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59-559: Towns: Townships: This Fujian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fujian Fujian is a province located in South China . Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefecture city by population is Quanzhou , with other notable cities including

118-684: A tributary independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in the Wuyi Mountains , which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern Guangdong, eastern Jiangxi , and southern Zhejiang . After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in Guangdong , Jiangxi , and Zhejiang , primarily in

177-631: A boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian. As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms . During this time,

236-486: A calcified exoskeleton, but mineralized skeletons did not become common until the beginning of the Cambrian period, with the rise of the " small shelly fauna ". Just after the base of the Cambrian, these miniature fossils become diverse and abundant – this abruptness may be an illusion since the chemical conditions which preserved the small shells appeared at the same time. Most other shell-forming organisms appeared during

295-432: A calcified exoskeleton. Some Cloudina shells even show evidence of predation, in the form of borings. The fossil record primarily contains mineralized exoskeletons, since these are by far the most durable. Since most lineages with exoskeletons are thought to have started with a non-mineralized exoskeleton which they later mineralized, it is difficult to comment on the very early evolution of each lineage's exoskeleton. It

354-406: A common misconception, echinoderms do not possess an exoskeleton and their test is always contained within a layer of living tissue. Exoskeletons have evolved independently many times; 18 lineages evolved calcified exoskeletons alone. Further, other lineages have produced tough outer coatings, such as some mammals, that are analogous to an exoskeleton. This coating is constructed from bone in

413-406: A human ) which is enclosed underneath other soft tissues . Some large, hard and non-flexible protective exoskeletons are known as shell or armour . Examples of exoskeletons in animals include the cuticle skeletons shared by arthropods ( insects , chelicerates , myriapods and crustaceans ) and tardigrades , as well as the skeletal cups formed by hardened secretion of stony corals ,

472-554: A large influx of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under the Kangxi Emperor , a measure intended to counter the refuge Ming government of Koxinga in the island of Taiwan . The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". Incoming refugees did not translate into

531-605: A major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of Guangdong . In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan in the Battle of Penghu and annexed it into Fujian province, as Taiwan Prefecture . Many more Han Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants of Hokkien people from Southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally treated as one province ( Fujian-Taiwan-Province ), but starting in 1885, they split into two separate provinces. In

590-439: A second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by Wang Brothers ( Wang Chao , Wang Shengui  [ zh ] and Wang Shenzhi ), who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed by Southern Tang , another southern kingdom. Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by

649-495: Is Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of 2,157 metres (1.340 mi). Exoskeleton An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω éxō "outer" and σκελετός skeletós "skeleton" ) is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument , which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs , in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g. that of

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708-595: Is above the national average, at CN¥126,829 ( US$ 18,856 in nominal), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu . It has benefited from its geographical proximity with Taiwan. As a result of the Chinese Civil War , a small portion of Historical Fujian is now within the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan). The Fujian province of the ROC consists of three offshore archipelagos, namely

767-771: Is also spoken, by the Hakka people in Fujian. Min dialects, Hakka and Standard Chinese are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, a sizable amount of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speak Southern Min (or Hokkien). With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks 15th in population among Chinese provinces. In 2022, Fujian's GDP reached CN¥5.31 trillion (US$ 790 billion by nominal GDP), ranking 4th in East China region and 8th nationwide in GDP. Fujian's GDP per capita

826-488: Is eventually hardened. In contrast, moulting reptiles shed only the outer layer of skin and often exhibit indeterminate growth. These animals produce new skin and integuments throughout their life, replacing them according to growth. Arthropod growth, however, is limited by the space within its current exoskeleton. Failure to shed the exoskeleton once outgrown can result in the animal's death or prevent subadults from reaching maturity, thus preventing them from reproducing. This

885-544: Is in creating the proteins and polysaccharides required for the shell's composite structure , not in the precipitation of the mineral components. Skeletonization also appeared at almost the same time that animals started burrowing to avoid predation, and one of the earliest exoskeletons was made of glued-together mineral flakes, suggesting that skeletonization was likewise a response to increased pressure from predators. Ocean chemistry may also control which mineral shells are constructed of. Calcium carbonate has two forms,

944-602: Is known, however, that in a very short course of time, just before the Cambrian period, exoskeletons made of various materials – silica, calcium phosphate , calcite , aragonite , and even glued-together mineral flakes – sprang up in a range of different environments. Most lineages adopted the form of calcium carbonate which was stable in the ocean at the time they first mineralized, and did not change from this mineral morph - even when it became less favourable. Some Precambrian (Ediacaran) organisms produced tough but non-mineralized outer shells, while others, such as Cloudina , had

1003-402: Is the mechanism behind some insect pesticides, such as Azadirachtin . Exoskeletons, as hard parts of organisms, are greatly useful in assisting the preservation of organisms, whose soft parts usually rot before they can be fossilized. Mineralized exoskeletons can be preserved as shell fragments. The possession of an exoskeleton permits a couple of other routes to fossilization . For instance,

1062-514: The Chinese Civil War , the People's Republic of China unified the country and took over most of Fujian, excluding the Quemoy and Matsu Islands . In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in

1121-587: The Ispah Rebellion , advancing northward and even capturing Putian and Fuzhou before the rebellion was crushed by the Yuan. Afterward, Quanzhou city lost foreign interest in trading and its formerly welcoming international image as the foreigners were all massacred or deported. Yuan dynasty General Chen Youding , who had put down the Ispah Rebellion, continued to rule over the Fujian area even after

1180-820: The Kinmen Islands , the Matsu Islands , and the Wuqiu Islands . Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index . The name Fujian ( 福建 ) originated from the combination of the city names of Fuzhou ( 福州 ) and nearby Jianzhou ( 建州 , or present-day Nanping ( 南平 )). Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered

1239-660: The Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells , bones , jades , and ceramics (including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels , which is definitive evidence of weaving . The Tanshishan ( 曇石山 ) site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou spans

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1298-574: The State of Yue , a Spring and Autumn period kingdom in Zhejiang to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by the State of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of the main river in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older. The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue

1357-503: The Sui and Tang eras a large influx of migrants settled in Fujian. During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part of Yang Province . During the Tang, Fujian was part of the larger Jiangnan East Circuit , whose capital was at Suzhou . Modern-day Fujian was composed of around 5 prefectures and 25 counties. The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to

1416-665: The Wuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou. Quanzhou city was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom . Qingyuan Jiedushi was a military/governance office created in 949 by Southern Tang 's second emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao , who nominally submitted to him but controlled Quan ( 泉州 , in modern Quanzhou , Fujian) and Zhang ( 漳州 , in modern Zhangzhou , Fujian) Prefectures in de facto independence from

1475-515: The armadillo , and hair in the pangolin . The armour of reptiles like turtles and dinosaurs like Ankylosaurs is constructed of bone; crocodiles have bony scutes and horny scales. Since exoskeletons are rigid, they present some limits to growth. Organisms with open shells can grow by adding new material to the aperture of their shell, as is the case in gastropods , bivalves , and other molluscans . A true exoskeleton, like that found in panarthropods, must be shed via moulting ( ecdysis ) when

1534-546: The sea trade ban , and the area was superseded by nearby ports of Guangzhou , Hangzhou , Ningbo and Shanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550. Large-scale piracy by Wokou was eventually wiped out by the Chinese military. An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren 鲁认 ). The Pisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records. The late Ming and early Qing dynasty symbolized an era of

1593-736: The test /tunic of sea squirts and sea urchins , and the prominent mollusc shell shared by snails , clams , tusk shells , chitons and nautilus . Some vertebrate animals, such as the turtle , have both an endoskeleton and a protective exoskeleton . Exoskeletons contain rigid and resistant components that fulfil a set of functional roles in addition to structural support in many animals, including protection, respiration, excretion, sensation, feeding and courtship display , and as an osmotic barrier against desiccation in terrestrial organisms. Exoskeletons have roles in defence from parasites and predators and in providing attachment points for musculature . Arthropod exoskeletons contain chitin ;

1652-748: The 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War . In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy . Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respects the Open Door principles and does not violate China's territorial integrity. The Xinhai revolution overthrew

1711-494: The 2nd century BC. This was stopped by the Han dynasty as it expanded southward . The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching a military campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end. Fujian

1770-515: The Cambrian period, with the Bryozoans being the only calcifying phylum to appear later, in the Ordovician . The sudden appearance of shells has been linked to a change in ocean chemistry which made the calcium compounds of which the shells are constructed stable enough to be precipitated into a shell. However, this is unlikely to be a sufficient cause, as the main construction cost of shells

1829-468: The Hulushan culture ( 葫芦山文化 ) from 2050 to 1550 BC. Fujian was also where the kingdom of Minyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" ( simplified Chinese : 闽 ; traditional Chinese : 閩 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : bân ), which is perhaps an ethnic name (simplified Chinese: 蛮 ; traditional Chinese: 蠻 ; pinyin: mán ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bân ), and " Yuè ", after

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1888-576: The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Age where semi-underground circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun ( 黃土崙 ) site ( c.  1325 BC ), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the Bronze Age in character. Tianlong Jiao (2013) notes that the Neolithic appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with

1947-423: The Qing dynasty and brought the province into the rule of the Republic of China . The anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian was established by Chen Jiongming from 1918 to 1920. Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It was re-controlled by the Republic of China in 1934. Fujian came under a Japanese sea blockade during World War II . After

2006-493: The Southern Tang state. (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture ( 南州 ).) Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to Song , which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal overlord. After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi , who

2065-652: The Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such as Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , and Yunnan , Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties era, the Southern Dynasties ( Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang ( Western Liang ), and Chen ) reigned south of the Yangtze River , including Fujian. During

2124-465: The addition of calcium carbonate makes them harder and stronger, at the price of increased weight. Ingrowths of the arthropod exoskeleton known as apodemes serve as attachment sites for muscles. These structures are composed of chitin and are approximately six times stronger and twice the stiffness of vertebrate tendons . Similar to tendons, apodemes can stretch to store elastic energy for jumping, notably in locusts . Calcium carbonates constitute

2183-449: The animal starts to outgrow it. A new exoskeleton is produced beneath the old one, and the new skeleton is soft and pliable before shedding the old one. The animal will typically stay in a den or burrow during moulting, as it is quite vulnerable to trauma during this period. Once at least partially set, the organism will plump itself up to try to expand the exoskeleton. The new exoskeleton is still capable of growing to some degree before it

2242-443: The economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years. Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain development while at

2301-639: The end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran dynasty in 1225. In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records. Chinese ethnic groups are recorded in Trần and Lý dynasty records of officials. Clothing, food, and languages were fused with

2360-438: The first four remain the most popular surnames in Fujian. Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" rebellions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and sixteen counties were established by

2419-468: The fossil record shortly before the base of the Cambrian period , 550  million years ago . The evolution of a mineralised exoskeleton is considered a possible driving force of the Cambrian explosion of animal life, resulting in a diversification of predatory and defensive tactics. However, some Precambrian ( Ediacaran ) organisms produced tough outer shells while others, such as Cloudina , had

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2478-580: The language group Min Chinese are most commonly spoken within the province, including the Fuzhou dialect and Eastern Min of Northeastern Fujian province and various Southern Min and Hokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian. The capital city of Fuzhou and Fu'an of Ningde prefecture along with Cangnan county-level city of Wenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province make up the Min Dong linguistic and cultural region of Northeastern Fujian. Hakka Chinese

2537-655: The local Vietnamese in Vân Đồn district where the Chinese ethnic groups had moved after leaving their home province of what is now Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In 1172, Fujian was attacked by Pi-she-ye pirates from Taiwan or the Visayas , Philippines . After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty , Fujian became part of Jiangzhe province , whose capital was at Hangzhou . From 1357 to 1366 Muslims in Quanzhou participated in

2596-421: The magnesium/calcium ratio of the oceans appears to have a negligible impact on organisms' success, which is instead controlled mainly by how well they recover from mass extinctions. A recently discovered modern gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum that lives near deep-sea hydrothermal vents illustrates the influence of both ancient and modern local chemical environments: its shell is made of aragonite, which

2655-426: The molluscs, whose shells often comprise both forms, most lineages use just one form of the mineral. The form used appears to reflect the seawater chemistry – thus which form was more easily precipitated – at the time that the lineage first evolved a calcified skeleton, and does not change thereafter. However, the relative abundance of calcite- and aragonite-using lineages does not reflect subsequent seawater chemistry –

2714-483: The noble class arrived in the province in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty collapsed and the north was torn apart by civil wars and rebellions by tribal peoples from the north and west. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China : Chen ( 陈 ), Lin ( 林 ), Huang ( 黄 ), Zheng ( 郑 ), Zhan ( 詹 ), Qiu ( 邱 ), He ( 何 ), and Hu ( 胡 ). To this day,

2773-532: The outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellion . Forces loyal to the eventual Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) defeated Chen in 1367. After the establishment of the Ming dynasty , Fujian became a province, with its capital at Fuzhou. In the early Ming era, Fuzhou Changle was the staging area and supply depot of Zheng He 's naval expeditions . Further development was severely hampered by

2832-614: The parts of organisms that were already mineralised are usually preserved, such as the shells of molluscs. It helps that exoskeletons often contain "muscle scars", marks where muscles have been attached to the exoskeleton, which may allow the reconstruction of much of an organism's internal parts from its exoskeleton alone. The most significant limitation is that, although there are 30-plus phyla of living animals, two-thirds of these phyla have never been found as fossils, because most animal species are soft-bodied and decay before they can become fossilised. Mineralized skeletons first appear in

2891-504: The population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture. There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastal Zhejiang . There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures. These are the Niubishan culture ( 牛鼻山文化 ) from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and

2950-483: The port city of Xiamen and Zhangzhou . Fujian is located on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait as the closest province geographically and culturally to Taiwan . Certain islands such as Kinmen are only approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Xiamen in Fujian. While the population predominantly identifies as Han , it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China. The dialects of

3009-461: The same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage. The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" ( 八山一水一分田 ). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi . It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009. Fujian's highest point

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3068-404: The shells of molluscs, brachiopods , and some tube-building polychaete worms. Silica forms the exoskeleton in the microscopic diatoms and radiolaria . One mollusc species, the scaly-foot gastropod , even uses the iron sulfides greigite and pyrite . Some organisms, such as some foraminifera , agglutinate exoskeletons by sticking grains of sand and shell to their exterior. Contrary to

3127-437: The stable calcite and the metastable aragonite, which is stable within a reasonable range of chemical environments but rapidly becomes unstable outside this range. When the oceans contain a relatively high proportion of magnesium compared to calcium, aragonite is more stable, but as the magnesium concentration drops, it becomes less stable, hence harder to incorporate into an exoskeleton, as it will tend to dissolve. Except for

3186-511: The strong layer can resist compaction, allowing a mould of the organism to be formed underneath the skeleton, which may later decay. Alternatively, exceptional preservation may result in chitin being mineralised, as in the Burgess Shale , or transformed to the resistant polymer keratin , which can resist decay and be recovered. However, our dependence on fossilised skeletons also significantly limits our understanding of evolution. Only

3245-712: The surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area. The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under King An Dương Vương of Âu Lạc kingdom in resisting Qin 's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 – 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near

3304-524: Was a de facto kingdom until one of the emperors of the Qin dynasty , the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status. In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall, civil war broke out between two warlords, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang . The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded the Han dynasty . In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as

3363-707: Was part of the much larger Yang Province (Yangzhou), whose provincial capital was designated in Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui ). The Han dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for the Three Kingdoms era. Sun Quan , the founder of the Kingdom of Wu , spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains. The first wave of immigration of

3422-583: Was reorganized into the Fujian Circuit in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region. Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam's Red River Delta . The settlers then created Trần port and Vân Đồn . Fujian and Guangdong Chinese moved to the Vân Đồn coastal port to engage in commerce. During the Lý and Trần dynasties , many Chinese ethnic groups with

3481-419: Was then overthrown by the officers Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin . Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over. In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong , ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity. The area

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