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57-612: Yangjing may refer to these places in China: Yangjing Subdistrict in Pudong District , Shanghai Yangjing, Shaanxi in Dingbian County , Shaanxi See also [ edit ] Yang Jing (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

114-702: A Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which opened to tourists in June 2016. Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower ( simplified Chinese : 宝钢大厦 ; traditional Chinese : 寶鋼大廈 ; pinyin : Bǎogāng Dàshà ) in Pudong. Comac has its head office in Pudong. The headquarters of Yangtze River Express , a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower ( 浦发大厦 ; 浦发大廈 ; Pǔfā Dàshà ) in Pudong. Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in

171-571: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ), influenced by monsoons and Siberian winds as well as rains and typhoons from the Pacific. The average annual temperature in Pudong is 17.2 °C (63.0 °F). The temperatures are highest on average in July and August, at around 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.1 °C (41.2 °F). Districts of

228-820: A "reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the century of humiliation . Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "[t]he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports represented another step in China's overall reform and opening-up plan while legitimizing the leadership of the CPC over the Chinese state and people." Primarily geared to exporting processed goods, the five SEZs are foreign trade -oriented areas which integrate science, industry and innovation with trade. Foreign firms benefit from preferential policies, such as lower tax rates , reduced regulations and special managerial systems. Since its founding in 1992,

285-432: A 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%. Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level. The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration. The 2020 census shows

342-563: A New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs. It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy. The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and

399-509: A celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Volkswagen Corporation, Li stated that "some policies of the economic and technological zones and Special Economic Zones can be implemented in the Pudong area". Li stated that future investors from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were welcomed and that China would provide preferential conditions for cooperation and improve the investment environment. The occasion

456-671: A focus on manufacturing consumer goods with the goal of transitioning to producing machinery, photovoltaic materials, and chemicals. It received support from China's Ministry of Commerce and the Export-Import Bank of China . As of March 2020, the Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone had 174 factories employing more than 30,000 people. The RIP is China's largest industrial cluster and manufacturing export area in Thailand. As of late 2018,

513-596: A national demonstration zone for Reform and Opening Up, starting with an investment project in Shekou prepared by Yuan Geng on behalf of the Hong Kong -based China Merchants Steam Navigation Company . This project, initially a ship breaking facility, was approved by Li Xiannian on January 31, 1979. In April 1979, Xi Zhongxun and other Guangdong officials presented in Beijing a proposal to give broader flexibility to

570-574: A population density of 3,006/km . About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km . Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in

627-507: A positive business environment for Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises investing in these regions." Overseas SEZs also foster support for China in the international system and help advocate for developing country causes through South–South cooperation . They "help China demonstrate it is acting as a responsible great power in these regions." Deng described China's SEZs as "social and economic laboratories where foreign technologies and managerial skills could be observed", including in

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684-425: A result, a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river, border, and inland areas has been formed in China. Economic policies of SEZs included tax exemptions, reduced custom duties, reduced priced land, and increased flexibility to negotiate labor contracts and financial contracts. SEZs were also authorized to develop their own legislation. The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone

741-477: Is twinned with: Special economic zones of China In justifying opening up and the series of economic reforms that ensued in China , Deng Xiaoping referred to Karl Marx and his theories, which predicted that nations need to undergo urbanization and a stage of capitalism for a natural socialist transition. One of the most renowned reforms under Deng was establishing four special economic zones (SEZ) along

798-505: Is a special area for technology-oriented businesses. The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined. Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008. The newest Disney resort , with

855-635: Is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization. On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo , whose grounds now form a public park . Pudong New Area consist of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County), Chuansha County , and Nanhui County . Pudong has

912-438: Is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"), the older part of Shanghai . It has an area of 1,210.4 square kilometres (467.3 sq mi) and, according to the 2020 census , a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows

969-428: Is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi) Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park

1026-761: Is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower , the Jin Mao Tower , the Shanghai World Financial Center , and the Shanghai Tower . These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi 's historic Bund , a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes

1083-662: Is often described as Pudong's "birthday". Nonetheless, development in the area was slow for the rest of 1990. On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area. In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up . Pudong's description as

1140-483: The Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities . However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city , which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of

1197-692: The Port of Shanghai , the Shanghai Expo and Century Park , Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park , Shanghai Pudong International Airport , the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve , Nanhui New City , and the Shanghai Disney Resort . Pudong —literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions . The area

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1254-821: The Shandong Peninsula , the Liaodong Peninsula (in Liaoning Province), Hebei Province and Guangxi autonomous region. In June 1990, the Chinese government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment, and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley, with Shanghai's Pudong New Area as its " dragon head." Since 1992, the State Council has opened a number of border cities and, in addition, all

1311-474: The Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge , which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently there are five tunnels that link the two sides, Dapu Rd. Tunnel, the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, running east–west, and Dalian Rd. Tunnel, running north–south, Fuxing Rd. Tunnel, complementing

1368-623: The Yangtze River and inland areas. First, the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland China's biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones. Shortly afterwards, the State Council expanded the open coastal areas, extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the Yangtze River Delta , Pearl River Delta , Xiamen - Zhangzhou - Quanzhou Triangle in south Fujian,

1425-463: The airport . Other lines, namely Lines 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 and 16 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station. Pudong is connected to Puxi by several tunnels and four major bridges . The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and

1482-492: The supertall Jin Mao Building (420.5 m or 1,380 ft), Shanghai World Financial Center (494 m or 1,621 ft) and Shanghai Tower (632 m or 2,073 ft), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai. In official discourses on urbanization in China , Pudong

1539-557: The A20, Shanghai's outer Ring road, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport. Pudong is currently served by ten metro lines and one tram line operated by Shanghai Metro and one maglev line operated by Shanghai Maglev Train and one suburban line operated by China Railway : Pudong

1596-639: The Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment, as well as more cities in the Yang Zi River Valley. Since 1992, the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition 15 free-trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As

1653-612: The Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises to work to establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the China Africa Development Fund ). Such zones fall within the Chinese policy to go out and compete globally. The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation promotes these SEZs heavily. In southeast Asia, both state-owned and private Chinese companies are active in developing SEZs abroad consistent with

1710-492: The Chinese government's strategic priorities. Efforts in these SEZs are often viewed as part of the Belt and Road Initiative . China is involved in southeast Asia SEZs that include industrial parks, special export processing zones, technology parks, and innovation areas. From the Chinese government perspective, Chinese participation in overseas SEZs helps to increase demand for Chinese machinery and equipment and helps restructure

1767-546: The Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong. Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower. Google has its Shanghai offices in the Shanghai World Financial Center . The Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999, shortening the travel time for visitors. In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves

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1824-531: The Pudong New Area came to 80 billion yuan, and the total industrial output value, 145 billion yuan. In May 2010, the PRC designated the city of Kashgar in Xinjiang a SEZ. Kashgar's annual growth rate was 17.4 percent in 2009, and Kashgar's designation has since increased tourism and real estate prices in the city. Kashgar is close to China's border with the independent states of former Soviet Central Asia and

1881-641: The RIP has more than 120 Chinese--owned companies, employs 35,000 (largely Thai nationals), and its gross industrial output was $ 12 billion. The first Chinese overseas SEZs facilitated the offshoring of labor-intensive and less competitive industries, for example in textiles. As Professor Dawn C. Murphy summarizes, these zones now "aim to transfer China's development successes to other countries, increase business opportunities for China manufacturing companies, avoid trade barriers by setting up zones in countries with preferential trade access to important markets, and create

1938-718: The ROC being otherwise strictly controlled; it was praised by a Xiamen government official and PRC state media, but the referendum did not receive approval from the government of Taiwan before Chen's term ended in 2018. As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world, between 1978 and 1984 China established special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou , Shenzhen , and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province as well as designating

1995-556: The SEZ seeks to capitalize on international trade links between China and those states. In 2015, then-magistrate of Kinmen County (ROC) Chen Fu-hai , along with a non-profit Taiwan organization "with close ties to the CCP", proposed a referendum in which Kinmen would become a special economic zone and obtain free trade and free investment between it and neighboring SEZ Xiamen on the mainland. The plan received controversy due to PRC investment in

2052-497: The Shanghai Pudong New Area has made progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The government has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Area that are not currently enjoyed by the special economic zones. For instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to

2109-673: The Southeastern coast of China, with Shenzhen , Shantou , and Zhuhai located in Guangdong province and Xiamen located in Fujian province . The four aforementioned special economic zones were all established from 1980 to 1981. As of 2024, there have been 3 additional special economic zones. In 1988, Hainan became the fifth SEZ. In 1990, Pudong district in Shanghai became the sixth "SEZ". In 2009, Binhai district in Tianjin became

2166-546: The Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, Waihuan Tunnel, one part of Shanghai Outer Ring Express. Two new tunnels linking Lujiazui to Puxi are under construction. Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to

2223-690: The capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free trade zones , 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As these open areas adopt different preferential policies, they play the dual roles of "windows" in developing the foreign-oriented economy , generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of "radiators" in accelerating inland economic development. Most of China's SEZs are located in former treaty ports and therefore have symbolic significance in demonstrating

2280-497: The central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed from north to south): the Liaodong Peninsula , Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin ; see Jing-Jin-Ji ), the Shandong Peninsula , Yangtze River Delta , Xiamen - Zhangzhou - Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province , the Pearl River Delta , and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region . In 1990,

2337-567: The coastal provinces of Guangdong and Fujian to attract foreign investment , with additional exemptions in four cities, namely Shenzhen in the Pearl River Delta region, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong and Xiamen (Amoy) in Fujian Province. For these, Chinese Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping coined the name "special zones" and characterized them as experiments in the mold of the pre-1949 Communist base areas. The proposal

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2394-441: The development of manufacturing technology, a private real estate market, and management techniques. Many scholars argue that SEZs played a decisive role in the development of China and the success of Communism as implemented in China. Since their inception, SEZs have contributed 22% of China's GDP, 45% of total national foreign direct investment, and 60% of exports. SEZs are estimated to have created over 30 million jobs, increased

2451-669: The district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee . On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee. Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong

2508-894: The domestic Chinese industrial value chain by moving low-end production activity abroad. It can also help bypass trade barriers during periods of friction such as the U.S.-China trade war by facilitating exports to Europe and North America. The Chinese government has identified certain southeast Asian SEZs as highlighted destinations for Chinese investment. These highlighted overseas SEZs include: Kawasan Industri Terpadu Indonesia-China, Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone in Cambodia, Thailand-China Rayong Industrial Park (RIP), Longjiang Industrial Park in Vietnam, Vientiane Saysettha Development Zone in Laos, and Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park. The Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone began with

2565-502: The economic and technological development zones, the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries . In addition, the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange , expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business. In 1999, the GDP of

2622-552: The entire island province of Hainan as a special economic zone. In 1984, China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed from north to south): Dalian , Qinhuangdao , Tianjin , Yantai , Qingdao , Lianyungang , Nantong , Shanghai , Ningbo , Wenzhou , Fuzhou , Guangzhou , Zhanjiang , and Beihai . These coastal cities have been designated as the "open coastal cities" ( simplified Chinese : 沿海开放城市 ; traditional Chinese : 沿海開放城市 ; pinyin : yánhǎi kāifàng chéngshì ). Then, beginning in 1985,

2679-463: The general trend of offshoring more simple manufacturing as globalization increased. Successes in the initial SEZs led to the establishment of additional SEZs in 14 coastal cities: Dalian , Qinhuangdao , Tianjin , Yantai , Qingdao , Lianyungang , Nantong , Shanghai , Ningbo , Wenzhou , Fuzhou , Guangzhou , Zhanjiang and Beihai . Since 1988, mainland China's opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas, areas along

2736-759: The income of participating farmers by 30%, and accelerated industrialization, agricultural modernization, and urbanization. However, issues like prioritizing the short-term gains, encompassing a limited number of industries, and lack of entrepreneurial promotion are pointed out by critics of the SEZs. Others, like Gopalakrishnan, point out that "Left out of the picture are inequities in development, arable land loss, real estate speculation and labour violence", as well as significant transparency problems in bureaucracy. China has benefitted from SEZs through foreign enterprises bringing in expertise, technology, and equipment. In turn, private firms have benefitted from inexpensive labor,

2793-730: The late 1970s, and especially at the 3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in December 1978, the Chinese government initiated its policy of reform and opening up , as a response to the failure of Maoist economic policy to produce economic growth which would allow China to be competitive against not only industrialized nations of the west but also rising regional powers: Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Officials in Guangdong Province led by Provincial Party Secretary Xi Zhongxun and Yang Shankun sought to make Guangdong

2850-485: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangjing&oldid=1084515151 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pudong District The traditional area of Pudong

2907-576: The seventh SEZ. Special economic zones in mainland China are granted more market-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the government of China . This allows SEZs to utilize economic management which is more attractive to foreign and domestic businesses. In SEZs, "...foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted without the authorization of the Chinese central government in Beijing" with " tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology". Trade

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2964-559: The traditional city center saw a population decrease. Public schools: International schools: Other private schools: With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2022 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.601 trillion (US$ 238 billion), with services comprising 74.7% of economic output. Its GDP per capita was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$ 41,755 by nominal values and US$ 68,647 by purchasing power parity values. The area

3021-782: Was approved on July 15 and the four special zones were officially established on August 26, 1979. As part of an effort to overcome domestic political resistance, the name "special economic zone" was ultimately chosen over "special zone" to emphasize that only economic, not political, experiments should be carried out. Within these SEZs, export-focused businesses had the leeway to quickly respond to demand in foreign markets. These initial SEZs successfully attracted foreign capital, primarily from ethnic Chinese in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia. Foreign businesses in these areas were generally motivated to move production to China's SEZs because of lower labor costs, preferential economic policies, and

3078-578: Was just 0.2 percent of Hong Kong's. In 2018, the city's GDP hit 2.42 trillion yuan (US$ 372 billion), overtaking Hong Kong. Successes in Shenzhen prompted Chinese central authorities to instruct provincial officials to learn from Shenzhen. From 1990 to 2018, Chinese enterprises established eleven SEZs in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East including: Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, Oman, and Algeria. Generally,

3135-452: Was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu , Yangpu , and Nanshi . Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 which the county was split among Huangpu , Yangpu , Nanshi , Wusong and Chuansha County . Premier Li Peng announced the policy of Pudong's opening and development on April 18, 1990. Speaking at

3192-737: Was originally controlled by China's centralized government. However, these special zones are where market-driven capitalist policies are implemented to entice foreign investments in China. In 1986, China then added 14 additional cities to the list of special economic zones. The concept of Special Economic Zone arose in the late 1950s in Ireland. The Irish government established the Shannon Free Zone to encourage foreign investment through tax incentives. Various Chinese leaders visited Shannon Free Zone, including Jiang Zemin (in 1980) and later Zhu Rongji , Wen Jiabao , and Xi Jinping . In

3249-561: Was the most active SEZ for legislative experiments over the period 1979-1990 and these had a significant role in shaping national economic legislation on foreign trade and investment. Out of the special zones, perhaps the most successful was Shenzhen. It transformed from 126 square miles of villages into a business metropolis. As seen by the table below, the ten years of economic reform from 1980 to 1990 increased population in Shenzhen by six-fold, GDP by around sixty-fold, and gross industrial output by two-hundredfold. Before 1980, Shenzhen's GDP

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