Ferenc Molnár ( US : / ˌ f ɛr ɛ n t s ˈ m oʊ l n ɑːr , - r ə n t s -, - ˈ m ɔː l -/ FERR -ents MOHL -nar, -ənts -, - MAWL - , Hungarian: [ˈfɛrɛnt͡s ˈmolnaːr] ; born Ferenc Neumann ; January 12, 1878 – April 1, 1952), often anglicized as Franz Molnar , was a Hungarian -born author, stage director, dramatist, and poet. He is widely regarded as Hungary's most celebrated and controversial playwright.
84-536: Yasunari Kawabata ( 川端 康成 , Kawabata Yasunari , 11 June 1899 – 16 April 1972) was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature , the first Japanese author to receive the award. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read. Born into a well-established family in Osaka , Japan, Kawabata
168-530: A travelogue ; and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki 's essay " In Praise of Shadows " (1933), which contrasts Eastern and Western cultures. Following the opening of Japan to the West in 1854, some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan; they include Bushido: The Soul of Japan by Nitobe Inazō (1900), concerning samurai ethics, and The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzō (1906), which deals with
252-535: A clue to Kawabata's suicide in 1972, a year and a half after Mishima had committed suicide. Kawabata apparently committed suicide in 1972 by gassing himself, but several close associates and friends, including his widow, consider his death to have been accidental. One thesis, as advanced by Donald Richie , was that he mistakenly unplugged the gas tap while preparing a bath. Many theories have been advanced as to his potential reasons for killing himself, among them poor health (the discovery he had Parkinson's disease ),
336-561: A deep depression after Irén cut off their affair and returned to her family. He resorted to drinking heavily as a result, and in 1911 attempted suicide. He was rehabilitated in Austria and continued writing during this dark time. Between 1910 and 1914, five volumes of his collected essays, plus his translations of over 30 French plays, were published. "Molnár's long and turbulent life was one of hard and incessant work. For over 50 years, he transposed his inner conflict in his literary work; writing
420-547: A distinction. In awarding the prize "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind", the Nobel Committee cited three of his novels, Snow Country , Thousand Cranes , and The Old Capital . Kawabata's Nobel Lecture was titled "Japan, The Beautiful and Myself" ( 美しい日本の私―その序説 ). Zen Buddhism was a key focal point of the speech; much was devoted to practitioners and
504-580: A film by Fritz Lang featuring Charles Boyer (Paris, 1934) and then the Broadway stage musical, Carousel (1945; film 1956) by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II . Molnár continued to dramatize the complexities of his affair with Irén through his plays, The Guardsman (1910) and The Wolf (1912); The Guardsman served as the basis for the 1931 film of the same name, starring American power couple Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne . Molnár fell into
588-575: A foundation for mythology , traditions and neighborhood activities, rather than as the single source of moral guidelines for one's life. A significant proportion of members of the Japanese diaspora practice Christianity ; about 60% of Japanese Brazilians and 90% of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholics , while about 37% of Japanese Americans are Christians (33% Protestant and 4% Catholic ). Certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include
672-557: A graduation thesis titled "A short history of Japanese novels". He graduated from university in March 1924, by which time he had already caught the attention of Kikuchi Kan and other noted writers and editors through his submissions to Kikuchi's literary magazine , the Bungei Shunju . In October 1924, Kawabata, Riichi Yokomitsu and other young writers started a new literary journal Bungei Jidai ( The Artistic Age ). This journal
756-478: A journalist. However, his primary focus was the court trials for Vészi's Budapesti Napló ( "Budapest Daily"), a newspaper then edited and published by József Vészi , a Jewish intellectual who dominated Hungarian political journalism. Molnár's first wife was one of Vészi's daughters, Margit Vészi. Molnár served as a proud and jingoistic supporter of the Austro-Hungarian Empire while working as
840-549: A lasting effect on Molnár. Upon her death, he wrote Companion in Exile , his most tragic work, recalling his friend's sacrifices and their time together. Molnár donated all his manuscripts and bound scrapbooks containing articles about him, prepared by Wanda Bartha, to the New York Public Library . Molnár's first marriage to Margit Vészi ended in divorce in 1910. In 1922 he married the actor Sári Fedák , after
924-751: A massive heart attack , forcing him to suspend work for almost a year. To celebrate the end of World War II , Molnár wrote and published Isten veled szivem (God Be With You My Heart) and the English Edition of The Captain of St Margaret's. After the war, Molnár became outraged and depressed after learning of the fate of his Jewish friends and colleagues during the Holocaust in Hungary , and his personality changed. He became apathetic, morose, and misanthropic. In 1947, Molnár's secretary and devoted companion Wanda Bartha died by suicide . This event had
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#17327806823461008-500: A number of his short stories shortly after he graduated, receiving acclaim for " The Dancing Girl of Izu " in 1926, a story about a melancholy student who, on a walking trip down Izu Peninsula , meets a young dancer, and returns to Tokyo in much improved spirits. The work explores the dawning eroticism of young love but includes shades of melancholy and even bitterness, which offset what might have otherwise been an overly sweet story. Most of his subsequent works explored similar themes. In
1092-424: A possible illicit love affair, or the shock caused by the suicide of his friend Yukio Mishima in 1970. Unlike Mishima, Kawabata left no note, and since (again unlike Mishima) he had not discussed significantly in his writings the topic of taking his own life, his motives remain unclear. However, his Japanese biographer, Takeo Okuno , has related how he had nightmares about Mishima for two or three hundred nights in
1176-436: A provincial geisha , which takes place in a remote hot-spring town somewhere in the mountainous regions of northern Japan. It established Kawabata as one of Japan's foremost authors and became an instant classic, described by Edward G. Seidensticker as "perhaps Kawabata's masterpiece". After the end of World War II, Kawabata's success continued with novels such as Thousand Cranes (a story of ill-fated love), The Sound of
1260-481: A row, and was incessantly haunted by the specter of Mishima. In a persistently depressed state of mind, he would tell friends during his last years that sometimes, when on a journey, he hoped his plane would crash. Kawabata's works have been translated into languages such as English, French, German, and Turkish, Korean. Niji ikutabi Japanese people Japanese people ( Japanese : 日本人 , Hepburn : Nihonjin ) are an East Asian ethnic group native to
1344-553: A second wave of immigration, from East Asia to Japan during the Yayoi period (300 BC). Following a population expansion in Neolithic times, these newcomers then found their way to the Japanese archipelago sometime during the Yayoi period. As a result, replacement of the hunter-gatherers was common in the island regions of Kyūshū , Shikoku , and southern Honshū , but did not prevail in the outlying Ryukyu Islands and Hokkaidō , and
1428-663: A six-year relationship. The couple divorced in 1925, after "he had accused her of intimacy with 42 gentlemen, and she had replied in kind with a list of 142 ladies". Molnár married the actor Lili Darvas shortly after divorcing Fedák in 1925. They were active both in Vienna, where Darvas acted as part of Max Reinhardt 's theatrical troupe at the Theater in der Josefstadt from 1925 until the Anschluss in 1938, when they were forced to flee. Molnár and Darvas had long been fixtures on
1512-507: A spoiled rich child, and were published as a collection of short dialogues. His personal life formed the basis for many of his works. After separating from his first wife, he became involved with the famous Hungarian actress Irén Szécsi, who was then married to a wealthy manufacturer. Their affair influenced some of his more critically successful works. In 1907, Molnár wrote Az ördög (The Devil) for Irén, in which he challenged her to leave her husband. It brought Molnár international fame and
1596-399: A very active social life among the many other writers and literary people residing in that city during the war years and immediately thereafter, in his later years he became very reclusive. One of his most famous novels was Snow Country , started in 1934 and first published in installments from 1935 through 1937. Snow Country is a stark tale of a love affair between a Tokyo dilettante and
1680-457: A war correspondent during World War I. His war reports were so positive that he was decorated by the Habsburg emperor but criticized by some pacifist peers. He would later write Reflections of a War Correspondent , describing his experiences. In 1901, Molnár published his first full-length novel Az éhes város ("The Hungry City"). This novel made Molnár's name familiar throughout Hungary. It
1764-449: A young age. Kawabata left many of his stories apparently unfinished, sometimes to the annoyance of readers and reviewers, but this goes hand to hand with his aesthetics of art for art's sake, leaving outside any sentimentalism, or morality, that an ending would give to any book. This was done intentionally, as Kawabata felt that vignettes of incidents along the way were far more important than conclusions. He equated his form of writing with
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#17327806823461848-498: Is a Japanese national. However, Japanese law states that children who are dual citizens must choose one nationality before the age of 20. Studies estimate that 1 in 30 children born in Japan are born to interracial couples , and these children are sometimes referred to as hāfu (half Japanese). The term Nikkeijin ( 日系人 ) is used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants. Emigration from Japan
1932-753: Is a traditional, spare dramatic form that developed in tandem with kyōgen farce. In stark contrast to the restrained refinement of noh, kabuki , an "explosion of color", uses every possible stage trick for dramatic effect. Plays include sensational events such as suicides, and many such works were performed both in kabuki and in bunraku puppet theater. Since the Meiji Restoration , Japanese art has been influenced by many elements of Western culture. Contemporary decorative, practical, and performing arts works range from traditional forms to purely modern modes. Products of popular culture, including J-pop , J-rock , manga , and anime have found audiences around
2016-550: Is characterized by a relatively small number of vowel phonemes , frequent gemination and a distinctive pitch accent system. The modern Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using hiragana , katakana and kanji . The language includes native Japanese words and a large number of words derived from the Chinese language . In Japan the adult literacy rate in the Japanese language exceeds 99%. Dozens of Japanese dialects are spoken in regions of Japan. For now, Japanese
2100-473: Is classified as a member of the Japonic languages or as a language isolate with no known living relatives if Ryukyuan is counted as dialects. Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism and Shinto ( Shinbutsu-shūgō ). Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japan's native religion. Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for
2184-639: Is pure stream-of-consciousness writing . He was even involved in writing the script for the experimental film A Page of Madness . Kawabata met his wife Hideko (née Matsubayashi) in 1925, and they registered their marriage on 2 December 1931. In 1933, Kawabata protested publicly against the arrest, torture and death of the young leftist writer Takiji Kobayashi in Tokyo by the Tokkō special political police. Kawabata relocated from Asakusa to Kamakura , Kanagawa Prefecture , in 1934 and, although he initially enjoyed
2268-597: Is rather to explore feelings about death. The tea ceremony utensils are permanent and forever, whereas people are frail and fleeting. These themes of impossible love and impending death are again explored in The Sound of the Mountain (serialized 1949-1954), set in Kawabata's adopted home of Kamakura. The protagonist, an aging man, has become disappointed with his children and no longer feels strong passion for his wife. He
2352-458: Is represented. He often gives the impression that his characters have built up a wall around them that moves them into isolation. In a 1934 published work Kawabata wrote: "I feel as though I have never held a woman's hand in a romantic sense [...] Am I a happy man deserving of pity?”. Indeed, this does not have to be taken literally, but it does show the type of emotional insecurity that Kawabata felt, especially experiencing two painful love affairs at
2436-410: Is strongly attracted to someone forbidden – his daughter-in-law – and his thoughts for her are interspersed with memories of another forbidden love, for his dead sister-in-law. The book that Kawabata himself considered his finest work, The Master of Go (1951), contrasts sharply with his other works. It is a semi-fictional recounting of a major Go match in 1938, on which he had actually reported for
2520-657: The Hōryū-ji and the Yakushi-ji , two Buddhist temples in Nara Prefecture . After the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China. Extravagant art and clothing were commissioned by nobles to decorate their court, and although the aristocracy was quite limited in size and power, many of these pieces are still extant. After
2604-424: The Japanese archipelago . Japanese people constitute 97.4% of the population of the country of Japan . Worldwide, approximately 125 million people are of Japanese descent, making them one of the largest ethnic groups . Approximately 120.8 million Japanese people are residents of Japan, and there are approximately 4 million members of the Japanese diaspora , known as Nikkeijin ( 日系人 ) . In some contexts,
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2688-542: The Jōmon people had more ethnic diversity than originally suggested or that the people of Japan bear significant genetic signatures from three ancient populations, rather than just two. Some of the world's oldest known pottery pieces were developed by the Jōmon people in the Upper Paleolithic period, dating back as far as 16,000 years. The name "Jōmon" (縄文 Jōmon ) means "cord-impressed pattern", and comes from
2772-530: The Mainichi newspaper chain. It was the last game of master Shūsai 's career and he lost to his younger challenger, Minoru Kitani , only to die a little over a year later. Although the novel is moving on the surface as a retelling of a climactic struggle, some readers consider it a symbolic parallel to the defeat of Japan in World War II. Through many of Kawabata's works the sense of distance in his life
2856-673: The Philippines , East Malaysia , Peru , the U.S. states of Hawaii , California , and Washington , and the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Toronto . Separately, the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ferenc Moln%C3%A1r His primary aim through his writing was to entertain by transforming his personal experiences into literary works of art. While he never connected to any one literary movement, he did use
2940-661: The Shukushin . Later, Philipp Franz von Siebold argued that the Ainu people were indigenous to northern Japan. Iha Fuyū suggested that Japanese and Ryukyuan people have the same ethnic origin, based on his 1906 research on the Ryukyuan languages . In the Taishō period , Torii Ryūzō claimed that Yamato people used Yayoi pottery and Ainu used Jōmon pottery. After World War II , Kotondo Hasebe and Hisashi Suzuki claimed that
3024-590: The Tibetan plateau , ancient Taiwan , and Siberia . Beginning around 300 BC, the Yayoi people originating from Northeast Asia entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the Jōmon. The Yayoi brought wet-rice farming and advanced bronze and iron technology to Japan. The more productive paddy field systems allowed the communities to support larger populations and spread over time, in turn becoming
3108-651: The Tōdai-ji was attacked and burned during the Genpei War , a special office of restoration was founded, and the Tōdai-ji became an important artistic center. The leading masters of the time were Unkei and Kaikei . Painting advanced in the Muromachi period in the form of ink wash painting under the influence of Zen Buddhism as practiced by such masters as Sesshū Tōyō . Zen Buddhist tenets were also incorporated into
3192-469: The Yayoi period , artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku . Later burial mounds, or kofun , preserve characteristic clay figures known as haniwa , as well as wall paintings. Beginning in the Nara period , painting, calligraphy , and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China . Among the architectural achievements of this period are
3276-462: The haiku , tanka , and I Novel , although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles. Historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Some of the most famous of these include Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji (1021), about Heian court culture; Miyamoto Musashi 's The Book of Five Rings (1645), concerning military strategy; Matsuo Bashō 's Oku no Hosomichi (1691),
3360-605: The tea ceremony during the Sengoku period . During the Edo period , the polychrome painting screens of the Kanō school were influential thanks to their powerful patrons (including the Tokugawa clan ). Popular artists created ukiyo-e , woodblock prints for sale to commoners in the flourishing cities. Pottery such as Imari ware was highly valued as far away as Europe. In theater, Noh
3444-434: The 1920s, Kawabata was living in the plebeian district of Asakusa , Tokyo. During this period, Kawabata experimented with different styles of writing. In Asakusa kurenaidan ( The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa ), serialized from 1929 to 1930, he explores the lives of the demimonde and others on the fringe of society, in a style echoing that of late Edo period literature. On the other hand, his Suisho genso ( Crystal Fantasy )
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3528-464: The Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic period between 39,000 and 21,000 years ago. Japan was then connected to mainland Asia by at least one land bridge, and nomadic hunter-gatherers crossed to Japan. Flint tools and bony implements of this era have been excavated in Japan. In the 18th century, Arai Hakuseki suggested that the ancient stone tools in Japan were left behind by
3612-612: The Kurodas. However, in January 1916, he moved into a boarding house near the junior high school (comparable to a modern high school) to which he had formerly commuted by train. After graduating in March 1917, Kawabata moved to Tokyo just before his 18th birthday. He hoped to pass the exams for Dai-ichi Kōtō-gakkō (First Upper School), which was under the direction of the Tokyo Imperial University . He succeeded in
3696-495: The Mountain , The House of the Sleeping Beauties , Beauty and Sadness , and The Old Capital . Thousand Cranes (serialized 1949-1951) is centered on the Japanese tea ceremony and hopeless love. The protagonist is attracted to the mistress of his dead father and, after her death, to her daughter, who flees from him. The tea ceremony provides a beautiful background for ugly human affairs, but Kawabata's intent
3780-467: The Ryukyuan and Ainu people show mixed characteristics. Mark J. Hudson claims that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE. Currently, the most well-regarded theory is that present-day Japanese people formed from both the Yayoi rice-agriculturalists and the various Jōmon period ethnicities. However, some recent studies have argued that
3864-606: The United States to escape the persecution of Hungarian Jews during World War II and later adopted American citizenship. He died in New York City. Ferenc Molnár was born in Budapest on January 12, 1878, to Dr. Mór Neumann, a prosperous and well-regarded gastroenterologist, and Jozefa Wallfisch, both of German-Jewish heritage. The home in which he lived was opulent but gloomy. Even though he was born into wealth, "It
3948-418: The basis for more advanced institutions and heralding the new civilization of the succeeding Kofun period . The estimated population of Japan in the late Jōmon period was about eight hundred thousand, compared to about three million by the Nara period . Taking the growth rates of hunting and agricultural societies into account, it is calculated that about one-and-a-half million immigrants moved to Japan in
4032-481: The characteristic markings found on the pottery. The Jōmon people were mostly hunter-gatherers, but also practicized early agriculture, such as Azuki bean cultivation. At least one middle-to-late Jōmon site (Minami Mizote ( 南溝手 ) , c. 1200 –1000 BC) featured a primitive rice-growing agriculture , relying primarily on fish and nuts for protein. The ethnic roots of the Jōmon period population were heterogeneous, and can be traced back to ancient Southeast Asia ,
4116-402: The engagement for unclear reasons. Kawabata never completely recovered from the blow of losing her. Hatsuyo may have been the inspiration for some of his works, including the novella The Dancing Girl of Izu and several Palm-of-the-Hand Stories . She died following complications from a stroke in 1951, aged 44, but Kawabata was not informed of her death until 1955. An unsent love letter to her
4200-537: The exam the same year and entered the Humanities Faculty as an English major in July 1920. The young Kawabata, by this time, was enamoured of the works of another Asian Nobel laureate, Rabindranath Tagore . One of Kawabata's painful love episodes was with Hatsuyo Itō ( 伊藤初代 , 1906–1951), whom he met when he was 20 years old. They were engaged to be married in 1921, but only one month later Hatsuyo broke off
4284-420: The general practices of Zen Buddhism and how it differed from other types of Buddhism. He presented a severe picture of Zen Buddhism, where disciples can enter salvation only through their efforts, where they are isolated for several hours at a time, and how from this isolation there can come beauty. He noted that Zen practices focus on simplicity and it is this simplicity that proves to be the beauty. "The heart of
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#17327806823464368-406: The ink painting is in space, abbreviation, what is left undrawn." From painting he moved on to talk about ikebana and bonsai as art forms that emphasize the elegance and beauty that arises from the simplicity. "The Japanese garden , too, of course symbolizes the vastness of nature." In addition to the numerous mentions of Zen and nature, one topic that was briefly mentioned in Kawabata's lecture
4452-605: The most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki , Jun'ichirō Tanizaki , Osamu Dazai , Fumiko Enchi , Akiko Yosano , Yukio Mishima , and Ryōtarō Shiba . Popular contemporary authors such as Ryū Murakami , Haruki Murakami , and Banana Yoshimoto have been translated into many languages and enjoy international followings, and Yasunari Kawabata and Kenzaburō Ōe were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . Decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation. In
4536-399: The origin of Japanese people was not newcomers in the Yayoi period (300 BCE – 300 CE) but the people in the Jōmon period . However, Kazuro Hanihara announced a new racial admixture theory in 1984 and a "dual structure model" in 1991. According to Hanihara, modern Japanese lineages began with Jōmon people , who moved into the Japanese archipelago during Paleolithic times, followed by
4620-506: The other hand, many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation. The Japanese language is a Japonic language that is related to the Ryukyuan languages and was treated as a language isolate in the past. The earliest attested form of the language, Old Japanese , dates to the 8th century. Japanese phonology
4704-437: The period. According to several studies, the Yayoi created the "Japanese-hierarchical society". During the Japanese colonial period of 1895 to 1945, the phrase "Japanese people" was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago, but also to people from colonies who held Japanese citizenship , such as Taiwanese people and Korean people . The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period
4788-461: The philosophical implications of the Japanese tea ceremony . Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well, to varying degrees of success; one of the most well-known and controversial works resulting from this is Ruth Benedict 's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946). Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works. Some of
4872-441: The precepts of naturalism , neo-romanticism , expressionism , and Freudian psychoanalytic theories, so long as they suited his desires. According to Clara Györgyey, “By fusing the realistic narrative and stage tradition of Hungary with Western influences into a cosmopolitan amalgam, Molnár emerged as a versatile artist whose style was uniquely his own." As a novelist, Molnár is perhaps remembered best for The Paul Street Boys ,
4956-622: The profane and the sublime." Of his many plays, The Devil , Liliom , The Swan , The Guardsman , and The Play's the Thing endure as classics. His influences included luminaries such as Oscar Wilde , George Bernard Shaw , and Gerhart Hauptmann . Molnár's plays continue to be performed world-wide. His national and international fame has inspired many Hungarian playwrights, including Elemér Boross, László Fodor , Lajos Bíró , László Bús-Fekete [ de ] , Ernő Vajda , Attila Orbók, and Imre Földes, among others. He immigrated to
5040-622: The right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family and was codified as the state religion in 1868 ( State Shinto ), but was abolished by the American occupation in 1945. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the sixth century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran . A large majority of Japanese people profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese people's religion functions mostly as
5124-412: The short novella Magdolna during this time. He also traveled to Paris to see some of the chic new plays. "The fashionable boulevard comedies of Bernstein , Bataille , Capus , and others left a deep impression on him and later greatly influenced his dramatic style." In 1896, he abandoned a legal career to pursue a full-time career as a journalist. He covered a variety of topics during his time as
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#17327806823465208-501: The story of two rival gangs of youths in Budapest. It has been translated into 42 languages and adapted for the stage and film. It has been considered a masterpiece by many. However, it was as a playwright that he made his most significant contribution and how he is best known internationally. For Györgyey, "In his graceful, whimsical, sophisticated drawing-room comedies, he provided a felicitous synthesis of naturalism and fantasy, realism and romanticism , cynicism, and sentimentality,
5292-645: The term "Japanese people" may be used to refer specifically to the Yamato people from mainland Japan ; in other contexts the term may include other groups native to the Japanese archipelago, including Ryukyuan people , who share connections with the Yamato but are often regarded as distinct, and Ainu people . In recent decades, there has also been an increase in the number of people with both Japanese and non-Japanese roots, including half Japanese people . Archaeological evidence indicates that Stone Age people lived in
5376-569: The theatrical scene in New York, where Liliom had become a hit. They arrived in New York in 1940. He and Darvas later separated amicably, but remained married and friends until Molnár's death in 1952. Molnár died of cancer, aged 74, at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City on April 1, 1952. Because of his superstitious fear that creating a will would hasten his death, Molnár left behind several manuscripts, unfinished work, and
5460-478: The traditional poetry of Japan, the haiku . In addition to fictional writing, Kawabata also worked as a reporter, most notably for the Mainichi Shimbun . Although he refused to participate in the militaristic fervor that accompanied World War II , he also demonstrated little interest in postwar political reforms. Along with the death of all his family members while he was young, Kawabata suggested that
5544-496: The variety of ethnic groups in Japan . While this has contributed to or reinforced the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous, as shown in the claim of former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō that Japan is a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture", some scholars have argued that it is more accurate to describe the country of Japan as a multiethnic society. Children born to international couples receive Japanese nationality when one parent
5628-425: The war was one of the greatest influences on his work, stating he would be able to write only elegies in postwar Japan. Still, many commentators detect little thematic change between Kawabata's prewar and postwar writings. As the president of Japanese P.E.N. for many years after the war (1948–1965), Kawabata was a driving force behind the translation of Japanese literature into English and other Western languages. He
5712-564: The world. Article 10 of the Constitution of Japan defines the term "Japanese" based upon Japanese nationality (citizenship) alone, without regard for ethnicity. The Government of Japan considers all naturalized and native-born Japanese nationals with a multi-ethnic background "Japanese", and in the national census the Japanese Statistics Bureau asks only about nationality, so there is no official census data on
5796-609: Was A Kék Barlang (Blue Cave), a controversial play written, directed, and staged in the basement of a friend's house. Upon completing secondary school, Molnár studied law at the University of Budapest in 1895. Shortly after, he was sent to Geneva by his father to continue his studies at the Swiss University. While living in Geneva, he began to write frequently, often sending his work to various papers. Molnár also wrote
5880-474: Was "a relentless exposé of the evil effect of money, viewed by a young, idealistic newspaperman." The year following the release of Az éhes város, Molnár began writing for the theatre, the medium through which he became known internationally. His journalistic work influenced his early works as a playwright. Molnár's first play, A doktor úr (The Lawyer), and the play that followed, Józsi , are both comedies that essentially dramatized newspaper sketches about
5964-564: Was "inland people" ( 内地人 , naichijin ) . Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forced assimilation of colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity. After the end of World War II, the Soviet Union classified many Nivkh people and Orok people from southern Sakhalin , who had been Japanese imperial subjects in Karafuto Prefecture , as Japanese people and repatriated them to Hokkaidō . On
6048-557: Was 20 years of age. In 1887, Molnár entered the Református Gimnázium, a secondary school (high school) located in Miskolc , Hungary, where he was inspired to learn foreign languages and where his talent as a writer began to emerge. At fourteen, he started a periodical, Haladás ("Progress"), which sold only four copies, and a secondary publication, É letképek ("Panorama"), selling only 20 copies. His first dramatic work
6132-650: Was a reaction to the entrenched old school of Japanese literature, specifically the Japanese movement descended from Naturalism , while it also stood in opposition to the "workers'" or proletarian literature movement of the Socialist/Communist schools. It was an " art for art's sake " movement, influenced by European Cubism , Expressionism , Dada , and other modernist styles. The term Shinkankakuha , which Kawabata and Yokomitsu used to describe their philosophy, has often been mistakenly translated into English as "Neo- Impressionism ". However, Shinkankakuha
6216-726: Was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period, but most of these emigrants and settlers repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia . According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 4.0 million Nikkeijin living in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná . There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in
6300-681: Was awarded the Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt in 1959, appointed an Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters of France in 1960, and awarded Japan's Order of Culture the following year. In 1969, Kawabata was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Hawaiʻi . Kawabata was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature on 16 October 1968, the first Japanese person to receive such
6384-748: Was brought to the screen in 1956 with Grace Kelly and Louis Jourdan , and Egy, Ketto, Haro , which Billy Wilder turned into One, Two, Three , starring James Cagney and Horst Buchholz , in 1961. His novel The Paul Street Boys has been filmed repeatedly in English , Italian and Hungarian. That novel has also been widely popular in translation and made part of grade school curricula in Croatia , Serbia and Poland . On January 12, 1940, Molnár relocated to America and spent his last 12 years living in Room 835 at New York 's Plaza Hotel . In 1943, he suffered
6468-565: Was found at his former residence in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, in 2014. While still a university student, Kawabata re-established the Tokyo University literary magazine Shin-shichō ( New Tide of Thought ), which had been defunct for more than four years. There he published his first short story, "Shokonsai ikkei" ("A View from Yasukuni Festival") in 1921. During university, he changed faculties to Japanese literature and wrote
6552-535: Was his oxygen, elixir, and self-therapy," wrote monographist and fellow Hungarian emigré Clara (Klára) Györgyey. As a further example, while writing The Devil in 1907, Molnár also wrote three books, including his juvenile novel, A Pál-utcai Fiúk (The Paul Street Boys) . Molnár's later plays, such as The Swan (1920), and The Play's the Thing (1924), continued to receive a wide audience and favorable reviews. More than 100 movies and television productions have been made out of his works, including The Swan , which
6636-400: Was not a friendly atmosphere for the lively and precocious Ferenc, who constantly had to be warned to keep quiet." Just a year before his birth, his parents' firstborn son and Molnár's brother, László, died. His mother was frail and frequently bedridden. Illness spread throughout the rooms of his house, and young Ferenc was constantly being told to keep quiet. His mother died in 1898 when Ferenc
6720-401: Was not meant to be an updated or restored version of Impressionism; it focused on offering "new impressions" or, more accurately, "new sensations" or "new perceptions" in the writing of literature. An early example from this period is the draft of Hoshi wo nusunda chichi (The Father who stole a Star), an adaption of Ferenc Molnár 's play Liliom . Kawabata started to achieve recognition for
6804-547: Was orphaned by the time he was four, after which he lived with his grandparents. He had an older sister who was taken in by an aunt, and whom he met only once thereafter, in July 1909, when he was ten. She died when Kawabata was 11. Kawabata's grandmother died in September 1906, when he was seven, and his grandfather in May 1914, when he was fifteen. Having lost all close paternal relatives, Kawabata moved in with his mother's family,
6888-547: Was performed all over Europe and New York. Hungarian-born American director Michael Curtiz later adapted The Devil into a film; three years later, James Young directed an English-language version. He wrote Liliom , in 1909; he allegedly sought to regain favor with his wife Margit by portraying her in the role of Juli. The play was initially a failure when presented in Budapest," but became his best-known play when produced on Broadway in 1920 and elsewhere outside Hungary. It acquired even more widespread fame when adapted into
6972-616: Was recorded as early as the 15th century to the Philippines and Borneo , and in the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. However, migration of Japanese people did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji era , when Japanese people began to go to the United States , Brazil , Canada , the Philippines , China , and Peru . There
7056-425: Was that of suicide. Kawabata reminisced of other famous Japanese authors who committed suicide, in particular Ryūnosuke Akutagawa . He contradicted the custom of suicide as being a form of enlightenment, mentioning the priest Ikkyū , who also thought of suicide twice. He quoted Ikkyū, "Among those who give thoughts to things, is there one who does not think of suicide?" There was much speculation about this quote being
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