad of Steinach. In 1507, Master Faust assumed

14014-753: The Sunday after his birthday (15 August). Men from Kreuznach also took part in Napoleon's 1812 Russian Campaign on the French side, to whom a monument established at the Mannheimer Straße graveyard in 1842 still stands. The subsequent German campaign (called the Befreiungskriege , or Wars of Liberation, in Germany) put an end to French rule. Until a permanent new order could be imposed under

14168-576: The Upright and John I, Count Palatine of Simmern granted the town leave to hold a second yearly market in 1490. In that same year, Elector Palatine Philip bestowed ownership of the saltz- und badbronnen ("salty and bathing springs ") upon his cooks Conrad Brunn and Matthes von Nevendorf. The briny springs were likely discovered in 1478; nevertheless, a Sulzer Hof in what is today called the Salinental ("Saltworks Dale") had already been mentioned in

14322-401: The angle of coverage is only 80°, although an early catalogue from 1934 lists this series as having an angle of view of 105° (it is unclear as to the test-conditions or what is deemed an acceptable result). They are color-corrected reasonably well, but suffer from significant softening of the image close to the edge of the circle of illumination. Only the outer elements are supported by the mount,

14476-410: The apex of the wedge at the PoF rotation axis, as shown in Figure 5. The DoF is zero at the apex, remains shallow at the edge of the lens's field of view, and increases with distance from the camera. The shallow DoF near the camera requires the PoF to be positioned carefully if near objects are to be rendered sharply. On a plane parallel to the image plane, the DoF is equally distributed above and below

14630-516: The area of today's Rittergut Bangert (knightly estate), having been mentioned in 1525 and 1636. The Jewish graveyard on Stromberger Straße was bought in 1661 (one preserved gravestone, however, dates from 1630) and expanded in 1919. It is said to be one of the best preserved in Rhineland-Palatinate . The Jewish family Creizenach, originally from Kreuznach, is known from records to have been in Mainz and Frankfurt am Main from 1733, and to have produced

14784-529: The bridge ends. Bad Kreuznach was occupied by US troops in March 1945 and thus stood under American military authority. This even extended to one of the Rheinwiesenlager for disarmed German forces, which lay near Bad Kreuznach on the road to Bretzenheim , and whose former location is now marked by a memorial. It was commonly known as the "Field of Misery" . Found in the Lohrer Wald (forest)

14938-506: The castle's Burgmannen , also a kind of townsmen's defence force or shooting guild (somewhat like a town militia ). Preserved as an incunable print from 1487, printed in Mainz by Peter Schöffer (about 1425–1503), is an invitation from the mayor and town council to any and all who considered themselves good marksmen with the crossbow to come to a shooting contest on 23 September. On 31 March 1283 (2 Nisan 5043) in Kreuznach (קרויצנאך), Rabbi Ephraim bar Elieser ha-Levi – apparently as

15092-447: The complete lens and one in green for the converted lens. When "converted" the resulting 3 element lens will produce softer images than the complete lens. Coverage of the f/6.8-series at "small stop" The Symmar-S is an incremental improvement to the original Symmar design, adding multicoating to the feature set. The lens is not symmetric like its predecessor and is not convertible. The available focal lengths are slightly different, with

15246-506: The concept in an earlier British patent for a perspective-correcting photographic enlarger . The concept can be inferred from a theorem in projective geometry of Gérard Desargues ; the principle also readily derives from simple geometric considerations and application of the Gaussian thin-lens formula, as shown in the section Proof of the Scheimpflug principle . When the lens and image planes are not parallel, adjusting focus rotates

15400-403: The early 14th century, North Italian traders ( "Lombards" ) lived in town. In the 13th century, Kreuznach was a fortified town and in 1320, it withstood a siege by Archbishop-Elector Baldwin of Trier (about 1270–1336). In 1361, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted Count Walram I of Sponheim (about 1305–1380) a yearly market privilege for Kreuznach. In 1375, the townsfolk rose up against

15554-465: The effective focal length, as opposed to about 2/3 for a normal tele lens). These are apochromatic telephoto lenses using a 5-element variation of the Tele-Xenar design. They can be used on subjects as close as 2 meters without a loss of resolution, and are painted a non-reflective flat grey to reduce thermal absorption and expansion under sunlight or hot studio lights. The 400 mm Compact model

15708-533: The ends somewhat broader than the rest of the crosses' arms) are a canting charge , referring to the town's name, the German word for "cross" being Kreuz . The crosses are sometimes wrongly taken to be Christian crosses . In fact, the name Kreuznach developed out of the Celtic-Latin word Cruciniacum , which meant "Crucinius's Home", thus a man's name with the suffix —acum added, meaning "flowing water". The coat of arms first appeared with this composition on

15862-415: The equation for tan  ψ gives or Similarly, the thin-lens equation can be solved for v′ , and the result substituted into the equation for tan  ψ to give the object-side relationship Noting that the relationship between ψ and θ can be expressed in terms of the magnification m of the object in the line of sight: From Figure 7, combining with the previous result for

16016-424: The exact geometric relationship between the PoF, lens plane, and film plane, swinging and tilting the lens to swing and tilt the PoF was practiced since the middle of the 19th century. But, when Carpentier and Scheimpflug wanted to produce equipment to automate the process, they needed to find a geometric relationship. Scheimpflug (1904) referenced this concept in his British patent; Carpentier (1901) also described

16170-590: The former Kolpinghaus , whence, on 27 July, they were deported to Theresienstadt . Bad Kreuznach, whose spa facilities and remaining hotels once again, from 1939 to 1940, became the seat of the Army High Command , was time and again targeted by Allied air raids because of the Wehrmacht barracks on Bosenheimer Straße, Alzeyer Straße and Franziska-Puricelli-Straße as well as the strategically important Berlin -Paris railway line, which then led through

16324-452: The inner elements are mounted by cementing to the outer elements. For this reason they are prone to "slippage", especially if stored "on end" in hot climates. Coverage of 90-210mm at f/11 A catalogue from 1934 also proclaims the Angulon f/6.8 series as a convertible anastigmat: "...the components of which can be used separately and give two different foci". When the elements are used separately, their focal lengths are approximately x1.5 for

16478-447: The keystone at Saint Nicholas 's Church in the late 13th century. The mural crown on top of the escutcheon began appearing only about 1800 under French rule. The stylised stretch of town wall was originally rendered reddish-brown, but it usually appears gold nowadays. Bad Kreuznach is twinned with: The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate 's Directory of Cultural Monuments: The town of Bad Kreuznach

16632-549: The land around Kreuznach, remaining there until 28 March 1793. The town itself was briefly occupied by French troops under General François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers on 4 January and then again on 16 October 1794. From 30 October until 1 December 1795, the town was held by Imperial troops under Rhinegrave Karl August von Salm-Grumbach , but they were at first driven out in bloody battles by Marshals Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte . In this time,

16786-534: The latest, the Jew Gottschalk (who died sometime between 1409 and 1421) from Katzenelnbogen was living in Kreuznach and owned the house at the corner of Lämmergasse and Mannheimerstraße 12 (later: Löwensteiner Hof) near the Eiermarkt ("Egg Market"). On a false charge of usury , Count Simon III of Sponheim (after 1330–1414) had him thrown in prison and only released him after payment of a hefty ransom. He

16940-424: The lens and image (film or sensor) planes of a camera are parallel, and the plane of focus (PoF) is parallel to the lens and image planes. If a planar subject (such as the side of a building) is also parallel to the image plane, it can coincide with the PoF, and the entire subject can be rendered sharply. If the subject plane is not parallel to the image plane, it will be in focus only along a line where it intersects

17094-422: The lens branding refers to " J oseph S chneider & Co mpany - nar " A 4-element, 4-group design. The Digitar lenses are designed for use with digital imaging view camera systems, offering focal lengths ideal for the imaging area of digital backs, which are typically smaller than standard sheet film sizes. Digitar lenses also allow excellent results with film as well as digital imagers. The WA-Digitar

17248-430: The lens plane or the image plane. Rotating the lens (as by adjusting the front standard on a view camera ) does not alter linear perspective in a planar subject such as the face of a building, but requires a lens with a large image circle to avoid vignetting . Rotating the image plane (as by adjusting the back or rear standard on a view camera) alters perspective (e.g., the sides of a building converge), but works with

17402-408: The lens plane. Distances u and v are related to the line-of-sight distances by u = u′  cos  θ and v = v′  cos  θ . For an essentially planar subject, such as a roadway extending for miles from the camera on flat terrain, the tilt can be set to place the axis G in the subject plane, and the focus then adjusted to rotate the PoF so that it coincides with

17556-550: The like-named interchange on the Autobahn A ;61 as well as on Bundesstraßen 41, 48 and 428. Except for Bundesstraße 48, all these roads skirt the inner town, while the Autobahn is roughly 12 km from the town centre. Local public transport is provided by a town bus network with services running at 15- or 30-minute intervals. There are seven bus routes run by Verkehrsgesellschaft Bad Kreuznach (VGK), which

17710-426: The line of sight from the center of the lens to the PoF, the angle ψ is given by The angle ψ increases with focus distance; when the focus is at infinity, the PoF is perpendicular to the image plane for any nonzero value of tilt. The distances u′ and v′ along the line of sight are not the object and image distances u and v used in the thin-lens formula where the distances are perpendicular to

17864-443: The magnification is negative, indicating an inverted image. From similar triangles in Figure 6, the magnification also relates the image and object distances, so that On the image side of the lens, giving The locus of focus for the inclined object plane is a plane; in two-dimensional representation, the y-intercept is the same as that for the line describing the object plane, so the object plane, lens plane, and image plane have

18018-409: The manufacturer's regular lenses, and a crude approximation may be achieved with such attachments as the ' Lensbaby ' or by ' freelensing '. When the lens and image planes are parallel, the depth of field (DoF) extends between parallel planes on either side of the plane of focus. When the Scheimpflug principle is employed, the DoF becomes wedge shaped (Merklinger 1996, 32; Tillmanns 1997, 71), with

18172-726: The mouth of the Ellerbach, where it empties into the lower Nahe . Clockwise from the north, Bad Kreuznach's neighbours are the municipalities of Bretzenheim , Langenlonsheim , Gensingen , Welgesheim , Zotzenheim , Sprendlingen , Badenheim (these last five lying in the neighbouring Mainz-Bingen district), Biebelsheim , Pfaffen-Schwabenheim , Volxheim , Hackenheim , Frei-Laubersheim , Altenbamberg , Traisen , Hüffelsheim , Rüdesheim an der Nahe , Roxheim , Hargesheim and Guldental . Bad Kreuznach's outlying Ortsbezirke or Stadtteile are Bosenheim, Ippesheim, Planig, Winzenheim and Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg . Yearly precipitation in Bad Kreuznach amounts to 517 mm, which

18326-844: The name St. Marienwörth . Since 1948, they have run it together with the Sisters of the Congregation of Papal Law of the Maids of Mary of the Immaculate Conception, and today run it as a hospital bearing the classification II. Regelversorgung under Germany's Versorgungsstufe hospital planning system. In 1901, the Second Rhenish Diakonissen-Mutterhaus (" Deaconess 's Mother-House"), founded in 1889 in Sobernheim , moved under its abbot,

18480-601: The narrow Nahe valley, all transport corridors run upstream parallel to the river. Moreover, the town is an important crossing point for all modes of transport. From 1896 to 1936, there were the Kreuznacher Kleinbahnen ("Kreuznach Narrow-Gauge Railways"), a rural narrow-gauge railway network. An original steam locomotive and its shed, which were moved from Winterburg , can be found today in nearby Bockenau . The Kreuznacher Straßen- und Vorortbahnen ("Kreuznach Tramways and Suburban Railways") ran not only

18634-701: The national level. Moreover, the club's field hockey department is also of importance, having for a while been represented in the Damen-Bundesliga ("Ladies' National League"). The first field hockey department in a Bad Kreuznach sport club, however, was the Kreuznacher HC , which made it to the semi-finals at the German Championship in 1960, and which to this day stages the Easter Hockey Tournament. In football ,

18788-440: The national level. In trampolining and whitewater slalom , the town is a national stronghold, while it has also shown strength at the state level in shooting sports and bocce . The biggest club is VfL 1848 Bad Kreuznach , within which the first basketball department in any sport club in Germany was founded in 1935. After the Second World War , too, the club produced many important personalities, among them several players at

18942-442: The normal Cartesian convention, with values above the optical axis positive and those below the optical axis negative. The relationship between the object distance u , the image distance v , and the lens focal length f is given by the thin-lens equation solving for u gives so that The magnification m is the ratio of image height y v to object height y u  : y u and y v are of opposite sense, so

19096-511: The optical industry as well as machine builders and automotive suppliers. Retail and wholesale dealers, as well as restaurants hold particular weight in the inner town, although in the last few years, the service sector , too, has been gaining in importance. The express road links to the Autobahn bring Bad Kreuznach closer to Frankfurt Airport . The town can also attract new investment with its economic conversion areas. The spa operations and

19250-489: The original 1902 Tessar patent had expired in 1919. Many contemporary lenses with long production runs were based on a similar 4 element / 3 group formula (e.g. Leitz Elmar , Voigtländer Skopar , and Kodak Ektar ). A wide-angle of type Xenon. 7 elements in 5 groups. Designed in 1925 by Tronnier, it is an asymmetrical derivative of the classical double-Gauss design. The Variogon is a zoom lens. PCS stands for "Perspective Control, Scheimpflug ", which indicates that this

19404-624: The rector's post at the Kreuznach Latin school , which had been secured for him by Franz von Sickingen . On the grounds of allegations of fornication , he fled the town only a short time afterwards, as witnessed by a letter from Johannes Trithemius to Johannes Virdung , in which Virdung was warned about Faust. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor , who spent Whitsun 1508 in Boppard , stayed in Kreuznach in June 1508 and wrote from there to his daughter Duchess Margaret of Savoy . In 1557,

19558-572: The seat of the state chamber of commerce for Rhineland-Palatinate. It is classed as a middle centre with some functions of an upper centre, making it the administrative, cultural and economic hub of a region with more than 150,000 inhabitants. Bad Kreuznach lies between the Hunsrück , Rhenish Hesse and the North Palatine Uplands , some 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) as the crow flies south-southwest of Bingen am Rhein . It lies at

19712-709: The south the St.-Peter-Pförtchen , which lay at the end of Rossstraße, and which for security was often walled up. In the New Town, the town wall ran from the Butterfass ("Butterchurn"; later serving as the prison tower) on the Nahe riverbank up to the intersection of Wilhelmstraße and Brückes on Bundesstraße 48, where to the northwest the Löhrpforte (also called the Lehrtor or the Binger Tor ; torn down about 1837)

19866-617: The spa house. Used as the General staff building was the Oranienhof. At the spa house on 19 December 1917, General Mustafa Kemal Pasha  – better known as Atatürk ("Father of the Turks ") and later president of a strictly secular Turkey  – the Kaiser, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff all met for talks. Only an extreme wintertime flood on the Nahe in January 1918 led to

20020-546: The spa operations are six spa clinics, spa sanatoria , the thermal brine movement bath "Crucenia Thermen" with a salt grotto, a radon gallery, graduation towers in the Salinental (dale), the brine-fogger in the Kurpark (spa park) set up as open-air inhalatoria and the "Crucenia Gesundheitszentrum" ("Crucenia Health Centre") for ambulatory spa treatment. The indications for these treatments are for rheumatic complaints , changes in joints due to gout , degenerative diseases of

20174-576: The spa zone, there is also the "Sana" Rhineland-Palatinate Rheumatic Centre, made up of a rheumatic hospital and a rehabilitation clinic, the Karl-Aschoff-Klinik . Another rehabilitation clinic under private sponsorship is the Klinik Nahetal . Also, there are the psychosomatic specialised clinic St.-Franziska-Stift and the rehabilitation and preventive clinic for children and youth, Viktoriastift . Given Bad Kreuznach's location in

20328-725: The start of its production in 1914, Schneider had produced their 500,000th lens by June 1932, its millionth by November 1936, and its 10 millionth lens by January 1967. As of April 2000, it had produced over 14,730,000 lenses. The list below converts any cm designations on earlier lenses to mm (so a 16.5 cm lens is shown as a 165 mm lens). A Schneider Kreuznach lens made for the German 35mm Rolleiflex SL35 and SL350 SLR cameras equipped with Quick Bayonet Mount ( QBM ) A very small lens, available in M42 screw mount. A perspective-control lens of 7 elements in 6 groups for 35mm cameras, which allows shifting of up to 7 mm, in an axis defined by

20482-444: The subject plane. The entire subject can be in focus, even if it is not parallel to the image plane. The plane of focus also can be rotated so that it does not coincide with the subject plane, and so that only a small part of the subject is in focus. This technique sometimes is referred to as "anti-Scheimpflug", though it actually relies on the Scheimpflug principle. Rotation of the plane of focus can be accomplished by rotating either

20636-488: The subtraction of the 80 mm, and addition of a 120 mm and two 480 mm lenses of varying speeds. This is a 6-element, 4-group apochromatic lens design, which has since been replaced by the Apo-Symmar L-Series. Using low-dispersion glass and multicoating techniques, secondary-spectrum reflections have been greatly reduced. The Apo-Symmar lenses up to 360 mm have a 72° angle of coverage, and

20790-913: The term Kreuz ("cross"). In 1828, 425 of the 7,896 inhabitants of the Bürgermeisterei ("Mayoralty") of Kreuznach (5.4%) adhered to the Jewish faith , as did 611 of the town's 18,143 inhabitants (3.4%) in 1890. Before the Thirty Years' War , Kreuznach had some 8,000 inhabitants and seven monasteries. In the Middle Ages and early modern times, the following monasteries were mentioned: The Plague threatened Kreuznach several times throughout its history. Great epidemics are recorded as having broken out in 1348/1349 ( Johannes Trithemius spoke of 1,600 victims), 1364, 1501/1502, 1608, 1635 (beginning in September) and 1666 (reportedly 1,300 victims). During

20944-733: The terms of the Congress of Vienna , the region lay under joint Bavarian - Austrian administration, whose seat was in Kreuznach. When these terms eventually came about, Kreuznach passed to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815 and from 1816 it belonged to the Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz in the province of the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine (as of 1822 the Rhine Province ) and was a border town with two neighbouring states,

21098-477: The tilt and focus are fixed, and the lens f -number is the only available control for adjusting sharpness. In a two-dimensional representation, an object plane inclined to the lens plane is a line described by By optical convention, both object and image distances are positive for real images, so that in Figure ;6, the object distance u increases to the left of the lens plane LP; the vertical axis uses

21252-640: The tire manufacturer Michelin , the machine builder KHS , the Meffert Farbwerke ( dyes , lacquers , plasters , protective coatings) and the Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH may be mentioned. In 2002, the tradition-rich Seitz-Filter-Werke was taken over by the US-based Pall Corporation . Thus producing businesses are of great importance, and are especially well represented by the chemical industry ( tires , lacquers, dyes) and

21406-478: The town also hopes to underscore its image as a sporting town in Rhineland-Palatinate. The Sport Badge is conferred upon sportsmen or sportswomen at three levels: A promoter or person working in a sport-related field must be active in an unpaid capacity for at least 25 years to receive this award. Bad Kreuznach is characterised to a considerable extent by winegrowing , and with 777 ha of vineyard planted – 77% white wine varieties and 23% red  – it

21560-420: The town council. Count Walram's response was to have four of the uprising's leaders beheaded at the marketplace. Through its long time as Kreuznach's lordly family, the House of Sponheim had seven heads: In 1417, however, the "Further" line of the House of Sponheim died out when Countess Elisabeth of Sponheim-Kreuznach (1365–1417) died. In her will , she divided the county between Electoral Palatinate and

21714-419: The town had 807 estates and was the seat of a Hofgericht (lordly court) to which the "free villages" of Waldböckelheim , Wöllstein , Volxheim , Braunweiler , Mandel and Roxheim , which were thus freed from the toll at Kreuznach, had to send Schöffen (roughly "lay jurists"). During the Thirty Years' War , Kreuznach was overrun and captured many times by various factions fighting in that war: The town

21868-408: The town suffered greatly under sackings and involuntary contributions. After the French withdrew on 12 December, it was occupied by an Austrian battalion under Captain Alois Graf Gavasini, which withdrew again on 30 May 1796. On 9 June 1796, Kreuznach was once again occupied by the French. In 1797, Kreuznach, along with all lands on the Rhine 's left bank, was annexed by the French First Republic ,

22022-420: The town wall fell in. Taking part at the founding of the Masonic Lodge Zum wiedererbauten Tempel der Bruderliebe ("To the Rebuilt Temple of Brotherly Love") in Worms in 1781 were also Freemasons from Kreuznach. As early as 1775, the Grand Lodge of the Rhenish Masonic Lodges (8th Provincial Grand Lodge) of Strict Observance had already been given the name "Kreuznach". In the extreme winter of 1783/1784,

22176-458: The town was heavily damaged on 27–28 February 1784 by an icerun and flooding. A pharmacist named Daniel Riem was killed in his house "Zum weißen Schwan" ("At the White Swan") when it collapsed into the floodwaters. In the course of the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1814), French emigrants came to Kreuznach, among them Prince Louis Joseph of Condé . In October 1792, French Revolutionary troops under General Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine occupied

22330-436: The town's most successful club is Eintracht Bad Kreuznach . The team played in, among other leagues, the Oberliga , when that was Germany's highest level in football, as well as, later, the Second Bundesliga . The club that has won the most titles is MTV Bad Kreuznach, which in trampolining is among Germany's most successful clubs. Canoeing , in particular whitewater slalom, is practised by RKV Bad Kreuznach. Creuznacher RV has

22484-429: The town. The last Stadtkommandant (town commander), Lieutenant Colonel Johann Kaup (d. 1945), kept Bad Kreuznach from even greater destruction when he offered advancing American troops no resistance, and yielded the town to them on 16 March 1945 with barely any fighting. Shortly before this, German troops had blown up yet another part of the old bridge across the Nahe , thus also destroying residential buildings near

22638-416: The tradition of the former, well known Höheren Weinbauschule ("Higher Winegrowing School") and the Ingenieurschule für Landbau ("Engineering School for Cultivation") and fills a gap in the training between Fachhochschule and one-year Fachschule . The Agentur für Qualitätssicherung, Evaluation und Selbstständigkeit von Schulen ("Agency for Quality Assurance, Evaluation and Independence of Schools") and

22792-439: The west, making Kreuznach into an important contributor to transport towards the west. Only about 1950 were parts of this line torn up and abandoned. Today, between Staudernheim and Kusel, it serves as a tourist attraction for those who wish to ride draisines . In 1891, three members of the Franciscan Brothers of the Holy Cross came to live in Kreuznach. In 1893, they took over the hospital Kiskys-Wörth , which as of 1905 bore

22946-477: Was Ludwig von Closen. The maire of Kreuznach as of 1800 was Franz Joseph Potthoff (b. 1756; d. after 1806) and beginning in 1806 it was Karl Joseph Burret. On 20 September and 5 October 1804, the French Emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte visited Kreuznach. On the occasion of Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Austerlitz a celebratory Te Deum was held at the Catholic churches in January 1806 on Bishop of Aachen Marc-Antoine Berdolet's orders (Kreuznach

23100-414: Was afterwards taken into protection by Ruprecht III of the Palatinate against a yearly payment of 10 Rhenish guilders . At Gottschalk's suggestion, Archbishop Johann of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein lifted the " dice toll " for Jews crossing the border into the Archbishopric of Mainz . The special taxes for Jews ordered in 1418 and 1434 by King Sigismund of Luxembourg were also imposed in Kreuznach. In

23254-408: Was found. It then ran in a bow between Hofgartenstraße and Hochstraße to the Rüdesheimer Tor in the southwest at the beginning of Gerbergasse, whose course it then followed down to the Ellerbach and along the Nahe as a riverbank wall. Along this section, the town wall contained the Fischerpforte or Ellerpforte as a watergate and in the south, the Große Pforte ("Great Gate") at the bridge across

23408-408: Was part of his diocese from 1801 to 1821). In 1808, Napoleon made a gift of Kreuznach's two saltworks to his favourite sister, Pauline . In 1809, the Kreuznach Masonic Lodge "Les amis réunis de la Nahe et du Rhin" was founded by van Reccum, which at first lasted only until 1814. It was, however, refounded in 1858. In Napoleon's honour, the timing of the Kreuznach yearly market was set by Mayor Burret on

23562-399: Was thus heavily drawn into hardship and woe, and the population dwindled from some 8,000 at the war's outbreak to roughly 3,500. The expression "Er ist zu Kreuznach geboren" ("He was born at Kreuznach") became a byword in German for somebody who had to struggle with a great deal of hardship. On 19 August 1663, the town was stricken by an extraordinarily high flood on the river Nahe . In

23716-421: Was torn down. According to an 822 document from Louis the Pious , who was invoking an earlier document from Charlemagne , about 741, Saint Martin's Church in Kreuznach was supposedly donated to the Bishopric of Würzburg by his forebear Carloman . According to this indirect note, Kreuznach once again had a documentary mention in the Annales regni Francorum as Royal Pfalz (an imperial palace), where Louis

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