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47-419: The foundation stone was laid on 29 May 2013 and the bridge opened to traffic on 26 August 2016. At 322 m (1,056 ft), it is the world's fifth-tallest bridge of any type. The main span is the 13th longest suspension bridge in the worldIt is also one of the world's widest suspension bridges, at 58.4 metres (192 ft) across. and also making it one of the biggest transport megaprojects . The bridge

94-614: A Member of Parliament for Kayseri in 1991 and was re-elected in 1995 , 1999 , 2002 , and 2007 . Initially a member of the Islamist Welfare Party , Gül joined the Virtue Party in 1998 after the former was banned for anti-secular activities. When the party split into hardline Islamist and modernist factions in 2000, Gül joined fellow party member Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in advocating the need for reform and moderation. He ran against serving leader Recai Kutan for

141-467: A bill restricting alcohol consumption into law despite initially indicating a possible veto, which was seen as a contributing factor to sparking the Gezi Park protests . Other controversies included a law tightening internet regulation in 2013, a law increasing political control over the judiciary in 2014 designed to protect then Prime Minister Erdoğan and others from corruption charges and a law giving

188-553: A boycott of opposition parties in Parliament deadlocked the election process, Gül formally withdrew his candidacy on 6 May 2007. If elected he would be the first president to have been involved with Islamist parties. But a few days later, on 11 May 2007 when he inquired after the alterations to the Turkish constitution which now allowed the people to elect the president directly rather than a parliamentary vote, Gül announced that he

235-655: Is a Turkish politician who served as the 11th president of Turkey from 2007 to 2014. He previously served for four months as Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003, and concurrently served as both Deputy Prime Minister and as Foreign Minister between 2003 and 2007. He is currently a member of the Advisory Panel for the President of the Islamic Development Bank . Advocating staunch Islamist political views during his university years, Gül became

282-509: Is part of the projected 260 km (160 mi) Northern Marmara Motorway ( Turkish : Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu ), which will bypass urban areas of northern Istanbul connecting Kınalı, Silivri in the west and Paşaköy, Hendek in the east. The 58.4-metre-wide (192 ft) bridge is 2,164 m (7,100 ft) in length with a main span of 1,408 m (4,619 ft). Designed by the Swiss engineer Jean-François Klein (project leader) and by

329-593: The 2018 Turkish presidential election , initially supported by the Republican People's Party (CHP) and the Felicity Party (SP). However, having failed to gain the support of the third major opposition party, namely the Good Party , Gül announced that he had taken his name out of consideration due to the lack of universal opposition-backing. He has since been involved, though not officially, with

376-813: The Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi ( Justice and Development Party ), a party which billed itself as a moderate conservative party in the European tradition. He was elected once again to represent Kayseri in 2002. An interview he gave in 2002 summarizes his criticisms of the Refah Partisi under the leadership of Necmettin Erbakan and his portrayal of the AKP as a moderate party: In the Welfare Party, there were groups demanding sharia rule. Welfare did not represent

423-644: The Alevis in eastern Anatolia (who adhere to the Shia sect of Islam ) sided with Shah Ismail I of Safavid Persia , the victorious Selim I ordered the massacre of the Kızılbaş whom he considered traitors and heretics (see also Ottoman–Safavid relations and Ottoman–Persian Wars ). Land prices in the less urbanized areas on both sides of the Bosphorus immediately soared in expectation of an urbanization boom thanks to

470-740: The Democracy and Progress Party (DEVA) of fellow former AKP member Ali Babacan . Gül was born in Kayseri , central Anatolia on 29 October 1949, the 26th anniversary of the establishment of the modern Turkish nation, also known as Republic Day in Turkey. His father is Ahmet Hamdi Gül (1926–2017), a retired air force mechanic whilst his mother is Adviye Satoğlu (born 1931). Gül studied Economics at Istanbul University . During his graduate education, he spent two years (1976–1978) in London and studied at

517-570: The French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux from T-ingénierie (a Geneva -based company), the bridge is a combined road-rail bridge. It carries four motorway lanes and one railway track in each direction. The construction was carried out by a consortium of the Turkish company İçtaş and the Italian company Astaldi which won the bid to construct it on 30 May 2012. The budgeted cost for the bridge

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564-481: The MV Mavi Marmara in 2010, when crewmebers attacked an Israeli naval boarding party, he advocated the complete ending of diplomatic relations with Israel, stating that "Israel will turn into a complete apartheid regime in the next 50 years if it does not allow for the establishment of an independent and proud Palestinian state with its capital in east Jerusalem. That is why we are exerting efforts to achieve

611-555: The National Intelligence Organization (MİT) controversial new powers also in 2014. Gül took a mediating approach during the Gezi Park anti-government protests and government corruption scandals . Since leaving office, Gül has progressively become more publicly critical of his successor, Erdoğan, and the democratic backsliding in Turkey. He was mooted as a potential joint opposition candidate in

658-659: The University of Exeter in the United Kingdom. Returning to Turkey in 1978, he became an instructor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Sakarya University while working on his doctoral research on Turkey's economic relations with other Muslim countries. He received his PhD from Istanbul University in 1983. Between 1983 and 1991, he worked at the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia . He

705-610: The 2007 presidential election was announced by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . In 1999, he kept his seat as a member of the Fazilet Partisi (FP, "the Virtue Party ") which was subsequently outlawed by the Constitutional Court for its violation of the Constitution. Its predecessor, the Refah Partisi , was also outlawed by the Constitutional Court for its violation of the Constitution, especially

752-583: The 29th session of the COMCEC in Istanbul. he said: Islamophobia remains a critical problem, which instigates unsubstantial prejudices against our region and Muslims. Terror plays a role in the persistence of such problems. We have to combat any form of deviation playing into the hands of people who equate terrorism with Islam, the religion of love, tolerance and conciliation. After the Israeli interdiction on

799-550: The AKP won a landslide victory in the 2002 general election while Erdoğan was still banned from office. His government removed Erdoğan's political ban by March 2003, after which Erdoğan became an MP for Siirt in a by-election and took over as prime minister. Gül subsequently served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister until 2007. His subsequent bid for the Presidency drew strong and highly vocal opposition from ardent supporters of secularism in Turkey and

846-558: The Armenian and Turkish parliaments refused to ratify the agreement. In November 2011, President Gül led a state visit to the United Kingdom as a guest of Queen Elizabeth II . The President met political and business leaders, visited the Olympic Park and was guest of honor at a state banquet at Buckingham Palace . In November 2013, Gül called on Muslim countries to fight against what he called Islamophobia during his address at

893-807: The King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and President of the self-declared state of Northern Cyprus Mustafa Akıncı . Also, Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan) Shahbaz Sharif , Sandžak Bosniak Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia Rasim Ljajić , First Vice Prime Minister of Georgia Dimitri Kumsishvili and high-ranking officials from Azerbaijan also attended the opening ceremony. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım delivered speeches. List of longest suspension bridge spans Download coordinates as: The world's longest suspension bridges are listed according to

940-469: The US, EU and German authorities while Turkey's prime minister Tayyip Erdoğan made a statement saying "a structure doomed to uncertainty has been overcome". In September 2008 Gül became the first Turkish leader to visit Armenia where, in meetings with President Serzh Sarkisian, the two leaders formulated a solution to the tendentious problem of the genocide question, sparking a major debate in Turkey, but both

987-541: The United States to meet with U.S. President George W. Bush and U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice . Prime Minister Erdoğan announced on 24 April 2007 that Gül would be the Justice and Development Party candidate in the 2007 presidential election . Previously, there had been speculation that Erdoğan himself would be the party's candidate, which had provoked substantial opposition from secularists. When

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1034-494: The Virtue Party leadership at a time when Erdoğan was banned from holding political office. As the candidate for the modernist camp, he came second with 521 votes while Kutan won 633. He co-founded the moderate Justice and Development Party (AKP) with Erdoğan in 2001 after the Virtue Party was shut down in the same year, while hardline conservative members founded the Felicity Party instead. Gül became prime minister after

1081-449: The bridge is longer from shore to shore (or from abutment to abutment). Suspension bridges have the longest spans of any type of bridge. Cable-stayed bridges , the next longest design, are practical for spans up to just over 1 kilometre. Therefore, as of 2021 , the 31 longest bridges on this list are the 31 longest spans of all types of vehicular bridges (other than floating pontoon bridges ). The 1915 Çanakkale Bridge in Turkey holds

1128-511: The drinking water for the city, to be "essential for Istanbul's ecological and economic sustainability, and a possible pollution of the groundwater would provoke the collapse of the city". In 1995, Erdoğan, then mayor of Istanbul, had himself declared that a third bridge would mean "the murder of the city". The opening ceremony on 26 August 2016 was attended by Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov , Bosniak president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bakir Izetbegović , Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov ,

1175-533: The first two rounds, a two-thirds majority of MPs had been required, but in the third round he needed only a simple majority. Gül was sworn in immediately thereafter. The process was a very low-key affair. Gül's swearing-in was not attended by the Chief of the Turkish General Staff and was boycotted by the opposition Republican People's Party ; then the hand-over of power at the presidential palace

1222-1564: The large suspension bridges built in recent years have been in the People's Republic of China. As the following list shows, most of the bridges under construction are also in China. 张靖皋长江大桥南航道桥 狮子洋大桥 ( Guangdong ) 22°51′3″N 113°33′56″E  /  22.85083°N 113.56556°E  / 22.85083; 113.56556  ( Shiziyang Bridge ) 燕矶长江大桥 双屿门特大桥 泸沽湖特大桥 小湾澜沧江特大桥 大东金沙江特大桥 23°15′22″N 102°50′06″E  /  23.25611°N 102.83500°E  / 23.25611; 102.83500  ( Honghe Bridge ) 西堠门公铁两用大桥 双柳长江大桥 花江峡谷大桥 永昌澜沧江大桥 26°39′51″N 104°50′5″E  /  26.66417°N 104.83472°E  / 26.66417; 104.83472  ( Dahe Bridge ) 江龙高速复兴长江大桥 张靖皋长江大桥北航道桥 雅砻江特大桥 乌东德金沙江特大桥 李埠长江公铁大桥 30°17′13″N 112°04′42″E  /  30.28694°N 112.07833°E  / 30.28694; 112.07833  ( Libu Yangtze River Rail and Road Bridge ) 兴义长江公铁大桥 21°45′18″N 108°33′16″E  /  21.75500°N 108.55444°E  / 21.75500; 108.55444  ( Longmen Bridge ) 26°10′02″N 105°06′45″E  /  26.16722°N 105.11250°E  / 26.16722; 105.11250  ( Zangkejiang Bridge ) 卡哈洛金沙江特大桥 Prior longest bridges are located in List of longest arch bridge spans . Exceeded by

1269-413: The length of their main span (i.e., the length of suspended roadway between the bridge's towers). The length of the main span is the most common method of comparing the sizes of suspension bridges , often correlating with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge. If one bridge has a longer span than another, it does not necessarily mean that

1316-668: The local values we are now cultivating. The ideology of the party was partially shaped by alien imports. [He was referring to the impact of the Islamist ideology of the Iranian Revolution and Arab states on Welfare's ideology.] Our vision was at odds with the rest of the party. The despotic rule of Erbakan Hoca made it impossible for us to realize our vision under the rubric of the National View. We believe that modernization and being Muslim complement each other. We accept

1363-414: The masonry arch Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge from 1377 to 1416, with main span of 72 m. The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck. The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow. Sources: Abdullah G%C3%BCl Abdullah Gül ( / ɡ uː l / ; Turkish: [abduɫˈɫah ˈɟyl] ; born 29 October 1949)

1410-551: The modern values of liberalism, human rights, and market economy. After the Justice and Development Party (AKP) won the most votes in the November 2002 general election , Gül was appointed Prime Minister , as AKP leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was still banned from participating in politics. After Gül's government secured legislation allowing Erdoğan's return to politics, the latter took over as prime minister on 14 March 2003. Gül

1457-495: The necessity of making a revision, which resulted from changes of the route project". Both the ministry and the construction company have denied any change to the site location. On 5 April 2014, a fatal accident occurred during construction of the link road to the bridge on the Asian side of the Bosphorus near Çavuşbaşı, Beykoz . Three workers were killed and another was injured when he fell from collapsed scaffolding while concrete

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1504-402: The new cross-water connection, according to Ekumenopolis , a documentary film of 2010 about the area. The efficacy of the proclaimed goal of easing traffic congestion was also challenged, with some claiming that "the project is little more than a contrivance to open for development lands that had been long protected by law". Many consider the green areas and wetlands in question, producing most of

1551-582: The opening date for 29 May 2015. Work was temporarily halted in July 2013 after it became evident that the site was poorly located, but by then thousands of trees had already been cut down. The paperwork filed for a change of plan written by the State Highways Directorate Director-General Mehmet Cahit Turhan on 11 June 2013, reads "it is appropriate to cancel the current construction plan due to

1598-578: The principle of secularism. By this time, Gül had apparently moderated his views and was reportedly considered to be part of the Virtue Party's reformist faction. Since 1993 in Ankara, he had been organizing an informal think-tank involving a group of Refah politicians who were discontented with the leadership of Necmettin Erbakan: these included Melih Gökçek, Bülent Arınç, Abdüllatif Şener, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Beşir Atalay. In August 2001, this group founded

1645-1533: The record since opening to traffic in March 2022, with a span of 2,023 metres (6,637 ft). Since 1998, the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan previously held the record with a span of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft). This list includes only completed suspension bridges that carry automobiles or trains that are at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft) long. It does not include cable-stayed bridges, footbridges , or pipeline bridges . ( Jiangsu ) 32°12′24.6″N 119°21′49.9″E  /  32.206833°N 119.363861°E  / 32.206833; 119.363861  ( Runyang Bridge ) 26°49′20″N 100°26′30″E  /  26.82222°N 100.44167°E  / 26.82222; 100.44167  ( Jin'an Bridge ) ( Jiangsu ) 31°56′43.1″N 120°16′10″E  /  31.945306°N 120.26944°E  / 31.945306; 120.26944  ( Jiangyin Suspension Bridge ) ( Sichuan ) 30°37′03″N 111°21′37″E  /  30.61750°N 111.36028°E  / 30.61750; 111.36028  ( Wujiagang Bridge (Guangxi) ) 27°11′59″N 107°05′14″E  /  27.19972°N 107.08722°E  / 27.19972; 107.08722  ( Haizhouhu Bridge (Guangxi) ) Most of

1692-460: The İçtaş- Astaldi consortium on 29 May 2012. Construction began officially with the laying of the foundation stone in a ceremony held on 29 May 2013, the anniversary of the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. The ceremony was attended by the then State President Abdullah Gül , Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and numerous high-ranking officials. Erdoğan directed the construction management team to complete construction within 24 months, and set

1739-459: Was 4.5 billion TRY (approximately US$ 2.5 billion as of March 2013). Construction was originally expected to be completed in 36 months with the opening date scheduled for the end of 2015. According to the Minister of Transport and Communication Binali Yıldırım , of the total area nationalised for the bridge, 9.57% was private property, 75.24% was forested land, and the remaining 15.19%

1786-575: Was appointed deputy prime minister and foreign minister. After becoming foreign minister in March 2003, Gül became the key player in Turkey's attempts to receive an accession date for the European Union and in its attempts to improve relations with Syria and maintaining its relationship with the Turkic -speaking countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus . On 8 January 2008, Gül flew to

1833-463: Was authorized as the lead regulator to refinance the $ 2.7 billion loan for the bridge. The bridge toll is set to be ₺ 9.90 between the motorway exits Odayeri and Paşaköy. It is expected that at least 135,000 vehicles will use the bridge daily in each direction. Plans for a third Bosphorus bridge were approved by the Ministry of Transportation in 2012. The construction of the project was awarded to

1880-690: Was being poured at a viaduct. At the ground-breaking ceremony President Abdullah Gül announced that the bridge would be named the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge , in honour of Ottoman Sultan Selim I ( c.  1470 –1520), who expanded the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East and North Africa in 1514–1517 and obtained the title of Caliph of Islam for the Ottoman dynasty after his conquest of Egypt in 1517 . He

1927-505: Was conferred an honorary PhD degree from Amity University, Noida on 8 February 2009, and a LL.D from the University of Dhaka on 13 February 2010. Gül became acquainted with politics early during his high school years. During his university education, he became a member of the Islamist - nationalist Millî Türk Talebe Birliği (National Turkish Students' Union) in the line of Necip Fazıl 's Büyük Doğu ( Grand Orient ) current. He

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1974-645: Was elected a member of the Turkish parliament for the Refah Partisi (RP, "the Welfare Party ") from the Kayseri electoral district in 1991 and 1995. During these years, he made statements about the political system of Turkey that was designed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Turkish National Movement , which included "This is the end of the republican period" and "The secular system has failed and we definitely want to change it". These statements caused controversy when his candidacy for

2021-501: Was held behind closed doors. Gül's wife was not present. The traditional evening reception hosted by the new president at the presidential palace for the country's highest authorities was announced for 11:30 in the morning and wives were not invited. His presidency was described as a "new era in Turkish politics", for being the first president of Turkey with a background in Islamic politics. Gül received messages of congratulation from

2068-495: Was initially blocked by the Constitutional Court due to concerns over his Islamist political background. He was eventually elected Turkey's first president with a background in Islamic politics after the 2007 snap general election . As president, Gül came under criticism for giving assent to controversial laws which have been regarded by the political opposition as unconstitutional . In June 2013, he signed

2115-585: Was nicknamed Yavuz , traditionally translated in English as "Grim", but closer to "Stern" or "Implacable" in Turkish. The choice of name led to protests by Turkey's Alevi community because of Sultan Selim I 's alleged role in the Ottoman persecution of Alevis . After the Şahkulu Rebellion (1511) in Anatolia , and the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) in northwestern Iran , during which the Kızılbaş warriors of

2162-508: Was state-owned land. In June 2018, iduring the Turkish currency and debt crisis , Bloomberg reported that Astaldi and Webuild , an Italian multinational construction company, were poised to sell their stake in the project for $ 467 million. The project had failed to meet projections, requiring Ankara to boost operators' revenue from treasury coffers, and since early 2018 the partners in the joint venture sought restructuring of $ 2.3 billion of debt from creditors. On July 30, 2018, China 's ICBC

2209-466: Was still intending to run. Following the July 2007 parliamentary election , the AKP renominated Gül as its presidential candidate on 13 August; the election was again held as a vote of parliament. On 14 August, Gül submitted his candidacy application to parliament and expressed his commitment to secularism at a news conference. On 28 August 2007, he was elected president in the third round of voting; in

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