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63-614: Yenakiieve is an important regional centre of coal mining , metallurgy , chemical production and manufacturing . The city's outdated industry has caused accidents like that of a gas explosion which occurred in June 2008 at one of Yenakiieve's coal mines. Yenakiieve was founded in 1898 when numerous workers' settlements around the Peter's Iron and Steel Works were united into a single settlement named after Fyodor Yenakiyev  [ ru ] . Its first coal mines dated from 1883. The settlement

126-687: A Russian-Belgian metallurgic company which by 1897 constructed the new Petrovsky cast-iron plant around Fyodorovka. Coal mines were opened around the plant. Settlements were formed near them and in 1898 they were united into one called Enakievsky after the founder of the Russian-Belgian metallurgic society. The writer A. I. Kuprin, who worked at the plant in 1896, described workers’ lives in the story “Molokh”. Before World War I several plants were built in Yenakiieve: coke chemical, brick, beer brewing and butter making. The Petrovsky plant became one of

189-1058: A four-month period on the territory of the Russian Federation ". Prime Minister of the DPR Alexander Zakharchenko said in August 2014 that it had not received military equipment from Russia; and that all of its military equipment was "hardware that we took from the Ukrainian military". Some injured militia members received medical care in Russia. In mid-August 2014, hospitals such as the Donetsk Central Hospital in Donetsk, Russia tended to receive between ten and twenty injured fighters daily. The Russian Emergency Ministry assisted with treatment logistics. Those questioned and registered by

252-631: A mixture of three strands of Russian nationalism : Fascist , Orthodox and Soviet . Members and former members of neo-Nazi group Russian National Unity (RNU), as well as the National Bolshevik Party and the Eurasian Youth Union , formed branches to recruit volunteers for the pro-Russia separatists. A former RNU member, Pavel Gubarev , was founder of the Donbas People's Militia and first "governor" of

315-761: Is a higher level institution in the ideological training of cadets. People from both the DPR and LPR can enroll at the school. It prepares future command cadres in four areas: reconnaissance, tank forces, infantry, and political officers. Upon graduation, the cadets are commissioned as lieutenants. Since the fall of 2016, the Military Lyceum is affiliated to the DHCACS. The Georgy Beregovoy Military-Physical Training Lyceum ( Russian : Лицей с усиленной военно-физической подготовкой имени дважды Героя Советского Союза, летчика-космонавта СССР, генерал-лейтенанта Г.Т.Берегового )

378-839: Is an educational facility of the People's Militia, being akin to the Suvorov Military School or the Ivan Bohun Military High School . It was established on 15 May 1993 by decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as the Donetsk Higher Military-Political School of Engineering and Signal Corps. From 1993 to 2000, the Lyceum was with a three-year form of study. Over two decades, 2,793 graduates graduated from

441-749: Is known as the birthplace of the former President of Ukraine , Viktor Yanukovych (in office 2010–2014) and his son, who was the People's Deputy of Ukraine from 2006 to 2014. Permanent settlements on the territory of present-day Yenakiieve were founded in 1783. In 1858, the Sofiyevsky coal mine opened there. At the same time the Petrovsky cast-iron plant was built, today known as the Yenakiieve Iron and Steel Works . In 1895, engineers F. Yenakiev and B. Yalovetsky and several Belgian businessmen founded

504-503: The 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine , groups of protesters took control of the regional administration building in Donetsk . An armed opposition group named the Donbas People's Militia, led by Pavel Gubarev , participated. This happened when 11 Ukrainian cities with significant populations of ethnic Russians erupted in demonstrations against the new Ukrainian government. On 6 April 2014, 2,000 pro-Russian protesters rallied outside

567-470: The 25th Airborne Brigade who had switched allegiance. A Ukrainian military column was disarmed after the vehicles were blockaded by locals in Kramatorsk. The militia also received a 2S9 "Nona-S" self-propelled 120 mm mortar. On April 20, an unidentified armed group in civilian clothes attacked a militia checkpoint at the entrance to the city of Sloviansk. Three attackers and three members of

630-799: The 8th Combined Arms Army , which has been recreated for this specific task since 2017. In February 2022, the UK defence ministry and the Institute for the Study of War reported that the Russian Armed Forces had officially extended the Russian Southern Military District into parts of Ukraine as part of integrating the DPR and LPR people's militias into Russian forces. In April 2023, Russia granted combat veteran status to separatist militants who had fought in

693-789: The Azov Battalion ". Far-right nationalists from other countries have also fought for the Russian separatists, such as the Hungarian nationalist 'Legion of Saint Stephen', the Bulgarian nationalist 'Orthodox Dawn' and the Serbian Chetnik 'Jovan Šević Detachment', as well as members of Serbian Action . According to the Italian newspaper la Repubblica , well-known Italian neo-fascist Andrea Palmeri (former member of

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756-738: The Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. They were under the overall control of the Russian Federation . They were also referred to as Russian proxy forces . They were active during the war in Donbas (2014–2022), the first stage of the Russo-Ukrainian War . They then supported the Russian Armed Forces against the Ukrainian Armed Forces during the 2022 Russian invasion . In September 2022, Russia annexed

819-494: The Federal State of Novorossiya was declared. On May 23, several members of the people's militia seized another BRDM-RKh unarmed armored vehicle from Loskutovka ( Luhansk Oblast ) In July 2014, the estimated manpower of the separatists was around 10,000–20,000. The militia were widely suspected to have been involved in the downing of a civilian airliner, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 , on 17 July 2014. On August 8,

882-615: The Russian Ground Forces , part of a long-term effort to integrate various irregular forces. On February 19, the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Militias were formally integrated into the command structure of the Russian Armed Forces. The militias consist of different armed groups, sworn to the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic . Militant groups which refused to do so were disarmed as gangs in

945-481: The Russian government often denied direct involvement, evidence suggested otherwise. The separatists admitted receiving weaponry and supplies from Russia, being trained there, and having thousands of Russian citizens in their ranks. By September 2015, the separatist units, at the battalion level and up, were acting under the command of Russian Army officers. In 2023, Russia acknowledged separatists who fought in

1008-464: The Ukrainian crisis . However, they were also seen with weapons that were not known to have been exported to Ukraine, or otherwise be available there, including some of the latest models of Russian military equipment, never exported outside Russia. According to the Donetsk People's Republic , all of its military equipment is "hardware that we took from the Ukrainian military". However, according to

1071-450: The war in Donbas the city was captured by pro-Russian separatists when on 13 April 2014 pro-Russian activists captured its town hall and declared that the city was part of the separatist Donetsk People's Republic . On 7 August 2014, separatists shot down a Ukrainian MiG-29 in the sky over Yenakiieve, presumably from the Buk complex provided by the Russian side; the pilot tried to divert

1134-482: The (Russian) Federal Security Service and treated in Russia during this period stated that they would not return to Ukraine if the Ukrainian army won the Russo-Ukrainian War , but would, instead, engage in a partisan warfare campaign in Eastern Ukraine . According to various sources, the troops of the separatists forces are under direct control of officers of the Russian Armed Forces . Specifically

1197-599: The 1st Army Corps and 2nd Army Corps of the United Armed Forces of Novorossiya ( Russian : Объединённые Вооруженные Силы Новороссии ; acronym NAF), which was to be the army of the proposed Novorossiya (New Russia) political union. Lieutenant General Ivan Korsun became its commander-in-chief . The Novorossiya project was suspended in May 2015 due to infighting, but the two separatist armies would still operate in an unified manner. On 2 February 2015, Head of

1260-691: The 1st Corps, called the "People's Militia of the DNR" and the 2nd Corps, called "People's Militia of the LNR". On 28 December 2018 commander of the Ukrainian Navy Ihor Voronchenko claimed that the DPR had created a flotilla stationed at Novoazovsk , made up of about 25 converted fishing boats. According to Voronchenko, the DPR had named this flotilla the "9th Regiment of the Marine Corps". [REDACTED] People's Militia of

1323-508: The DPR and LPR, and began integrating the paramilitaries into its armed forces. They are designated as terrorist groups by the government of Ukraine . The separatist paramilitaries were formed during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine . The Donbas People's Militia was formed in March 2014 by Pavel Gubarev , who proclaimed himself "People's Governor" of Donetsk Oblast , while the Army of

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1386-520: The DPR, Alexander Zakharchenko , announced that there would be a general mobilization in the DPR of 10,000 volunteers, and he aimed to eventually expand the NAF to 100,000 soldiers. In March 2015, the estimated manpower of the separatists rose to 30,000–35,000 personnel. On 20 May 2015 the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya announced the termination of the confederation 'project' but

1449-702: The DPR. Other groups are autonomous forces. According to Ukrainskyi Tyzhden , a Donetsk Operative Command set up in May 2016 by Russia coordinates the military efforts of the Donetsk People's Republic. The tank battalions they claim Russia can deploy include the DPR Diesel Battalion, and LPR August Battalion. Euromaidan Press reported in September 2018 that the United Armed Forces of Novorossiya comprised two army corps :

1512-448: The Donbas People's Militia blocked Ukrainian military KrAZ trucks armed with Grad missiles from entering the city. On 15 April, a full scale " Anti-Terrorist Operation " was launched by the Ukrainian government with aim of restoring their authority over the areas seized by the militia. On 16 April, the militia entered Sloviansk with six BMD airborne amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicles they had obtained from elements of

1575-472: The Donbas war as being eligible to receive Russian combat veteran status. Although called " militias ", shortly before the 2022 Russian invasion, the separatist republics began forced conscription of men to fight for Russia. The Donbas conscripts have been described as the " cannon fodder " of the Russian forces; by November 2022 the casualty rate of the separatist units was almost 50%, according to official separatist sources. On 3 March 2014, during

1638-541: The Donbas war since 2014. A 2016 report by the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) noted that Russian ethnic and imperialist nationalism has shaped the official ideology of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. During the war in Donbas , especially at the beginning, far-right groups played an important role on the pro-Russian side, arguably more so than on the Ukrainian side. According to Marlène Laruelle , separatists in Donbas espoused

1701-416: The Donetsk " Berkut " unit joined the ranks of the Donbas People's Militia. On 13 April, the newly established Ukrainian government gave the separatists a deadline to disarm or face a "full-scale anti-terrorist campaign" in the region. Later that day, the first reports came in of fighting between the people's militia and Ukrainian troops near Sloviansk, with casualties on both sides. On 14 April, members of

1764-465: The Donetsk People's Republic ( Russian : Народная милиция Донецкой Народной Республики , lit.   'People's Militia of the Donetsk People's Republic'), or 1st Army Corps (DPR) – Formed on 14 November 2014. [REDACTED] People's Militia of the Luhansk People's Republic ( Russian : Народная милиция Луганской Народной Республики , lit.   'People's Militia of

1827-637: The Donetsk People's Republic. RNU is particularly linked to the Russian Orthodox Army , one of a number of separatist units described as "pro-Tsarist" and "extremist Orthodox" nationalists. In June 2014, the Russian Orthodox Army was accused of murdering four Pentecostals in Sloviansk . The men were accused of spying for the Ukrainian government, but the case has been cited as part of a policy of religious persecution by

1890-399: The Luhansk People's Republic'), or 2nd Lugansk-Severodonetsk Guards Army Corps (LPR) – Formed on 7 October 2014. Donetsk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic [REDACTED] Donetsk People's Republic [REDACTED] Luhansk People's Republic According to Armament Research Services (ARES), the rebels mostly used equipment that was available domestically before

1953-496: The Russian invasion. As there weren't enough volunteers in the separatist army, and the Russian government wasn't willing to start mobilization of its own population, men from ages 18 until 65 from any background were conscripted to form the separatist army. Groups of DPR/LPR officers roamed the streets searching for men at the age range, arresting and sending to conscription offices any they found. In some regions, up to 80% of employees of local enterprises were called up, which led to

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2016-673: The South-East was formed in Luhansk Oblast . The Donbas war began in April 2014 after these groups seized Ukrainian government buildings in the Donbas, leading the Ukrainian military to launch its Anti-Terrorist Operation against them. During the Donbas war, Russian far-right groups were heavily involved in recruiting for the separatists, and many far-right activists joined them and formed volunteer units. The Russian separatists have been held responsible for war crimes , among them

2079-611: The Ukrainian government and the United States Department of State the Donbas People's Militia has received military equipment from Russia, including Russian tanks and multiple rocket launchers. Russia denied supplying weapons and described the Russian citizens fighting with the Donbas People's Militia as volunteers. The Donetsk People's Republic claimed on 16 August 2014 that it had received (together with 30 tanks and 120 other armoured vehicles of undisclosed origin) 1,200 "individuals who have gone through training over

2142-401: The Ukrainian government and the United States Department of State , this is a false. They claim the separatists have received military equipment from Russia , including multiple rocket launch systems and tanks. Although Russian officials deny supplying arms to the militia. In August 2014 Ukrainian Defense Minister Valeriy Heletey said the proof for the weapons supply from Russia was that

2205-434: The United Armed Forces was retained as the joint armed service of the DPR and LPR. The Ukrainian government in mid-2015 claimed there were about 42,500 fighters on the separatists' side, which include 9,000 Russian soldiers. During the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republic started a process of mass mobilization of its population in order to build an army for

2268-853: The banned Russian neo-nazi group Slavic Union and the Movement Against Illegal Immigration . Another Russian separatist paramilitary unit, the Interbrigades , is made up of activists from the National Bolshevik (Nazbol) group Other Russia . An article in Dissent noted that "despite their neo-Stalinist paraphernalia, many of the Russian-speaking nationalists Russia supports in the Donbass are just as right-wing as their counterparts from

2331-564: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 544762817 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:32:15 GMT Russian people%27s militias in Ukraine Russian separatist forces in Ukraine , primarily the People's Militias of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), were pro-Russian paramilitaries in

2394-551: The early Cold War -era T-62 tanks. By November, the DPR ombudsman reported that the DPR militia suffered almost 20,000 casualties (both wounded in action and killed in action ), translating into a staggering 50% casualty rate, with outside observers believing it could possibly be higher. The mass conscription has been considered a war crime by some, as the Article 51 of the Fourth Geneva Convention bans

2457-418: The far-right New Force party) has been fighting for the Donetsk People's Republic since 2014 and was praised by its leader Gubarev as a "real fascist". Professor Anton Shekhovtsov , an expert on far-right movements in Russia and abroad, reported in 2014 that members of Polish neo-fascist group "Falanga" and Italian far-right group "Millennium" had joined the Donbas separatists. French Eurasianists , notably

2520-512: The far-right organization "Continental Unity", have also been accused of recruiting far-right extremists across Europe to fight for the Donbas separatists. Swedish and Finnish far-right groups, such as the " Power Belongs to the People " party, reportedly recruited volunteers to fight for the separatists, while members of the neo-Nazi " Nordic Resistance Movement " were seen attending paramilitary training in Russia. Other far-right foreign fighters from Europe and North America have fought alongside

2583-829: The fighters of the Donbas People's Militia were using Russian-made weapons never used (or bought) by the Ukrainian army . Such exclusively Russian equipment seen with pro-Russian separatists includes Russian modifications of T-72 tanks (particularly T-72B3 and T-72BA seen destroyed in Ukraine ), BTR-82 AM infantry fighting vehicle (adopted in Russia in 2013), BPM-97 armored personnel carriers, sophisticated anti-aircraft system Pantsir-S1 , multipurpose vehicle GAZ Vodnik (adopted in Russia in 2005), Russian modifications of MT-LB , rocket-propelled flamethrower MRO-A , anti-tank missile Kornet , anti-materiel rifle ASVK , suppressed sniper rifle VSS Vintorez and others. The Donetsk Higher Combined Arms Command School ( Russian : Донецкого высшего общевойскового командного училища )

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2646-582: The first hunger strike took place in the city. On 14 November, Yenakiieve was included in the list of settlements in the East of Ukraine, where the Ukrainian authorities are temporarily not operating. At the time of the 2001 Ukrainian Census , the population of Yenakiieve was 104,266. Its composition was as follows: Coal mining Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

2709-482: The forceful conscription of soldiers from occupied territory, but Russian authorities claimed they are part of the independent sovereign nations of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic . After the leaders of the Russian proxy republics signed treaties of annexation with the Russian president on September 30, 2022, the Russian State Duma approved legislation on October 3 mandating

2772-461: The institution, more than 1,000 of them currently serve in officer posts in various power structures of Ukraine . It was renamed and converted in 2014; since then more than 300 students have graduated. The school is open to boys between 14 and 16 years old, many of whom come from military families. The cadets live at the school six days a week. The conclusion of the Dutch criminal investigation into

2835-650: The integration of the "people's militias" into the Russian military, backdated to the date of annexation. Upon the "annexation" of Ukrainian territories in September 2022, Russian occupation officials began forcibly conscripting Ukrainian men in occupied parts of Kherson oblast, and were reportedly ready to mobilize 3,000 in occupied Zaporizhzhia oblast. On 31 December 2022, Putin visited the Southern Military District headquarters in Rostov-on-Don to present battle colours to representatives of

2898-561: The largest metallurgic plants (3rd place) in southern Russia. In 1913 it produced 349,200 tons of cast-iron and 316,400 tons of steel. As a result of ruin after World War I and the Civil War of 1919–1921, Petrovsky plant was the only one producing steel. By 1925 the population in Yenakiieve was 34,000, and it was referred to as a town. In 1928, the town was renamed into Rykovo, after Soviet party- and statesman Alexei Rykov . After Rykov

2961-473: The militia claimed that after battles near the Russian border, they had captured 67 pieces of equipment in varying conditions (serviceable equipment lacking ammunition or fuel, with faults, damaged in battle and completely unusable), including 18 "Grad" multiple rocket launching systems, 15 tanks and armored personnel carriers , howitzers , MANPADS , etc. As of August 12, the militia had at least 200 armored vehicles. July and early August were disastrous for

3024-442: The militia were killed. On May 14, eight members of the militia seized an IMR armored vehicle from Novokramatorsky Mashinostroitelny Zavod . On May 15, the Donbas People's Militia sent an ultimatum to Kyiv. They demanded the withdrawal of all Ukrainian troops from Donetsk oblast . On May 17, several members of the militia seized two BRDM unarmed armored vehicles from Severodonetsk and Lysychansk ( Luhansk Oblast ) On May 22,

3087-557: The militias and a command academy in Donetsk, referring to them as the 1st Donetsk Army Corps and 2nd Guards Luhansk-Sievierodonetsk Army Corps . In January 2023 the Russian defence ministry announced that "self-sufficient force groupings" would be established in Ukraine, and in February that four Russian-claimed oblasts in southeastern Ukraine were placed under command of the Southern Military District of

3150-434: The militias, with many analysts saying they were on the verge of defeat, before a sudden counteroffensive, which the Ukrainian government said was supported by Russian troops, encircled thousands of Ukrainian troops and forced them into a retreat. The militias soon re-captured several strategic positions such as Savur-Mohyla and Luhansk International Airport . In September 2014, the DNR and LNR People's Militias became

3213-473: The most influential far-right Russian separatists are neo-imperialists , who seek to revive the Russian Empire . These included Igor 'Strelkov' Girkin , first "minister of defence" of the Donetsk People's Republic, who espouses Russian neo-imperialism and ethno-nationalism. The Russian Imperial Movement , a white supremacist militant group, has trained and recruited thousands of volunteers to join

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3276-407: The plane away from residential areas. On 13 August, the metallurgical plant was stopped, according to a statement from the management, "in order to prevent a man-made disaster and save the lives of the townspeople." The work of the treasury and banking system was completely stopped in the city, and the activities of a number of enterprises were suspended. There is a shortage of products. On 18 November,

3339-464: The pro-Russian separatists in Donbas, including white nationalists, neo-Nazis, neo-fascists and Christian nationalists . Motivations for these fighters have included the belief that they are fighting America and Western interests and that Vladimir Putin is a bulwark for "traditional white European values" who they must support against the "decadent West". In April 2022, a video posted on Donetsk People's Republic's website showed Denis Pushilin awarding

3402-758: The regional administration building. On the same day, groups of protesters in Eastern Ukraine stormed the regional administration building in Kharkiv , and the SBU headquarters in Luhansk . The groups created a people's council and demanded a referendum like the one held in Crimea. On 12 April, armed members of the Donbas People's Militia seized government buildings in Kramatorsk and Sloviansk , and set up checkpoints and barricades. The same day, former members of

3465-430: The separatists through its 'Russian Imperial Legion'. Some separatists have flown the black-yellow-white Russian imperial flag, such as the Sparta Battalion and the (now disbanded) 'Ratibor' unit. In 2014, volunteers from the National Liberation Movement joined the Donetsk People's Militia bearing portraits of Tsar Nicholas II . Other Russian nationalist volunteers involved in separatist militias included members of

3528-449: The separatists. Openly Neo-Nazi units such as ' Rusich ', 'Varyag' and 'Svarozhich' fought as part of the Russian paramilitaries from early 2014 and used Slavic swastikas on their badges, although some, such as 'Varyag', have since been disbanded. 'Rusich' is led by self-proclaimed neo-Nazi Alexey Milchakov and is part of the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company which has been linked to far-right extremism. Some of

3591-450: The shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and the Mariupol rocket attacks , which they have denied. The militias were also responsible for illegal abductions, detention, and torture of civilians of the Donbas. The separatist paramilitaries were supported by, and were proxies of, the Russian Armed Forces. Ukraine, the United States, and some analysts deemed them to be under the command of Russia's 8th Combined Arms Army . Although

3654-491: The shootdown of MH17 was that the "Russian Federation exercised overall control over the DPR", referring to vast evidence of frequent contacts between the DPR and LPR officials, and the Russian presidential administration, as well as the heads of the Russian military and FSB. As the conflict intensified, the Donbas People's Militia was bolstered with many volunteers from the former Soviet Union, mainly Russia ; including fighters from Chechnya and North Ossetia . According to

3717-516: The shutdown of mines (the main source of employment in the Donbas) and public transport, resulting in the paralysis of city and public services. Most of the Donbas conscripts are unexperienced, received little-to-no training and were badly equipped, and suffered from morale issues and heavy casualties. The role of Donbas conscripts by Russian forces has been described as " cannon fodder ". There were reports of conscipts being issued antiquated equipment such as World War I -era Mosin–Nagant rifles and

3780-406: The territory near Yenakiieve in the mine « Yuny Communar » there was one of the Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy —an object « Klivazh ». In 2002 the mine was closed as non-perspective and environmentalists worried about the danger of filling the mine with water. It might cause radioactive pollution of the underground water, so pumps continue to pump water out of the abandoned mine. During

3843-463: Was arrested in 1937 the town was renamed Ordzhonikidze after another Soviet leader, Sergo Ordzhonikidze . The name Yenakiieve was returned to the town in 1943. By 1939 the population of the town was 88,200. During World War II Yenakiieve was under siege from Italian army auxiliary units that were seconded to the German Army. They were followed by German units. The city was attacked from 31 October 1941 and not freed until 3 September 1943. Street fighting

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3906-555: Was fierce between the end of November and beginning of December 1941. “Recruitment” of civilians as Ostarbeiter began in December 1941. In 1950, about twelve Italian POWs (prisoners of war) were put on trial, over atrocities in Yenakiieve including the destruction of a hospital. Apparently no convictions were registered, and by 1954 all Italian POWs were returned to Italy. In the 1950s, several plants were put into operation: of ferro-concrete items, of construction material, of house building and automobile-repair. On 16 September 1979, on

3969-429: Was incorporated as a city in 1925. By 1958, the city and factories had expanded significantly and overtook the outlying villages of Simyukuo, Yevrah, and Tsiminyenny, all of which were resettled in their entirety when local livestock could not survive the expanding steel mills' runoff and pollution. One of the oldest metallurgical factories of Ukraine — the Yenakiieve Iron and Steel Works operates in Yenakiieve. The city

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