Misplaced Pages

#268731

117-568: The name derives from Miško , Slavic form of Michael . Miškovec → Miskolc with the same development as Lipovec → Lipólc , Lipóc . The name is associated with the Miskolc clan (also Miskóc or Myscouch, Slovak Miškovec, plural Miškovci) named after the settlement or vice versa. Earliest mentions are que nunc vocatur Miscoucy (around 1200), de Myschouch (1225), Ponyt de genere Myscouch (1230), in Miscovcy (1245). The city lies at

234-592: A Gothic fortress . The city developed in a dynamic way, but during the Ottoman occupation of most of Hungary the development of Miskolc was brought to a standstill. The Ottomans under Suleiman the Magnificent took Miskolc in 1544 and the city prospered further until 1687. It was also ruled by Ottomans after Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 as part of Eyalet of Egir until 1687. It was during these years that Miskolc became an important centre of wine-growing. By

351-399: A cholera epidemic. Miskolc recovered quickly, and another age of prosperity began again. In 1724, Miskolc was chosen to be the city where the county hall of Borsod county would be built. Many other significant buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the city hall , schools such as Lévay József Református Gimnázium és Diákotthon , churches , the synagogue , and

468-557: A conception of sustained maintainable activities with long-lasting effects on cultural life in Košice and its region. The main project venues are: The first and the oldest international festival of local TV broadcasters (founded in 1995) – The Golden Beggar , takes place every year in June in Košice. The oldest evening newspaper is the Košický večer . The daily paper in Košice is Korzár . Recently,

585-660: A consequence of the First and Second Vienna Awards , Košice was ceded to Hungary. Starting in 15 May 1944, during the German occupation of Hungary towards the end of World War II , approximately 10,000 Jews were deported by the Nazis, with the enthusiastic assistance of the Hungarian Interior Ministry and its gendarmerie (the csendőrség). The last transport to Auschwitz left the city in 2 June, three months before

702-689: A few Jews were living in the town, among them a widow who ran a small Kosher restaurant for the Jewish merchants passing through the town. Košice was ceded to Hungary, by the First Vienna Award , from 1938 until early 1945. The town was bombarded on June 26, 1941 , by a still unidentified aircraft, in what became a pretext for the Hungarian government to declare war on the Soviet Union a day later. The German occupation of Hungary led to

819-553: A gently sloping mountainous area with an altitude between 400 and 600 m (1,300 and 2,000 ft), is situated between Diósgyőr and Lillafüred ; the area is made up of limestone , slate , dolomite and other rocks from the Triassic period. The surface was formed mostly by karstic erosions. The highest area, the 600–900 m (2,000–3,000 ft) high Higher Bükk bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from

936-490: A hill overlooking Miskolc has a memorial for them. It includes the 10 commandments, carved in stone, all written in Hebrew except Thou shall not kill, which is written in Hungarian. The preparation for World War II established Miskolc as the national centre of heavy industry, a position the city maintained until the 1990s. Although Miskolc suffered a lot during the last year of the war, it recovered quickly, and by absorbing

1053-591: A large park. Two former villages that were annexed to the city in 1945 and 1950. Görömböly still looks like a small town of its own. Another holiday resort, Miskolc-Lillafüred , is a village surrounded by the Bükk mountains. Its most notable building is the Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló). Martin-Kertváros (in Slovak: Martinská osada) is a suburban area. One of the most well-known holiday resorts in

1170-632: A military commander there. Giorgio Basta , commander of the Habsburg forces, failed in his attempt to recapture the city. At the Treaty of Vienna (1606) , in return for giving back territory that included Košice, the rebels won from the Habsburgs a concession of religious toleration for the Magyar nobility and brokered an Austrian-Turkish peace treaty. Stephen Bocskay died in Košice on December 29, 1606, and

1287-699: A part of interdisciplinary study of Slavic ethnogenesis, a lexicostatistical classification of Slavic languages. It was built using qualitative 110-word Swadesh lists that were compiled according to the standards of the Global Lexicostatistical Database project and processed using modern phylogenetic algorithms. The resulting dated tree complies with the traditional expert views on the Slavic group structure. Kassian-Dybo's tree suggests that Proto-Slavic first diverged into three branches: Eastern, Western and Southern. The Proto-Slavic break-up

SECTION 10

#1732772186269

1404-521: A partial exception of Bulgarian and Macedonian , they have fully developed inflection -based conjugation and declension . In their relational synthesis Slavic languages distinguish between lexical and inflectional suffixes . In all cases, the lexical suffix precedes the inflectional in an agglutination mode. The fusional categorization of Slavic languages is based on grammatic inflectional suffixes alone. Prefixes are also used, particularly for lexical modification of verbs. For example,

1521-529: A preserved historical centre which is the largest among Slovak towns. There are heritage protected buildings in Gothic , Renaissance , Baroque , and Art Nouveau styles with Slovakia's largest church: the Cathedral of St. Elizabeth . The long main street, rimmed with aristocratic palaces, Catholic churches, and townsfolk's houses, is a thriving pedestrian zone with boutiques, cafés, and restaurants. The city

1638-771: A provincial town known for its military base and mainly dependent on agriculture. In 1723, the Immaculata statue was erected on the site of a former gallows at Hlavná ulica ( Main Street ) to commemorate the plague of 1710–1711. The city also became one of the centers of the Hungarian linguistic revival, including the publication of the first Hungarian-language periodical, called the Magyar Museum, in Hungary in 1788. The city's walls were demolished step by step from

1755-588: A public transit system in 1891 when the track was laid down for a horse-drawn tramway. The traction was electrified in 1914. In 1906, Francis II Rákóczi 's house of Rodostó was reproduced in Košice, and his remains were buried in the St. Elisabeth Cathedral . After World War I and during the gradual break-up of Austria-Hungary , the city at first became a part of the transient " Eastern Slovak Republic ", declared on December 11, 1918, in Košice and earlier in Prešov under

1872-553: A recent past. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Slavic languages descend from Proto-Slavic , their immediate parent language , ultimately deriving from Proto-Indo-European ,

1989-501: A regional metropolitan area, became a major hub for administration, transfer and housing of refugees fleeing from Ukraine. Košice lies at an altitude of 206 metres (676 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 242.77 square kilometres (93.7 sq mi). It is located in eastern Slovakia, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Hungarian, 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the Ukrainian , and 90 kilometres (56 mi) from

2106-546: A somewhat unusual feature of virtually free word order in a sentence clause , although subject–verb–object and adjective-before-noun is the preferred order in the neutral style of speech . Modern Bulgarian differs from other Slavic languages, because it almost completely lost declension , it developed definite articles from demonstrative pronouns (similar to "the" from "this" in English ), and it formed indicative and renarrative tenses for verbs . Since

2223-562: A successor of the Academy of Mining , formerly in Selmecbánya, which is now Banská Štiavnica , Slovakia). During its long history Miskolc survived fires, floods, plagues and foreign invasions, but maintained its position as the centre of northeastern Hungary. The 1990s brought a crisis in the iron industry with a decline in the population. Miskolc is now trying to become known as a cultural – instead of merely an industrial – city. Among

2340-466: A vowel mutation typical for the borrowing of old Slavic names in the region ( Vojkovce → Vajkócz, Sokoľ → Szakalya, Szakál, Hodkovce → Hatkóc, etc.). The Latinized form Cassovia became common in the 15th century. Another theory is a derivation from Old Slovak kosa , "clearing", related to modern Slovak kosiť , "to reap". According to other sources the city name may derive from an old Hungarian first name which begins with "Ko". Historically,

2457-523: Is Roman Catholicism followed by Calvinism and Greek Catholicism . Miskolc is generally thought of as an industrial city, and the largest boost to its economy was indeed provided by the industrialization during the Socialist era; in fact industry (including metallurgy) has a long history in the city. Miskolc was already an important market town in the Middle Ages, mostly due to its proximity to

SECTION 20

#1732772186269

2574-590: Is January, with an average temperature of −2.6 °C (27.3 °F), and the hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F). Košice has a population of 228,070 (mid year, 2021). According to the 2021 census, 84% of inhabitants are of Slovak nationality, 2% are each Hungarians and additional 2% Roma. There are also modestly sized Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian and Vietnamese communities. In terms of religion, 51% of inhabitants are Catholic and 28% had no religious affiliation, with smaller Protestant denominations also present. According to

2691-590: Is better for geographically adjacent languages and in the written (rather than oral) form. At the same time, recent studies of mutual intelligibility between Slavic languages revealed, that their traditional three-branch division does not withstand quantitative scrutiny. While the grouping of Czech , Slovak and Polish into West Slavic turned out to be appropriate, Western South Slavic Serbo-Croatian and Slovene were found to be closer to Czech and Slovak (West Slavic languages) than to Eastern South Slavic Bulgarian . The traditional tripartite division of

2808-451: Is dated to around 100 A.D., which correlates with the archaeological assessment of Slavic population in the early 1st millennium A.D. being spread on a large territory and already not being monolithic. Then, in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., these three Slavic branches almost simultaneously divided into sub-branches, which corresponds to the fast spread of the Slavs through Eastern Europe and

2925-584: Is home to the Slovak Constitutional Court , three universities, various dioceses, and many museums, galleries, and theatres. In 2013 Košice was the European Capital of Culture , together with Marseille , France. Košice is an important industrial centre of Slovakia, and the U.S. Steel Košice steel mill is the largest employer in the city. The town has extensive railway connections and an international airport . The city has

3042-569: Is known as the first settlement in Europe to be granted its own coat-of-arms . The first written mention of the city was in 1230 as "Villa Cassa". The name probably comes from the Slavic personal name Koš , Koša → Košici (Koš'people) → Košice (1382–1383) with the patronymic Slavic suffix "-ice" through a natural development in Slovak (similar place names are also known from other Slavic countries). In Hungarian Koša → Kasa , Kassa with

3159-778: Is mainly a tourist attraction. The city has two railway stations ( Tiszai and Gömöri ) and a small unpaved airport , which is not open to the public, used mainly as a sports facility and has no role in public transport since 1963. The current mayor of Miskolc is Pál Veres (Independent). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 28 members (1 Mayor, 19 Individual constituencies MEPs and 8 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: Including people born in Miskolc as well as in Diósgyőr and other city parts that were independent towns at

3276-432: Is mostly famous for its medieval castle . Miskolc's football team also got its name from Diósgyőr, since their stadium stands there. Historical Diósgyőr is connected to Historical Miskolc by a district called Új(diós)győr (Újgyőr); its main square is an important traffic hub. Also in Új(diós)győr (Diósgyőr-Vasgyár) stands the steel factory that made Miskolc the most important heavy industrial city of Hungary (and earned it

3393-401: Is sometimes accused of being manipulated by the ruling Hungarian bureaucracy, 75.4% of the 44,211 inhabitants claimed Hungarian, 14.8% Slovak, 7.2% German and 1.8% Polish . The Jews were split among other groups by the 1910 census, as only the most frequently-used language, not ethnicity, was registered. The population around 1910 was multidenominational and multiethnic, and the differences in

3510-590: Is the Gothic Protestant Church of Avas , one of the two oldest buildings of Miskolc (the other is the Castle of Diósgyőr .) The limestone caves of Avas are used as wine cellars; the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill. The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South, is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-story Socialist-style concrete buildings providing homes for about one-third of

3627-612: Is the largest city in eastern Slovakia . It is situated on the river Hornád at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains , near the border with Hungary. With a population of approximately 230,000, Košice is the second-largest city in Slovakia, after the capital Bratislava . Being the economic and cultural centre of eastern Slovakia, Košice is the seat of the Košice Region and Košice Self-governing Region , and

Miskolc - Misplaced Pages Continue

3744-444: Is within the boundaries of modern Ukraine and Southern Federal District of Russia. The Proto-Slavic language existed until around AD 500. By the 7th century, it had broken apart into large dialectal zones. There are no reliable hypotheses about the nature of the subsequent breakups of West and South Slavic. East Slavic is generally thought to converge to one Old East Slavic language of Kievan Rus , which existed until at least

3861-637: The Arrow Cross Party gained control over Hungary. The ethnic makeup of the town was dramatically changed by the persecution of the town's large Hungarian majority, population exchanges between Hungary and Slovakia and Slovakization and by mass migration of Slovaks into newly built communist-block-microdistricts , which increased the population of Košice four times by 1989 and made it the fastest growing city in Czechoslovakia . There are several theatres in Košice. The Košice State Theater

3978-534: The Ausgleich ) and partly because of the newly constructed railway line. A large furnace (second largest in the country) was built in Diósgyőr, and several other factories were built. The mining industry became more and more important, too. Within forty years the population doubled. The industrialization led to the forming of Greater Miskolc with the unification of Miskolc and Diósgyőr (1945) and several nearby towns and villages (between 1950 and 1981). The unification

4095-541: The Austrian Empire ) 1804 – 1867 [REDACTED] Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867 – 1918 [REDACTED]   Czechoslovakia 1918–1938 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary 1938 – 1945 [REDACTED]   Czechoslovakia 1945–1992 [REDACTED]   Slovakia 1993–present The first evidence of habitation can be traced back to the end of the Paleolithic era. The first written reference to

4212-554: The Hungarian Cup several times and represented Hungary many times in Europe. The capacity of the stadium, DVTK Stadion , is 14 655 and the stadium has under-soil heating and fully covered stands. The other team, Miskolci VSC , plays in the county division. Miskolc has got other former first division representatives, namely Miskolci Attila (seven seasons at the highest level), and Perecesi TK (one). Miskolc's most successful women's basketball team, DKSK Miskolc MISI, has won

4329-599: The Latin script , and have had more Western European influence due to their proximity and speakers being historically Roman Catholic , whereas the East Slavic and Eastern South Slavic languages are written in Cyrillic and, with Eastern Orthodox or Uniate faith, have had more Greek influence. Two Slavic languages, Belarusian and Serbo-Croatian , are biscriptal, i.e. written in either alphabet either nowadays or in

4446-457: The Paleozoic and Mesozoic , and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry . Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for the lowest temperature ever recorded in Hungary at−35 °C (−31 °F). Summers are fresh but sometimes warm and humid in Miskolc. Daytime temperatures of 20–30 °C (68–86 °F) or higher are commonplace. Snow and ice are dominant during

4563-528: The Pentapolitana – the league of the five most important cities in Upper Hungary ( Bardejov , Levoča , Košice, Prešov , and Sabinov ). During the reign of King Matthias Corvinus the town reached its medieval population peak. With an estimated 10,000 inhabitants, it was among the largest medieval cities in Europe. The history of Košice was heavily influenced by the dynastic disputes over

4680-597: The Rusyn language spoken in Transcarpatian Ukraine and adjacent counties of Slovakia and Ukraine. Similarly, the Croatian Kajkavian dialect is more similar to Slovene than to the standard Croatian language. Modern Russian differs from other Slavic languages in an unusually high percentage of words of non-Slavic origin, particularly of Dutch (e.g. for naval terms introduced during

4797-797: The State Philharmonic Košice ( Štátna filharmónia Košice ), established in 1968 as the second professional symphonic orchestra in Slovakia. It organizes festivals such as the Košice Music Spring Festival , the International Organ Music Festival, and the Festival of Contemporary art . Some of the museums and galleries based in the city include the East Slovak Museum ( Vychodoslovenské múzeum ), originally established in 1872 under

Miskolc - Misplaced Pages Continue

4914-623: The Team Speedway Polish Championship from 2006 to 2010. They won the 2007 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup with world champion Jason Crump . They were based at the Borsod Volán Stadion . The Avas is a hill (234 m or 768 ft) in the heart of Miskolc. On the hilltop stands the Avas lookout tower, the symbol of the city. On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square,

5031-413: The Treaty of Trianon in 1920. Jews had lived in Košice since the 16th century but were not allowed to settle permanently. There is a document identifying the local coiner in 1524 as a Jew and claiming that his predecessor was a Jew as well. Jews were allowed to enter the city during the town fair, but were forced to leave it by night, and lived mostly in nearby Rozunfaca. In 1840 the ban was removed, and,

5148-730: The national languages of the countries in which they are predominantly spoken: Russian , Belarusian and Ukrainian (of the East group), Polish , Czech and Slovak (of the West group), Bulgarian and Macedonian (eastern members of the South group), and Serbo-Croatian and Slovene (western members of the South group). In addition, Aleksandr Dulichenko recognizes a number of Slavic microlanguages : both isolated ethnolects and peripheral dialects of more well-established Slavic languages. All Slavic languages have fusional morphology and, with

5265-600: The protection of Hungary. On December 29, 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions entered the city, making it part of the newly established Czechoslovakia . However, in June 1919, Košice was occupied again, as part of the Slovak Soviet Republic , a proletarian puppet state of Hungary. The Czechoslovak troops secured the city for Czechoslovakia in July 1919, which was later upheld under the terms of

5382-517: The theatre . The theatre is commonly regarded as the first stone-built theatre of Hungary, although the first one was actually built in Kolozsvár (then a part of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca , Romania ). According to the first nationally held census (1786) the city had a population of 14,719, and 2,414 houses. These years brought prosperity, but the cholera epidemic of 1873 and the flood of 1878 took many lives. Several buildings were destroyed by

5499-401: The "Conquest" in the late 9th century. It was first mentioned by this name around 1210 AD. The Miskóc clan lost their power when King Charles I centralized his power by curbing the power of the oligarchs. Miskolc was elevated to the rank of oppidum (market town) in 1365 by King Louis I . He also had the castle of the nearby town Diósgyőr (now a district of Miskolc) transformed into

5616-587: The 12th century. Linguistic differentiation was accelerated by the dispersion of the Slavic peoples over a large territory, which in Central Europe exceeded the current extent of Slavic-speaking majorities. Written documents of the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries already display some local linguistic features. For example, the Freising manuscripts show a language that contains some phonetic and lexical elements peculiar to Slovene dialects (e.g. rhotacism ,

5733-580: The 13th century around the long lens-shaped ring , of today's Main Street. The first known town privileges come from 1290. The town proliferated because of its strategic location on an international trade route from agriculturally rich central Hungary to central Poland, itself part of a longer route connecting the Balkans and the Adriatic and Aegean seas to the Baltic Sea . The privileges given by

5850-521: The 14th or 15th century, major language differences were not between the regions occupied by modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, but rather between the north-west (around modern Velikiy Novgorod and Pskov) and the center (around modern Kyiv , Suzdal , Rostov , Moscow as well as Belarus) of the East Slavic territories. The Old Novgorodian dialect of that time differed from the central East Slavic dialects as well as from all other Slavic languages much more than in later centuries. According to Zaliznyak,

5967-472: The Balkans during the second half of the 1st millennium A.D. (the so-called Slavicization of Europe). The Slovenian language was excluded from the analysis, as both Ljubljana koine and Literary Slovenian show mixed lexical features of Southern and Western Slavic languages (which could possibly indicate the Western Slavic origin of Slovenian, which for a long time was being influenced on the part of

SECTION 50

#1732772186269

6084-688: The Habsburgs recognized George's rule over the seven counties of the Partium . He died in 1648, and Košice was returned to the Habsburgs once more. Subsequently, Košice became a centre of the Counter-Reformation . In 1657, a printing house and university were founded by the Jesuits , funded by Emperor Leopold I . The 1664 Peace of Vasvár at the end of the Austro-Turkish War (1663-1664) awarded Szabolcs and Szatmár counties to

6201-436: The Habsburgs restored the religious toleration agreement of 1606 and recognized Transylvanian rule over the seven Partium counties: Ugocsa County , Bereg County , Zemplén County , Borsod County , Szabolcs County , Szatmár County and Abaúj County (including Košice). Bethlen married Catherine von Hohenzollern , of Johann Sigismund Kurfürst von Brandenburg , in Košice in 1626. After Bethlen's death in 1629, Košice and

6318-497: The Habsburgs, which put once more positioned Košice further inside the borders of Royal Hungary . In the 1670s the Habsburgs built a modern pentagonal fortress ( citadel ) south of the city. Also in the 1670s, the city was besieged by Kuruc armies several times, and it again rebelled against the Habsburgs. The rebel leaders were massacred by the Emperor's soldiers on November 26, 1677. Another rebel leader, Imre Thököly captured

6435-760: The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I . John Zápolya captured the town in 1536, but Ferdinand I reconquered it in 1551. In 1554, the settlement became the seat of the Captaincy of Upper Hungary . In 1604, Catholics seized the Lutheran church in Košice. The Calvinist Stephen Bocskay then occupied Košice during his Protestant insurrection against the Habsburg dynasty , with the backing of the Ottomans. The future George I Rákóczi joined him as

6552-401: The Hungarian throne which, together with the decline of the continental trade, brought the city into stagnation. Vladislaus III of Varna failed to capture the city in 1441. John Jiskra 's mercenaries from Bohemia defeated Tamás Székely's Hungarian army in 1449. John I Albert , Prince of Poland, failed to capture the city during a six-month-long siege in 1491. In 1526, the city paid homage to

6669-525: The Hungarian town of Košice (as the royal village of Villa Cassa ) comes from 1230. After the Mongol invasion in 1241, King Béla IV of Hungary invited German colonists (see Zipser Germans , Germans of Hungary ) to fill the gaps in population. The city was in the historic Abauj County of the Kingdom of Hungary. There were two independent settlements, Lower Kassa and Upper Kassa, which were amalgamated in

6786-428: The National Cup twice. The DVTK Jegesmedvék ice hockey team plays in the Slovak-based Tipsport Liga . The team's home rink, Miskolc Ice Hall , is in the People's Garden downtown. It has 1 304 seats, a total capacity of 2 200, and opened in 2006. The women's volleyball team of MVSC also plays at the highest Hungarian level. Former motorcycle speedway team Speedway Miskolc (8 times champions of Hungary) joined

6903-411: The Polish borders. It is about 400 kilometres (249 mi) east of Slovakia's capital Bratislava and a chain of villages connects it to Prešov which is about 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the north. Košice is on the Hornád River in the Košice Basin  [ sk ] , at the easternmost reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains . More precisely, it is a subdivision of the Čierna hora mountains in

7020-624: The Russian language developed as a convergence of that dialect and the central ones, whereas Ukrainian and Belarusian were continuation of development of the central dialects of East Slavs. Also Russian linguist Sergey Nikolaev, analysing historical development of Slavic dialects' accent system, concluded that a number of other tribes in Kievan Rus came from different Slavic branches and spoke distant Slavic dialects. Ko%C5%A1ice Košice ( UK : / ˈ k ɒ ʃ ɪ t s ə / KOSH -it-sə , Slovak: [ˈkɔʂitse] ; Hungarian : Kassa [ˈkɒʃʃɒ] )

7137-415: The Russian troops drove them back on June 24, 1849. In 1828, there were three manufacturers and 460 workshops. The first factories were established in the 1840s (sugar and nail factories). The first telegram message arrived in 1856, and the railway connected the city to Miskolc in 1860. In 1873, there were already connections to Prešov , Žilina , and Chop, Ukraine (in today's Ukraine). The city gained

SECTION 60

#1732772186269

7254-536: The Slavic languages does not take into account the spoken dialects of each language. Within the individual Slavic languages, dialects may vary to a lesser degree, as those of Russian, or to a much greater degree, like those of Slovene. In certain cases so-called transitional dialects and hybrid dialects often bridge the gaps between different languages, showing similarities that do not stand out when comparing Slavic literary (i.e. standard) languages. For example, Slovak (West Slavic) and Ukrainian (East Slavic) are bridged by

7371-428: The Slavic languages to the Baltic languages in a Balto-Slavic group within the Indo-European family. The current geographical distribution of natively spoken Slavic languages includes the Balkans , Central and Eastern Europe , and all the way from Western Siberia to the Russian Far East . Furthermore, the diasporas of many Slavic peoples have established isolated minorities of speakers of their languages all over

7488-420: The Slovaks gained a plurality of 46.5%, with Hungarians reduced to 28.5% and Germans at 15.6%. The linguistic makeup of the town's population underwent historical changes that alternated between the growth of the ratio of those who claimed Hungarian and those who claimed Slovak as their language. With a population of 28,884 in 1891, just under half (49.9%) of the inhabitants of Košice declared Hungarian, then

7605-464: The ancestor language of all Indo-European languages , via a Proto-Balto-Slavic stage. During the Proto-Balto-Slavic period a number of exclusive isoglosses in phonology, morphology, lexis, and syntax developed, which makes Slavic and Baltic the closest related of all the Indo-European branches. The secession of the Balto-Slavic dialect ancestral to Proto-Slavic is estimated on archaeological and glottochronological criteria to have occurred sometime in

7722-404: The area was expelled and sent on foot to Germany or to the Soviet border. After the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of the Eastern Bloc . Several cultural institutions that still exist were founded, and large residential areas around the city were built. The construction and expansion of the East Slovak Ironworks caused

7839-421: The banks of the river Sajó, with an altitude of 110–120 m (360–390 ft). The area belongs to the Great Plain region and is made up of sedimentary rocks. Between the Avas hill and Diósgyőr lies the hilly area of the Lower Bükk (250–300 m or 820–980 ft) consisting of sandstone, marl, clay, layers of coal, from the tertiary period , and volcanic rocks from the Miocene . The Central Bükk ,

7956-978: The city has been known as Kaschau in German , Kassa in Hungarian , Kaşa in Turkish , Cassovia in Latin , Cassovie in French, Cașovia in Romanian , Кошице ( Košice ) in Russian, Ukrainian and Rusyn, Koszyce in Polish and קאשוי Kashoy in Yiddish (see here for more names). Below is a chronology of the various names: [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary 1000 – 1526 [REDACTED] John Zápolya 's Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526 – 1551 ( Ottoman vassal) [REDACTED] Hajduk rebels of István Bocskai 1604 – 1606 ( Ottoman -backed) [REDACTED] Principality of Transylvania ( Ottoman vassal) 1619 – 1629, 1644 – 1648 [REDACTED] Kuruc rebellion 1672 – 1682 ( Ottoman -backed) [REDACTED] Imre Thököly 's Principality of Upper Hungary ( Ottoman vassal) 1682 – 1686 [REDACTED] Francis II Rákóczi 's insurrection 1703 – 1711 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary (crownland of

8073-444: The city in 1682, making Kaşa once again a vassal territory of the Ottoman Empire under the Principality of Upper Hungary until 1686. The Austrian field marshal Aeneas de Caprara took Košice back from the Ottomans in late 1685. In 1704–1711 Prince of Transylvania Francis II Rákóczi made Košice the main base in his War for Independence . By 1713 the fortress had been demolished. When not under Ottoman suzerainty, Košice

8190-411: The city only by its public transport system . There is a narrow-gauge railway that connects Lillafüred to Miskolc known as the Lillafüredi Állami Erdei Vasút ( Lillafüred Forest State Railway ). It winds through scenic forests, and takes between a half hour and 45 minutes for the train to go between the two major stops. The Miskolc stop is located in Diósgyőr. Public transport in Miskolc is provided by

8307-414: The city's population. Miskolc's city centre is not as rich in monuments as that of other cities; only the Main Street (Széchenyi St.), Városház tér (City Hall Square) and Erzsébet tér (Elizabeth Square) have preserved the 19th-century style of the town. There are not only historical buildings but also modern shopping malls and offices in the city centre. The other town forming today's Greater Miskolc

8424-496: The company MVK Zrt. , owned by the local government. There are 36  bus lines and 2  tram lines. The first tram entered service on July 10, 1897 (making Miskolc the third city in Hungary to have a tram line), the first scheduled bus line started on June 8, 1903 (first in the country as well.) Today the public transport of Miskolc is one of the best ones in Hungary. There are several taxi companies too. The Lillafüred Forest Train connects Diósgyőr to Lillafüred. It

8541-608: The competition among Slovak cities to hold the prestigious title European Capital of Culture 2013. Project Interface aims at the transformation of Košice from a centre of heavy industry to a postindustrial city with creative potential and new cultural infrastructure. Project authors bring Košice a concept of the creative economy – merging of economy and industry with arts, where transformed urban space encourages development of certain fields of creative industry (design, media, architecture, music and film production, IT technologies, creative tourism). The artistic and cultural program stems from

8658-528: The country, Tapolca (officially Miskolctapolca or Miskolc-Tapolca to avoid confusion with the Transdanubian town of the same name) is the home of the unique Cave Bath , a natural cave with thermal water. Tapolca is quite far from the city centre and counts as one of the posh areas of Miskolc. It is a popular tourist attraction. These former villages were annexed to the city in 1950 ( Bükkszentlászló in 1981) and are still separated villages, connected to

8775-438: The deportation of Košice's entire Jewish population of 12,000 and an additional 2,000 from surrounding areas via cattle cars to the concentration camps . In 1946, after the war, Košice was the site of an orthodox festival, with a Mizrachi convention and a Bnei Akiva Yeshiva (school) for Jews, which, later that year, moved with its students to Israel. A memorial plaque in honor to the 12,000 deported Jews from Košice and

8892-614: The early 19th century to 1856; only the Executioner's Bastion remained among limited parts of the wall. The city became the seat of its own bishopric in 1802. The city's surroundings became a theater of war again during the Revolutions of 1848 , when the Imperial cavalry general Franz Schlik defeated the Hungarian army on December 8, 1848, and January 4, 1849. The city was captured by the Hungarian army on February 15, 1849, but

9009-443: The early 2000s the decade of changes was over, and the city went through the recession successfully. International companies and supermarkets appeared in the area. The local government is trying to strengthen the city's role in culture and tourism. By the end of 2004, the highway M3 had reached the city. The most popular sport in Miskolc is football . The leading club of the city is Diósgyőri VTK (short name: DVTK). They have won

9126-405: The end of the 14th century were mirrored by the decision to build an entirely new church on the grounds of the previously destroyed smaller St. Elisabeth Church. The construction of St. Elisabeth Cathedral , the biggest cathedral in the Kingdom of Hungary, was supported by Emperor Sigismund , and by the apostolic see itself. From the beginning of the 15th century, the city played a leading role in

9243-480: The end of the 17th century the population of the city was as large as that of Kassa/Košice , and 13 guilds had been founded. During the war of independence against Habsburg rule in the early 18th century, Prince Francis II Rákóczi , the leader of the Hungarians put his headquarters in Miskolc. The imperial forces sacked and burnt the city in 1707. Four years later half of the population fell victim of

9360-541: The equivalent of English "came out" in Russian is "vyshel", where the prefix "vy-" means "out" , the reduced root "-sh" means "come", and the suffix "-el" denotes past tense of masculine gender . The equivalent phrase for a feminine subject is "vyshla". The gender conjugation of verbs , as in the preceding example, is another feature of some Slavic languages rarely found in other language groups. The well-developed fusional grammar allows Slavic languages to have

9477-496: The flood, but bigger and grander buildings were built in their places. World War I did not affect the city directly, but many people died, either from warfare or from the cholera epidemic. It was occupied by Czechoslovak troops between 1918 and 1919 after the First World War . After the Treaty of Trianon , Hungary lost Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) and Miskolc became the sole regional center of northern Hungary. This

9594-633: The following sub-branches: Some linguists speculate that a North Slavic branch has existed as well. The Old Novgorod dialect may have reflected some idiosyncrasies of this group. Although the Slavic languages diverged from a common proto-language later than any other groups of the Indo-European language family , enough differences exist between the any two geographically distant Slavic languages to make spoken communication between such speakers cumbersome. As usually found within other language groups , mutual intelligibility between Slavic languages

9711-564: The geographical separation between these two groups, also severing the connection between Slavs in Moravia and Lower Austria ( Moravians ) and those in present-day Styria , Carinthia , East Tyrol in Austria , and in the provinces of modern Slovenia , where the ancestors of the Slovenes settled during first colonization. In September 2015, Alexei Kassian and Anna Dybo published, as

9828-432: The industrial cities of Northern Hungary the hardest. The unemployment rate rose until it became one of the highest in the country, the population of Miskolc dramatically decreased (not only because of unemployment though, but also due to suburbanization which became prevalent nationwide). The economic situation of the city went through a change, smaller enterprises appeared in place of the large state-owned companies. By

9945-425: The interwar period, scholars have conventionally divided Slavic languages, on the basis of geographical and genealogical principle, and with the use of the extralinguistic feature of script, into three main branches, that is, East, South, and West (from the vantage of linguistic features alone, there are only two branches of the Slavic languages, namely North and South). These three conventional branches feature some of

10062-424: The king were helpful in developing crafts, business, increasing importance (seat of the royal chamber for Upper Hungary ), and for building its strong fortifications. In 1307, the first guild regulations were registered here; they were the oldest in the Kingdom of Hungary. As a Hungarian free royal town , Košice reinforced the king's troops at the crucial moment of the bloody Battle of Rozgony in 1312 against

10179-443: The last three decades, however, make this view very hard to maintain nowadays, especially when one considers that there was most likely no " Proto-Baltic " language and that West Baltic and East Baltic differ from each other as much as each of them does from Proto-Slavic. The Proto-Slavic language originated in the area of modern Ukraine and Belarus mostly overlapping with the northern part of Indoeuropean Urheimat , which

10296-501: The level of education mirror the stratification of society. The town's linguistic balance began to shift towards Slovak after World War I by Slovakization in the newly established Czechoslovakia . According to the 1930 census, the city had 70,111, with 230 Gypsies (today Roma ), 42 245 Czechoslovaks (today Czechs and Slovaks ), 11 504 Hungarians , 3 354 Germans , 44 Poles , 14 Romanians , 801 Ruthenians , 27 Serbocroatians (today Serbs and Croatians ) and 5 733 Jews . As

10413-576: The main trade routes of the region. In regards of the economy, real development started only after the Ottoman occupation. In the 18th century, the town already had a lumber mill, a paper manufacture, a brewery, a gunpowder factory and fifteen mills on the Szinva stream. The glass works manufactures and iron furnaces appeared in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The first iron furnace, built by Henrik Fazola around 1770, did not survive, but

10530-450: The meeting point of different geographical regions – east of the Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva . According to the 2001 Census the city has a total area of 236.68 km (91.38 sq mi). The ground level slopes gradually; the difference between the highest and lowest area is about 800 m (2,600 ft). The lowest areas are

10647-553: The name of the Upper Hungarian Museum. The Slovak Technical Museum ( Slovenské technické múzeum ) with a planetarium , established in 1947, is the only museum in the technical category in Slovakia that specializes in the history and traditions of science and technology. The East Slovak Gallery ( Východoslovenská galéria ) was established in 1951 as the first regional gallery with the aim to document artistic life in present-day eastern Slovakia. In 2008 Košice won

10764-476: The neighboring Serbo-Croatian dialects), and the quality Swadesh lists were not yet collected for Slovenian dialects. Because of scarcity or unreliability of data, the study also did not cover the so-called Old Novgordian dialect, the Polabian language and some other Slavic lects. The above Kassian-Dybo's research did not take into account the findings by Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak who stated that, until

10881-409: The nickname "Steel City"). Diósgyőri Gimnázium also stands in this district. The University of Miskolc is among the newer ones. It was founded in the 1950s, so its buildings are not old, historical ones. University Town is one of the newer parts of the city and can be found between Miskolc and the holiday resort Miskolctapolca. The university, the campus, and the sport facilities are surrounded by

10998-546: The northwest and Volovské vrchy mountains in the southwest. The basin is met on the east by the Slanské vrchy mountains. Košice has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ), as the city lies in the north temperate zone . The city has four distinct seasons with long, warm summers with cool nights and long, cold, and snowy winters. Precipitation varies little throughout the year with abundance precipitation that falls during summer and only few during winter. The coldest month

11115-456: The official language, as their main means of communication, 33.6% Slovak, and 13.5% German; 72.2% were Roman Catholics, 11.4% Jews, 7.3% Lutherans, 6.7% Greek Catholics, and 4.3% Calvinists . The results of that census are questioned by some historians by claims that they were manipulated, to increase the percentage of the Magyars during a period of Magyarization . By the 1910 census, which

11232-554: The period 1500–1000 BCE. A minority of Baltists maintain the view that the Slavic group of languages differs so radically from the neighboring Baltic group ( Lithuanian , Latvian , and the now-extinct Old Prussian ), that they could not have shared a parent language after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European continuum about five millennia ago. Substantial advances in Balto-Slavic accentology that occurred in

11349-633: The population to grow from 60,700 in 1950 to 235,000 in 1991. Before the breakup of Czechoslovakia (1993), it was the fifth-largest city in the federation. Following the Velvet Divorce and creation of the Slovak Republic, Košice became the second-largest city in the country and became a seat of a constitutional court . Since 1995, it has been the seat of the Archdiocese of Košice . After 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Košice, as

11466-407: The reign of Peter I ), French (for household and culinary terms during the reign of Catherine II ) and German (for medical, scientific and military terminology in the mid-1800's). Another difference between the East, South, and West Slavic branches is in the orthography of the standard languages: West Slavic languages (and Western South Slavic languages – Croatian and Slovene ) are written in

11583-432: The researchers the town had a German majority until the mid-16th century, and by 1650, 72.5% of the population may have been Hungarians, 13.2% was German, 14.3% was Slovak or of uncertain origin. The Ottoman Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi mentioned that the city was inhabited by "Hungarians, Germans, Upper Hungarians" in 1661 when the city was under the suzerainty of Ottoman Empire and under Turkish control. But by 1850,

11700-676: The rest of the Partium was returned to the Habsburgs. On January 18, 1644, the Diet in Košice elected George I Rákóczi the prince of Hungary. He took the whole of Upper Hungary and joined the Swedish army besieging Brno for a projected march against Vienna . However, his nominal overlord, the Ottoman Sultan, ordered him to end the campaign, though he did so with gains. In the Treaty of Linz (1645), Košice returned to Transylvania again as

11817-414: The second one, built in 1813, can still be visited. Several new settlements were formed in the Bükk mountains to provide dwellings for the workers of glass works manufactures and furnaces. Many of them – including Alsóhámor, Felsőhámor, Ómassa and Bükkszentlászló – are now parts of Miskolc. Development quickened from the second half of the 19th century, partly because of the political situation (after

11934-577: The shore of the Lake Hámori, the Szinva waterfall (the highest waterfall of the country), the Anna Cave and the István Cave. The population (around 1910) is multidenominational and multiethnical, and the differences in the level of education mirrors the stratification of society, following these facts. http://mek.oszk.hu/16900/16992 Religion in Miskolc (2022) Dominant religion in Miskolc

12051-410: The strong aristocratic Palatine Amadé Aba (family) . In 1347, it became the second-placed city in the hierarchy of the Hungarian free royal towns, with the same rights as the capital Buda . In 1369, it was granted its own coat of arms by Louis I of Hungary . The Diet convened by Louis I in Košice decided that women could inherit the Hungarian throne. The significance and wealth of the city at

12168-473: The supervision of Nazi SS - Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann , "deportations" from Miskolc began on June 11 or 12th, 1944. Over 14,000 Jewish adults and children were sent by cattle car to Auschwitz, where most were gassed on arrival. After the war Jews who survived the holocaust returned to Miskolc hoping to reclaim their land and possessions. Over 130 were rounded up by members of the local Arrow Cross Party and summarily murdered. The Jewish cemetery on

12285-588: The surrounding areas in Slovakia was unveiled at the pre-war Košice Orthodox synagogue in 1992. The Soviet Union captured the town in January 1945, and for a short time, it became a temporary capital of the restored Czechoslovak Republic until the Red Army had reached Prague . Among other acts, the Košice Government Programme was declared on April 5, 1945. A large population of ethnic Germans in

12402-463: The surrounding villages, it became the second-largest city of Hungary with more than 200,000 inhabitants. On July 30 and August 1, 1946, the Miskolc pogrom led to death of one accused Jewish black marketeer , the wounding of another, and subsequently the death of a Jewish policeman. Economic hardship and anti-Semitism motivated the riots. In 1949, the University of Miskolc was founded (as

12519-601: The time of their birth. Slavic languages The Slavic languages , also known as the Slavonic languages , are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic , spoken during the Early Middle Ages , which in turn is thought to have descended from the earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic language , linking

12636-552: The various cultural events, one of the most important festivities is the International Opera Festival , held every summer. Tourist destinations in Miskolc include Tapolca , Lillafüred and Felsőhámor. Tapolca has a park with a boating pond and the unique Cave Bath . Lillafüred and Felsőhámor are pretty villages in a valley surrounded by mountains and forests; their sights include the Hotel Palace on

12753-546: The winter season. Miskolc receives about 120 centimetres of snowfall annually. Days below freezing and nights below −20 °C (−4 °F) both occur in the winter. The area has been inhabited since ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Paleolithic , proving human presence for over 70,000 years . Its first known dwellers were the Cotini , one of the Celt tribes. The area has been occupied by Hungarians since

12870-658: The word krilatec ). The Freising manuscripts are the first Latin-script continuous text in a Slavic language. The migration of Slavic speakers into the Balkans in the declining centuries of the Byzantine Empire expanded the area of Slavic speech, but the pre-existing writing (notably Greek) survived in this area. The arrival of the Hungarians in Pannonia in the 9th century interposed non-Slavic speakers between South and West Slavs. Frankish conquests completed

12987-509: The world. The number of speakers of all Slavic languages together was estimated to be 315 million at the turn of the twenty-first century. It is the largest and most diverse ethno-linguistic group in Europe. The Slavic languages are conventionally (that is, also on the basis of extralinguistic features, such as geography) divided into three subgroups: East , South , and West , which together constitute more than 20 languages. Of these, 10 have at least one million speakers and official status as

13104-621: Was founded in 1945 (then under the name of the East Slovak National Theater). It consists of three ensembles: drama, opera, and ballet. Other theatres include the Marionette Theatre and the Old Town Theatre ( Staromestské divadlo ). The presence of Hungarian and Roma minorities makes it also host the Hungarian "Thália" theatre and the professional Roma theatre "Romathan". Košice is the home of

13221-652: Was interred there. For some decades during the 17th century Košice was part of the Principality of Transylvania , and consequently a part of the Ottoman Empire and was referred to as Kaşa in Turkish . On September 5, 1619, the prince of Transylvania, Gabriel Bethlen captured Košice with the assistance of the future George I Rákóczi in another anti-Habsburg insurrection. By the Peace of Nikolsburg in 1621,

13338-473: Was one of the reasons for the enormous growth of the city during the 1930s and 1940s. Early in World War II Hungary became an ally of Nazi Germany. Unhappy with the Hungarian government, German troops occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944 and put the anti-semitic Arrow Cross Party in charge of the government. Jews in Miskolc and elsewhere were ordered to wear yellow stars on their clothing. Under

13455-409: Was only the first step in Miskolc being developed into an industrial centre. Development reached its highest point in the 1980s, when the metal factory had more than 18,000 workers and production was over one million tons per year. The population hit all-time record (over 200,000 inhabitants), ⅔ of the working people worked in heavy industry. The economic recession after the end of the Socialist era hit

13572-582: Was the seat of the Habsburg "Captaincy of Upper Hungary" and the seat of the Chamber of Szepes County (Spiš, Zips), which was a subsidiary of the supreme financial agency in Vienna responsible for Upper Hungary). Due to Ottoman occupation of Eger , Košice was the residence of Eger 's archbishop from 1596 to 1700. From 1657, it was the seat of the historic Royal University of Kassa (Universitas Cassoviensis), founded by Bishop Benedict Kishdy . The university

13689-485: Was transformed into a Royal Academy in 1777, then into a Law Academy in the 19th century. It was to cease to exist in the turbulent year 1921. After the end of the anti-Habsburg uprisings in 1711, the victorious Austrian armies drove the Ottoman Army back to the south, and this major territorial change created new trade routes which circumvented Košice. The city began to decline and from a rich medieval town became

#268731