Surviving
46-579: Destroyed or barely existing The Yegeruqway ( Adyghe : Еджэрыкъуай , romanized: Yedjərıqway ; Russian : Егерукаевцы, Yegerukaevtsy ) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag . There is also a small town with a form of the same name Egerukhay (Russian: Егерухай, Yegerukhaj ) in the Koshekhablsky District , Adygea, Russia. Other Adyghe tribes : This article about an ethnic group in
92-530: A chroneme , as in Italian and Karelian . In phonology, affricates tend to behave similarly to stops, taking part in phonological patterns that fricatives do not. Kehrein (2002) analyzes phonetic affricates as phonological stops. A sibilant or lateral (and presumably trilled) stop can be realized phonetically only as an affricate and so might be analyzed phonemically as a sibilant or lateral stop. In that analysis, affricates other than sibilants and laterals are
138-465: A syllable boundary between the two segments, but not necessarily. In English, /ts/ and /dz/ ( nuts , nods ) are considered phonemically stop–fricative sequences. They often contain a morpheme boundary (for example, nuts = nut + s ). The English affricate phonemes /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ do not contain morpheme boundaries. The phonemic distinction in English between the affricate /t͡ʃ/ and
184-563: A call for the Circassian people for the creation of a standard Latin script to be used by all Circassian people on the globe. Their main motivation for the creation of this alphabet was that the majority of Circassian people live in Turkey and use the Latin alphabet in their daily life because they know Turkish. However, when trying to teach the language to the younger generation, teaching them
230-635: A few consonants as well. Below table shows the Adyghe Arabic alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1918 and 1927. The Adyghe orthography was officially switched to the Latin alphabet in 1927. The Adyghe Latin alphabet was compiled and finalized a year prior, in 1926. This alphabet was the sole official script in the Soviet Union . The Adyghe Latin alphabet consisted of 50 letters, many of them newly created, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of
276-507: A fricative–stop contour may occur. This is the case in dialects of Scottish Gaelic that have velar frication [ˣ] where other dialects have pre-aspiration . For example, in the Harris dialect there is seachd [ʃaˣkʰ] 'seven' and ochd [ɔˣkʰ] 'eight' (or [ʃax͜kʰ] , [ɔx͜kʰ] ). Richard Wiese argues this is the case for word-initial fricative-plosive sequences in German, and coined
322-419: A language has only one type of affricate, it is usually a sibilant; this is the case in e.g. Arabic ( [d̠ʒ] ), most dialects of Spanish ( [t̠ʃ] ), and Thai ( [tɕ] ). Pirahã and Wari' have a dental stop with bilabial trilled release [t̪ʙ̥] . Although most affricates are homorganic , Navajo and Chiricahua Apache have a heterorganic alveolar-velar affricate [tx] . Wari' and Pirahã have
368-601: A new alphabet takes time and makes the process more laborsome. ABX has created a Latin script based on the Turkish alphabet and chose the Abzakh dialect as their base because it is the dialect with the most speakers in Turkey. However, the alphabet employed by the Circassian Language Association has been criticized by others. Some suggested that they created the alphabet without a good understanding of
414-484: A non-sibilant, non-lateral affricate with a stop at the same place of articulation and with the same phonation and airstream mechanism, such as /t̪/ and /t̪θ/ or /k/ and /kx/ . In feature-based phonology , affricates are distinguished from stops by the feature [+delayed release]. Affrication (sometimes called affricatization ) is a sound change by which a consonant, usually a stop or fricative , changes into an affricate. Examples include: In rare instances,
460-472: A phonetic mechanism for distinguishing stops at similar places of articulation (like more than one labial, coronal, or dorsal place). For example, Chipewyan has laminal dental [t̪͡θ] vs. apical alveolar [t] ; other languages may contrast velar [k] with palatal [c͡ç] and uvular [q͡χ] . Affricates may also be a strategy to increase the phonetic contrast between aspirated or ejective and tenuis consonants. According to Kehrein (2002) , no language contrasts
506-846: A primer was published in Yekaterinodar . This official endorsement resulted in a literary boom in Adyghe and the publication of various newspapers, textbooks and other literature, including the Adyghe Maq , the main Adyghe language newspaper established in 1923. During the abovementioned decades, parallel with this process, the Arabic orthography had also been standardized for the sister Circassian language of Kabardian . Although very similar in many aspects, there were minor variations, in which letters were included based on each respective phonology, and there were minor differences in presentation of
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#1732772300957552-1078: A voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate [t̪ʙ̥] (see #Trilled affricates ), Blackfoot has [ks] . Other heterorganic affricates are reported for Northern Sotho and other Bantu languages such as Phuthi , which has alveolar–labiodental affricates [tf] and [dv] , and Sesotho , which has bilabial–palatoalveolar affricates [pʃ] and [bʒ] . Djeoromitxi has [ps] and [bz] . The coronal and dorsal places of articulation attested as ejectives as well: [tθʼ, tsʼ, tɬʼ, tʃʼ, tɕʼ, tʂʼ, c𝼆ʼ, kxʼ, k𝼄ʼ, qχʼ] . Several Khoisan languages such as Taa are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these are actually pre -voiced: [dtsʼ, dtʃʼ] . Affricates are also commonly aspirated : [ɱp̪fʰ, tθʰ, tsʰ, tɬʰ, tʃʰ, tɕʰ, tʂʰ] , murmured : [ɱb̪vʱ, dðʱ, dzʱ, dɮʱ, dʒʱ, dʑʱ, dʐʱ] , and prenasalized : [ⁿdz, ⁿtsʰ, ᶯɖʐ, ᶯʈʂʰ] (as in Hmong ). Labialized , palatalized , velarized , and pharyngealized affricates are also common. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by
598-437: Is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative , generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal ). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͜ʃ/ and /d͜ʒ/ , often spelled ch and j , respectively. The English sounds spelled "ch" and "j" ( broadly transcribed as [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ] in
644-627: Is officially written in the Cyrillic script, and is also unofficially written in the Latin script. Before 1927, Adyghe was written in a version of the Arabic script ; after the Soviet Latinisation campaign , an older variant of the Latin alphabet had been in use in the Soviet Union until 1938, when all Soviet languages transitioned into the Cyrillic alphabet. Prior to the mid-19th century, Adyghe had no writing system. Starting from 1853,
690-562: Is only known to be used in the Black Sea dialect. Affricate In contrast to its large inventory of consonants, Adyghe has only three phonemic vowels in a vertical vowel system . Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic subject–object–verb typology and is characterised by the ergative construction of sentences. The official alphabet for Adyghe is the Cyrillic script , which has been used since 1936. Before that,
736-718: Is spoken by Circassians in Iraq and by Circassians in Israel , where it is taught in schools in their villages. It is also spoken by many Circassians in Syria , although the majority of Syrian Circassians speak Kabardian . There are many books written in or translated into Adyghe. An Adyghe translation of the Quran by Ishak Mashbash is available. The New Testament and many books of the Old Testament have been published in Adyghe by
782-688: Is taught outside Circassia in Prince Hamza Ibn Al-Hussein Secondary School, a school for Jordanian Adyghes in Jordan 's capital city of Amman . This school, established by the Jordanian Adyghes with support from the late king Hussein of Jordan , is one of the first schools for the Adyghe communities outside Circassia. It has around 750 Jordanian Adyghe students, and aims to preserve the Adyghe language and traditions among future generations. Adyghe
828-616: The Abzakh dialect of Adyghe, is a three-way contrast between plain, labialized and palatalized glottal stops (although a palatalized glottal stop is also found in Hausa and a labialized one in Tlingit ). The Shapsug (Black Sea) dialect of Adyghe contains a very uncommon sound: a voiceless bidental fricative [ h̪͆ ] , which corresponds to the voiceless velar fricative [ x ] found in other varieties of Adyghe. This sound
874-669: The Americanist system, affricates may be transcribed with single letters. The affricate [t͜s] may be transcribed as ⟨c⟩ or ⟨¢⟩ ; [d͜z] as ⟨j⟩ , ⟨ƶ⟩ or (older) ⟨ʒ⟩ ; [t͜ʃ] as ⟨c⟩ or ⟨č⟩ ; [d͡ʒ] as ⟨ǰ⟩ , ⟨ǧ⟩ or (older) ⟨ǯ⟩ ; [t͜ɬ] as ⟨ƛ⟩ ; and [d͡ɮ] as ⟨λ⟩ . This also happens with phonemic transcription in IPA: [tʃ] and [dʒ] are sometimes transcribed with
920-570: The Arabic script was used. A new Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet is designed in Turkey with the motivation to make Adyghe and Kabardian education in Turkey easier. The vowels are written ⟨ы⟩ [ə] , ⟨э⟩ [ɐ] and ⟨а⟩ [aː] . Other letters represent diphthongs : ⟨я⟩ represents [jaː] , ⟨и⟩ [jə] or [əj] , ⟨о⟩ [wɐ] or [ɐw] , ⟨у⟩ represent [wə] or [əw] , and ⟨е⟩ represents [jɐ] or [ɐj] . The language of Adyghe
966-579: The Circassian genocide ( c. 1864 –1870) by the Russian Empire . It is closely related to the Kabardian (East Circassian) language , though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being dialects of a unitary Circassian language . The literary standard of Adyghe is based on its Temirgoy dialect. Adyghe and Russian are the two official languages of
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#17327723009571012-967: The IPA ), German and Italian z [t͡s] and Italian z [d͡z] are typical affricates, and sounds like these are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese . However, voiced affricates other than [d͡ʒ] are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they are not attested at all. Much less common are labiodental affricates, such as [p͡f] in German , Kinyarwanda and Izi , or velar affricates, such as [k͡x] in Tswana (written kg ) or in High Alemannic Swiss German dialects. Worldwide, relatively few languages have affricates in these positions even though
1058-1406: The Institute for Bible Translation in Moscow. According to the UNESCO 2009 map entitled "UNESCO Map of the World's Languages in Danger", the status of the Adyghe language in 2009, along with all its dialects (Adyghe, Western Circassian tribes; and Kabard-Cherkess, Eastern Circassian tribes), is classified as vulnerable . 1. Алахьэу гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъым ыцӏэкӏэ! 2. Зэрэдунае и Тхьэу Алахьым щытхъур ыдэжь, 3. Гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъэу, 4. Пщынэжь мафэр зиӏэмырым! 5. Шъхьащэ тэ къыпфэтэшӏы, тыолъэӏу О ӏэпыӏэгъу укъытфэхъунэу! 6. Гъогу занкӏэм О тырыщ, 7. Шӏу О зыфэпшӏагъэхэм ягъогу нахь, губж лъэш зыфэпшӏыгъэхэр зытетхэр арэп, гъощагъэхэр зытетхэри арэп. [1. Ālāḥăw g°č̣′ăġ°ṣ̂ăw, g°č̣′ăġ° zǝxălъǝm ǝc̣ăč̣′ă! 2. Zărădwnāe i Tḥăw Ālāḥǝm šʹǝtx°r ǝdăž′, 3. G°č̣′ăġ°ṣ̂ăw, g°č̣′ăġ° zǝxălъăw, 4. Pšʹǝnăž′ māfăr ziʾămǝrǝm! 5. Ŝḥāšʹă tă qǝpfătăṣ̂ǝ, tǝolъăʾ° O ʾăpǝʾăġ° wqǝtfăx°năw! 6. Ġog° zānč̣′ăm O tǝrǝšʹ, 7. Ṣ̂° O zǝfăpṣ̂āġăxăm яġog° nāḥ, g°bž lъăš zǝfăpṣ̂ǝġăxăr zǝtetxăr ārăp, ġošʹāġăxăr zǝtetxări ārăp.] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) 1. In
1104-510: The International Phonetic Alphabet by a combination of two letters, one for the stop element and the other for the fricative element. In order to show that these are parts of a single consonant, a tie bar is generally used. The tie bar appears most commonly above the two letters, but may be placed under them if it fits better there, or simply because it is more legible. Thus: or A less common notation indicates
1150-797: The Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation . In Russia, there are around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in Turkey , spoken by the diaspora from the Russian–Circassian War ( c. 1763 –1864). In addition, the Adyghe language is spoken by the Cherkesogai in Krasnodar Krai . Adyghe belongs to
1196-475: The Adyghe Latin alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case. Below table shows Adyghe Latin alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1927 and 1938. In 2012, the Circassian Language Association (Adyghe: Адыге Бзэ Хасэ or Adıǵe Bze Xase, abbreviated as ABX; Turkish : Adıge Dil Derneği ; danef.com) in Turkey has issued
1242-616: The CLA and continued the use of their alphabet in Circassian courses. Some glyphs in the Temirgoy-based Cyrillic alphabet have no equivalent in the Abzakh-based Latin alphabet because of dialectal differences. The most notable of these differences is the lack of differentiation between post-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex sounds. Though there are some additional letters in the alphabet for Eastern Circassian,
1288-580: The Caucasus is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Adyghe language Surviving Destroyed or barely existing Adyghe ( / ˈ æ d ɪ ɡ eɪ / or / ˌ ɑː d ɪ ˈ ɡ eɪ / ; also known as West Circassian ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians . It is spoken mainly in Russia , as well as in Turkey , Jordan , Syria and Israel , where Circassians settled after
1334-473: The Circassian phonology and have not even considered former Latin alphabets used to write Circassian and that the use of the Latin script would sever the ties with the homeland. Despite the criticism, the CLA has obtained a €40,000 funding from the European Union for the recording of the Circassian language with a Latin script and the preparation of multi-media learning materials for the language, and
1380-493: The IPA, are the remaining coronal affricates: Any of these notations can be used to distinguish an affricate from a sequence of a stop plus a fricative, which is contrastive in languages such as Polish. However, in languages where there is no such distinction, such as English or Turkish, a simple sequence of letters is commonly used, with no overt indication that they form an affricate. In other phonetic transcription systems, such as
1426-458: The [jɜ] and [jə] sounds at the beginning of syllables and [e] and [i] sounds at the end. The Latin letters are only used for the sounds [e] and [i]. The diphthongs are written as "Ye" and "Yi" 4) Circassian languages do not have phonemic rounded vowels but the labialized consonants affect the vowels around them to create allophonic rounded vowels. The letters O, Ö, U and Ü are used to show these allophonic rounded vowels. O/Ö and U/Ü works similar to
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1472-510: The accepted orthography for Adyghe. Over the following decades, several authors attempted to further improve the Adyghe Arabic orthography. The most successful attempt was the alphabet created by Akhmetov Bekukh . In this version, letters were designated for vowel sounds, and the orthography was transformed from an " Impure abjads to a true alphabet . In 1918, on the initiative of the Kuban Revolutionary Committee ,
1518-490: The beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. This one was in the beginning With God. All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence. What has come into existence by means of him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light is shining in the darkness, but the darkness has not overpowered it. Affricate consonant An affricate
1564-625: The corresponding stop consonants , [p] and [k] , are common or virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative release is lateral , such as the [t͡ɬ] sound found in Nahuatl and Navajo . Some other Athabaskan languages , such as Dene Suline , have unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective series of affricates whose release may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral: [t̪͡θ] , [t̪͡θʰ] , [t̪͡θʼ] , [t͡s] , [t͡sʰ] , [t͡sʼ] , [t͡ʃ] , [t͡ʃʰ] , [t͡ʃʼ] , [t͡ɬ] , [t͡ɬʰ] , and [t͡ɬʼ] . Affricates are transcribed in
1610-485: The family of Northwest Caucasian languages . Kabardian (also known as East Circassian) is a very close relative, treated by some as a dialect of Adyghe or of an overarching Circassian language . Ubykh , Abkhaz and Abaza are somewhat more distantly related to Adyghe. Adyghe exhibits between 50 and 60 consonants depending on the dialect. All dialects possess a contrast between plain and labialized glottal stops . A very unusual minimal contrast, and possibly unique to
1656-601: The materials created by ABX were accepted by the Ministry of National Education to be taught in Secondary Schools. This decision was protested and legally objected by the Federation of Caucasian Associations (Turkish: Kafkas Dernekleri Federasyonu ; KAFFED) who created the materials for Circassian and Abaza languages with the Cyrillic script; however, the court ruled in favour of the Latin alphabet created by
1702-473: The materials in the CLA website are primarily in West Circassian. 1) Ć is the equivalent of both Кӏ and Чӏ and shows the ejective potalveolar affricate. Qq, on the other hand, only corresponds to Кӏ and shows an ejective velar plosive. 2) Ç normally stands for Ч but when it is followed by Ü and Ö, it is equivalent to Цу. 3) É and İ are not direct equivalents of Е and И. The Cyrillic letters denote
1748-1714: The name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful! 2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds, 3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, 4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense! 5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help! 6. Guide us to the straight path, 7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray. ١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٢-الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ ٣-الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٤-مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ٥-إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ٦-اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ٧-صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ Ублапӏэм ыдэжь Гущыӏэр щыӏагъ. Ар Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ, а Гущыӏэри Тхьэу арыгъэ. Ублапӏэм щегъэжьагъэу а Гущыӏэр Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ. Тхьэм а Гущыӏэм зэкӏэри къыригъэгъэхъугъ. Тхьэм къыгъэхъугъэ пстэуми ащыщэу а Гущыӏэм къыримыгъгъэхъугъэ зи щыӏэп. Мыкӏодыжьын щыӏэныгъэ а Гущыӏэм хэлъыгъ, а щыӏэныгъэри цӏыфхэм нэфынэ афэхъугъ. Нэфынэр шӏункӏыгъэм щэнэфы, шӏункӏыгъэри нэфынэм текӏуагъэп. Ublāṗăm ədăžʼ G˚šʼəʾăr šʼəʾāġ. Ār Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ, ā G˚šʼəʾări Tḥăw ārəġă. Ublāṗăm šʼeġăžʼāġăw ā G˚šʼəʾăr Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ. Tḥăm ā G˚šʼəʾăm zăč̣ʼări qəriġăġăꭓ˚ġ. Tḥăm qəġăꭓ˚ġă pstăwmi āšʼəšʼăw ā G˚šʼəʾăm qəriməġġăꭓ˚ġă zi šʼəʾăp. Məč̣ʼodəžʼən šʼəʾănəġă ā G˚šʼəʾăm xăłəġ, ā šʼəʾănəġări c̣əfxăm năfənă āfăꭓ˚ġ. Năfənăr ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġăm šʼănăfə, ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġări năfənăm teḳ˚āġăp. In
1794-432: The place of stopping) is written with a ` (accent grave) or ' (apostrophe) and has a complicatd use. It is equivalent to Ӏ (palochka) in its use an ejective marker but not as the glottal stop. The glottal stop is not written as a letter but is implied through the use of consecutive vowels like in "mıerıs" (мыӀэрыс; apple). As many ejective sounds have their own letters (Ć, Ṕ, Q, Š, Ṫ), only some ejective sounds are written with
1840-702: The process of creating an orthography for Adyghe was started. In Tbilisi in 1853, a document titled " Primer of the Circassian Language " ( Archive ) was published, in which an Arabic-based orthography influenced by the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was developed. This document became the first ever publication in Adyghe. In this document, several new letters were introduced to represent the consonants that exist in Adyghe language. This proposed orthography, although with many shortcomings, received widespread approval and usage. And thus, Arabic script became
1886-502: The release of the affricate with a superscript: This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript. However, this convention is more typically used for a fricated release that is too brief to be considered a true affricate. Though they are no longer standard IPA, ligatures are available in Unicode for the sibilant affricates, which remain in common use: Approved for Unicode in 2024, per request from
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1932-407: The stop–fricative sequence /t.ʃ/ (found across syllable boundaries) can be observed by minimal pairs such as the following: In some accents of English, the /t/ in 'worst shin' debuccalizes to a glottal stop before /ʃ/ . Stop–fricatives can be distinguished acoustically from affricates by the rise time of the frication noise, which is shorter for affricates. In the case of coronals,
1978-687: The symbols ⟨ t, d ⟩ are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, ⟨ t͡ʂ ⟩ is commonly seen for ⟨ ʈ͡ʂ ⟩. The exemplar languages are ones that have been reported to have these sounds, but in several cases, they may need confirmation. Mandarin j ( pinyin ) Polish ć , ci Serbo-Croatian ć /ћ Thai จ Vietnamese ch The Northwest Caucasian languages Abkhaz and Ubykh both contrast sibilant affricates at four places of articulation: alveolar, postalveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex. They also distinguish voiceless, voiced, and ejective affricates at each of these. When
2024-514: The symbols for the palatal stops, ⟨ c ⟩ and ⟨ ɟ ⟩, for example in the IPA Handbook . In some languages, affricates contrast phonemically with stop–fricative sequences: The exact phonetic difference varies between languages. In stop–fricative sequences, the stop has a release burst before the fricative starts; but in affricates, the fricative element is the release. Phonologically, stop–fricative sequences may have
2070-501: The vowel use О and У in the Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet with O/Ö showing labialized consonant+[ɜ] combinations and U/Ü the labialized consonant+[ə] combinations. However, Ö and Ü are used when these combinations occur next to postalveolar sounds (Ş, J, Ç). The diphthongal uses of О and У, i.e. [wɜ] and [wə], are written as "We" and "Wı". Another use of Ö and Ü is writing Turkish loanwords containing these letters. 5) Wıçüpe (уцупэ;
2116-399: The wıçüpe (ş`, ĺ`). Another use of wıçüpe is to show that an U at the end of a word represents a labialized consonant and not a labialized consonant + [ə] combination. For example, джэгу in Cyrillic is written cegu` to make sure that it is pronounced [d͡ʒɜgʷ] as a single syllable but wıçüpe is removed when the word takes a suffix and the allophonic [u] is audible, as in cegum [d͡ʒɜgum]. Adyghe
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