68-737: Yercaud , also spelt Erkad , is a town and hill station in Salem District in Tamil Nadu , India. Located in Servarayan Hills in the Eastern Ghats , it is situated at an altitude of 1,515 m (4,970 ft). Stone-age implements have been found near an ancient shrine located in the Servarayan Hills , about 5 km from the Yercaud lake. In the 1820s, M. D. Cockburn , the collector of Salem district facilitated
136-424: A Mir Yam . A Mir Yam led 30 admirals and each one of them had two ships. Tipu Sultan ordered that the ships have copper-bottoms , an idea that increased the longevity of the ships and was introduced to Tipu by Admiral Suffren . Due to their perpetual battle engagements, Haidar and Tipu required a disciplined standing army. Thus, Rajputs , Muslims and able tribal men were enrolled for full time service replacing
204-620: A deep knowledge [ je possède à fond ] of the common tongue of India, called Moors by the English, and Ourdouzebain by the natives of the land." Tipu Sultan was instructed in military tactics by French officers in the employment of his father. At age 15, he accompanied his father against the British in the First Mysore War in 1766. He commanded a corps of cavalry in the invasion of Carnatic in 1767 at age 16. He also took part in
272-576: A difference of 1 to 3 days due to the Lunar Calendar). He became the ruler of Mysore on Sunday, 22 December 1782 (the inscriptions in some of Tipu's regalia show it as 20 Muharram , 1197 Hijri Sunday) in a simple coronation ceremony. He subsequently worked on to check the advances of the British by making alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals . The Second Mysore War came to an end with
340-529: A hill town transformed by contemporaneous tourism practices as a hill station. Most hill stations, listed by region: Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations in India include: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Balochistan Gilgit Baltistan Tipu Sultan Tipu Sultan ( Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu ; 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), commonly referred to as Sher-e-Mysore or "Tiger of Mysore",
408-590: A large army. Tipu greatly expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a time. The rockets deployed by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km range). British accounts describe
476-492: A lengthy siege . The 1792 campaign was a failure for Tipu. The allied army was well-supplied, and Tipu was unable to prevent the junction of forces from Bangalore and Bombay before Srirangapatna. After about two weeks of siege , Tipu opened negotiations for terms of surrender. In the ensuing treaty , he was forced to cede half his territories to the allies, and deliver two of his sons as hostages until he paid in full three crores and thirty lakhs rupees fixed as war indemnity to
544-556: A summer retreat. Hill stations in British India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of British officials. After the rebellion of 1857 , the British "sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by [escaping] to the Himalayas in the north". Other factors included anxieties about
612-454: A very early exposure to military and political affairs. At age of 17 onwards Tipu was given charge of diplomatic and military missions and supported his father Hyder in his wars. Tipu's father, Hyder Ali , was a military officer in service to the Kingdom of Mysore who had become the de facto ruler of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din,
680-471: Is Coimbatore International Airport located 170 km (110 mi) away. The nearest railway station is Salem junction at 34.5 km. Government owned TNSTC operates public buses from Yercaud to Salem, which is connected to other major towns. There are many residential schools in Yercaud including the Monfort school , established in 1917. Shevaroys college is the only institute of higher education in
748-539: Is administered as a township with a panchayat union headquartered at Yercaud. Yercaud is part of the Yercaud Assembly constituency which forms part of the Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency) . The economy of Yercaud is majorly dependent on tourism and agriculture . Coffee , orange , jackfruit , guava , black pepper and cardamom are grown around the region. Yercaud lake is a natural lake in
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#1732771934160816-538: The Channapatna toys can be traced to patronage from Tipu Sultan, the historic ruler of Mysore , though these toys existed before this period historically given as gifts as part of Dusshera celebrations. It is known that he was an ardent admirer of arts, and in particular of woodwork. Tipu Sultan was considered as pioneer of road construction, especially in Malabar, as part of his campaigns, he connected most of
884-555: The Congreve rocket , which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars . In 1786 Tipu Sultan, again following the lead of his father, decided to build a navy consisting of 20 battleships of 72 cannons and 20 frigates of 65 cannons. In the year 1790 he appointed Kamaluddin as his Mir Bahar and established massive dockyards at Jamalabad and Majidabad. Tipu Sultan's board of admiralty consisted of 11 commanders in service of
952-600: The Fall of Seringapatam in 1799, the blind emperor did remorse for Tipu, but maintained his confidence in the Nizam of Hyderabad , who had now made peace with the British. After facing substantial threats from the Marathas , Tipu Sultan began to correspond with Zaman Shah Durrani , the ruler of the Afghan Durrani Empire , so they could defeat the British and Marathas. Initially, Zaman Shah agreed to help Tipu, but
1020-720: The First Anglo-Maratha War of 1775–1779. Alexander Beatson , who published a volume on the Fourth Mysore War entitled View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun , described Tipu Sultan as follows: "His stature was about five feet eight inches; he had a short neck, square shoulders, and was rather corpulent: his limbs were small, particularly his feet and hands; he had large full eyes, small arched eyebrows, and an aquiline nose; his complexion
1088-483: The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , a combined force of British East India Company troops supported by the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu. He was killed on 4 May 1799 while defending his stronghold of Seringapatam . Tipu also introduced administrative innovations during his rule, including a new coinage system and calendar, and a new land revenue system, which initiated the growth of
1156-526: The French Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions." According to a 13 February 1798 report by Talleyrand : "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from Suez to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English." Napoleon
1224-540: The Kaveri river, as attested by an extant stone plaque bearing his name, but was unable to begin the construction. The dam was later built and opened in 1938. It is a major source of drinking water for the people of Mysore and Bangalore. The Mysore silk industry was first initiated during the reign of Tipu Sultan. He sent an expert to Bengal Subah to study silk cultivation and processing, after which Mysore began developing polyvoltine silk. The greater prominence of
1292-518: The Mysore silk industry. He is known for his patronage to Channapatna toys . Tipu Sultan was born in Devanahalli , in present-day Bangalore Rural district , about 33 km (21 mi) north of Bangalore on 1 December 1751. He was named "Tipu Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of Arcot . Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a prince's education and
1360-716: The Zand dynasty in Persia . Tipu Sultan also maintained correspondence with Hamad bin Said , the ruler of the Sultanate of Oman . Tipu's and Mysore's tryst with silk began in the early 1780s when he received an ambassador from the Qing dynasty-ruled China at his court. The ambassador presented him with a silk cloth. Tipu was said to be enchanted by the item to such an extent that he resolved to introduce its production in his kingdom. He sent
1428-442: The 1784 Treaty of Mangalore . On 29 December 1782, Tipu Sultan crowned himself Badshah or Emperor of Mysore with the title Nawab Tipu Sultan Bahadur at age 32, and struck coinage. The Maratha Empire under its new Peshwa Madhavrao I regained most of Indian subcontinent, twice defeating Tipu's father in 1764 and then in 1767. In 1767 Maratha Peshwa Madhavrao defeated both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan and entered Srirangapatna,
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#17327719341601496-467: The 1857 revolt." As noted by Indian historian Vinay Lal , hill stations in India also served "as spaces for the colonial structuring of a segregational and ontological divide between Indians and Europeans, and as institutional sites of imperial power." William Dalrymple wrote that "The viceroy was the spider at the heart of Simla's web: From his chambers in Viceregal Lodge, he pulled
1564-494: The British East India Company, approximately 4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians; while Tipu Sultan's forces numbered only around 30,000. The betrayal by Tipu Sultan's ministers in working with the British and weakening the walls to make an easy path for the British. The death of Tipu Sultan led British General Harris to exclaim "Now India is ours." When the British broke through the city walls, French military advisers told Tipu Sultan to escape via secret passages and to fight
1632-643: The British at Srirangapatna, were displayed in the Royal Artillery Museum in London. According to historian Dr Dulari Qureshi Tipu Sultan was a fierce warrior king and was so quick in his movement that it seemed to the enemy that he was fighting on many fronts at the same time. Tipu managed to subdue all the petty kingdoms in the south. He was also one of the few Indian rulers to have defeated British armies. Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on Mysore's use of rocketry , making critical innovations in
1700-524: The British for the campaign against him. He paid the amount in two instalments and got back his sons from Madras. In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the Jacobin Club of Mysore for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo. In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that
1768-642: The British in the Indian theatre. Due to the Ottoman inability to organise a fleet in the Indian Ocean, Tipu Sultan's ambassadors returned home only with gifts from their Ottoman brothers. Nevertheless, Tipu Sultan's correspondence with the Ottoman Empire and particularly its new Sultan Selim III continued till his final battle in the year 1799. Like his father before him, Tipu Sultan maintained friendly relations with Mohammad Ali Khan , ruler of
1836-641: The French in their struggle with the British, and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers: against the Marathas , Sira , and rulers of Malabar , Kodagu , Bednore , Carnatic , and Travancore . Tipu became the ruler of Mysore upon his father's death from cancer in 1782 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War . He negotiated with the British in 1784 with the Treaty of Mangalore which ended
1904-680: The Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Tipu. In 1790 the company forces advanced, taking control of much of the Coimbatore district. Tipu counter-attacked, regaining much of the territory, although the British continued to hold Coimbatore itself. He then descended into the Carnatic, eventually reaching Pondicherry , where he attempted without success to draw the French into the conflict. In 1791 his opponents advanced on all fronts, with
1972-591: The Marathas ultimately reneged on the treaty and in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War the Marathas presented their support to the British East India Company which helped the British to take over Mysore in 1799. In 1766 when he was 15 years old Tipu accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. After the incident- Siege of Tellicherry in Thalassery in North Malabar , Hyder Ali started losing his territories in Malabar. Tipu came from Mysore to reinstate
2040-493: The Mughal emperor. He earned the title "Nasib-ud-Daula" with the heavy heart of those loyal to Shah Alam II. Tipu was a selfdeclared " Sultan " this fact drew towards him the hostility of Nizam Ali Khan , the Nizam of Hyderabad, who clearly expressed his hostility by dissuading the Mughal emperor and laying claims on Mysore. Disheartened, Tipu Sultan began to establish contacts with other Muslim rulers of that period. Tipu Sultan
2108-682: The Ottomans to contribute to the maintenance of the Islamic shrines in Mecca , Medina , Najaf and Karbala . However, the Ottomans were themselves in crisis and still recuperating from the devastating Austro-Ottoman War and a new conflict with the Russian Empire had begun, for which Ottoman Turkey needed British alliance to keep off the Russians, hence it could not risk being hostile to
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2176-777: The Persian attack on Afghanistan's Western border diverted its forces, and hence no help could be provided to Tipu. In 1787, Tipu Sultan sent an embassy to the Ottoman capital Constantinople, to the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I requesting urgent assistance against the British East India Company . Tipu Sultan requested the Ottoman Sultan to send him troops and military experts. Furthermore, Tipu Sultan also requested permission from
2244-420: The army in some places. Besides paying higher taxes they had to endure the additional responsibility of feeding the slaves and financing their marriages. This led to the weakening of the system of slavery in Mysore . The peak of Mysore's economic power was under Tipu Sultan in the late 18th century. Along with his father Hyder Ali, he embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming to increase
2312-665: The authority over Malabar. After the Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789–90 ), due to the monsoon flood, the stiff resistance of the Travancore forces and news about the attack of British in Srirangapatnam he went back. In 1789, Tipu Sultan disputed the acquisition by Dharma Raja of Travancore of two Dutch-held fortresses in Cochin . In December 1789 he massed troops at Coimbatore , and on 28 December made an attack on
2380-507: The breach of his capital city with his sabre clenched in his hand. Horatio Nelson defeated François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers at the Battle of the Nile in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into Mysore in 1799—one from Bombay and two British, one of which included Arthur Wellesley. They besieged the capital Srirangapatna in the Fourth Mysore War . There were more than 60,000 soldiers of
2448-662: The capital of Mysore. Hyder Ali accepted the authority of Madhavrao who gave him the title of Nawab of Mysore. Subsequently, to escape the treaty, Tipu tried to take some Maratha forts in Southern India captured by in the previous war and also stopped the tribute to Marathas which was promised by Hyder Ali. This brought Tipu in direct conflict with the Marathas, leading to Maratha–Mysore War Conflicts between Mysore (under Tipu) and Marathas: Conflict ended with Treaty of Gajendragad in March 1787, as per which Tipu returned all
2516-409: The center of the town where there are boating facilities. Other places of interest include the deer park, bears cave, Kiliyur falls, rose garden, various view points and temples including Servarayan temple, Raja Rajeswari temple and Rama temple at Pagoda point. The nearest airport is Salem airport at a distance of 38 km (24 mi), which has limited domestic flights. The nearest major airport
2584-538: The cities by roads. Both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan owed nominal allegiance to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II ; both were described as Nabobs by the British East India Company in all existing treaties. But unlike the Nawab of Carnatic , they did not acknowledge the overlordship of the Nizam of Hyderabad . Immediately after his coronation as Badshah , Tipu Sultan sought the investiture of
2652-545: The club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in order to justify British military intervention against Tipu. One of the motivations of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt was to establish a junction with India against the British. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with Tippoo Sahib. Napoleon assured
2720-547: The dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land". The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton 's statement about Ootacamund in the 1870s as having "such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud." Shimla was officially made the "summer capital of India" in the 1860s and hill stations "served as vital centres of political and military power, especially after
2788-588: The establishment of coffee plantations and citrus fruit saplings imported from South Africa . It was later discovered by Thomas Munro , the Governor of Madras Presidency in 1842 and popularized as a recreation retreat. It is located in the Shevaroy hills in the Eastern Ghats . The total extent of Yercaud taluk is 382.67 km (147.75 sq mi) including reserve forests. It is situated at an altitude of 1,515 metres (4,970 ft) above sea level , and
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2856-428: The governor of the fort of Kadapa . Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like Urdu , Persian, Arabic, Kannada , beary , Quran , Islamic jurisprudence , riding , shooting and fencing. Tipu Sultan's mother tongue was Urdu . The French noted that "Their language is Moorish[Urdu] but they also speak Persian." Moors at the time was a European designation for Urdu: "I have
2924-469: The highest point in Yercaud is the Servarayan temple, at 1,628 m (5,342 ft). As per the 2011 census , Yercaud has population of 11,582. The sex ratio was 974 against the state average of 996. Literacy rate was 83.17%, higher than state average of 80.09%. Scheduled caste constituted 33.33% while Scheduled tribes were 15.50% of the total population. The town had 2,652 houses. The taluk
2992-553: The lines of Travancore, knowing that Travancore was (according to the Treaty of Mangalore ) an ally of the British East India Company . On account of the staunch resistance by the Travancore army, Tipu was unable to break through the Tranvancore lines and the Maharajah of Travancore appealed to the East India Company for help. In response, Lord Cornwallis mobilised company and British military forces, and formed alliances with
3060-618: The local militia called the Kandachar force of agricultural origin which existed in the Mysore army earlier. The removal of the Vokkaligas from the local militia which had taken part in wars for centuries and the imposition of higher taxes on them in place of their quit rent led indirectly to the implementation of Ryotwari system. Now the Ryots could not rely upon slaves for their agricultural activities since their slaves were enrolled in
3128-463: The main British force under Cornwallis taking Bangalore and threatening Srirangapatna. Tipu harassed the British supply and communication and embarked on a "scorched earth" policy of denying local resources to the British. In this last effort he was successful, as the lack of provisions forced Cornwallis to withdraw to Bangalore rather than attempt a siege of Srirangapatna. Following the withdrawal, Tipu sent forces to Coimbatore, which they retook after
3196-515: The main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects." The concept of Hill Station has been used loosely in India (and more broadly South Asia) since
3264-514: The mid-20th century to qualify any town or settlement in mountainous areas, which attempt to expand its local economy toward tourism, or have been invested by recent mass tourism practices. Kullu and Manali in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh , are two example of that misuse of Hill Station or more accurately deviation of its meaning. These two historical settlements existed prior to the British, and haven't been specially frequented by them or even extensively modified or shaped by them. However,
3332-663: The non-western world in general." The historian of Himalayan cultures Shekhar Pathak speaking about the development of Hill Stations like Mussoorie noted that "the needs of this (European) elite created colonies in Dehradun of Indians to cater to them." This "exclusive, clean, and secure social space – known as an enclave – for white Europeans ... evolved to become the seats of government and foci of elite social activity", and created racial distinctions which perpetuated British colonial power and oppression as Nandini Bhattacharya notes. Dale Kennedy observed that "the hill station, then,
3400-485: The region. Hill station A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The English term was originally used mostly in colonial Asia , but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat and, as Dale Kennedy observes about the Indian context, "the hill station (...) was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it
3468-693: The rest of the wars from other forts, but he refused. Tipu famously said "Better to live one day as a tiger than a thousand years as a sheep". Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which was located 300 yards (270 m) from the N.E. Angle of the Srirangapatna Fort. He was buried the next afternoon at the Gumaz , next to the grave of his father. Many members of the British East India Company believed that Nawab of Carnatic Umdat Ul-Umra secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during
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#17327719341603536-403: The rise of internal domestic tourism in India from the eighties and the subsequent reproduction of Hill Station practice by urban middle-class Indians contributed to the labelling of these two localities as Hill Stations . Munnar , a settlement in the state of Kerala whose economy is primarily based on tea cultivation and processing , as well as plantation agriculture, is another example of
3604-461: The rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance to the target. The rockets had twin side sharpened blades mounted on them, and when fired en masse , spun and wreaked significant damage against
3672-419: The strings of an empire that stretched from Rangoon in the east to Aden in the west." Meanwhile Judith T Kenny observed that "the hill station as a landscape type tied to nineteenth-century discourses of imperialism and climate. Both discourses serve as evidence of a belief in racial difference and, thereby, the imperial hill station reflected and reinforced a framework of meaning that influenced European views of
3740-559: The territory captured by Hyder Ali to Maratha Empire . Tipu would elease Kalopant and return Adoni, Kittur, and Nargund to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas and Tipu would also pay an annual tribute totaling 12 lakhs for an agreed period of 4 years to the Marathas. In return, Tipu Sultan would get all the region that he had captured during the war. This included Gajendragarh and Dharwar. The Marathas in return agreed to recognize his authority and to address Tipu sultan as "Nabob Tipu Sultan Futteh Ally Khan". However
3808-513: The use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars. During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring
3876-508: The war and sought his deposition after 1799. These five men include Mir Sadiq, Purnaiya, two military commanders Saiyed Saheb and Qamaruddin, and Mir Nadim, commandant of the fort of Seringapatam. The episode of treachery as narrated by Hasan starts with the disobedience of Tipu's instructions. When he died there were jubilant celebrations in Britain, with authors, playwrights and painters creating works to celebrate it. The death of Tipu Sultan
3944-684: The war in status quo ante bellum . Tipu's conflicts with his neighbours included the Maratha–Mysore War , which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Gajendragad . Tipu remained an enemy of the British East India Company . He initiated an attack on British-allied Travancore in 1789. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War , he was forced into the Treaty of Seringapatam , losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and Mangalore . In
4012-401: The wealth and revenue of Mysore. Under his reign, Mysore overtook Bengal Subah as India's dominant economic power , with highly productive agriculture and textile manufacturing . Mysore's average income was five times higher than subsistence level at the time. Tipu Sultan laid the foundation for the construction of the Kannambadi dam (present-day Krishna Raja Sagara or KRS dam) on
4080-527: Was a ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India . He was a pioneer of rocket artillery . He expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual Fathul Mujahidin . The economy of Mysore reached a zenith during his reign. He deployed rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars , including the Battle of Pollilur and Siege of Srirangapatna . Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali used their French-trained army in alliance with
4148-453: Was celebrated with declaration of public holiday in Britain. Tipu introduced a new calendar, new coinage, and seven new government departments, during his reign, and made military innovations in the use of rocketry. Dr APJ Abdul Kalam , the former President of India , in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture in Bangalore (30 November 1991), called Tipu Sultan the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of these rockets, captured by
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#17327719341604216-493: Was fair, and the general expression of his countenance, not void of dignity". In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of Mahé which Tipu had placed under his protection, providing some troops for its defence. In response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of Madras . During this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept Colonel William Baillie who
4284-593: Was on his way to join Sir Hector Munro . In the Battle of Pollilur , Tipu defeated Baillie. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie, but on hearing the news of the defeat he retreated to Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at Kanchipuram . Tipu Sultan defeated Colonel Braithwaite at Annagudi near Tanjore on 18 February 1782. Braithwaite's forces, consisting of 100 Europeans, 300 cavalry, 1400 sepoys and 10 field pieces,
4352-432: Was possible to render the Indian into an outsider". The term is still used in present day, particularly in India, which has the largest number of hill stations, most are situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft). Nandi Hills is a 11th-century hill station that was developed by the Ganga dynasty in present-day Karnataka , India. Tipu Sultan (1751–1799) notably used it as
4420-415: Was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider". Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with
4488-421: Was the master of his own diplomacy with foreign nations, in his quest to rid India of the East India Company and to ensure the international strength of France . Like his father before him he fought battles on behalf of foreign nations which were not in the best interests of Shah Alam II. After Ghulam Qadir had Shah Alam II blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed to have broken into tears. After
4556-446: Was the standard size of the colonial armies. Tipu Sultan seized all guns and took the detachment prisoner. In December 1781 Tipu Sultan seized Chittur from the British. Tipu Sultan had gained sufficient military experience by the time Hyder Ali died on Friday, 6 December 1782. Some historians put Hyder Ali's death at 2 or 3 days later or before due to the Hijri date being 1 Muharram , 1197 as per some records in Persian (which can result in
4624-443: Was unsuccessful in this strategy, losing the Siege of Acre in 1799 and at the Battle of Abukir in 1801. Although I never supposed that he ( Napoleon ) possessed, allowing for some difference of education, the liberality of conduct and political views which were sometimes exhibited by old Hyder Ali , yet I did think he might have shown the same resolved and dogged spirit of resolution which induced Tipu Sahib to die manfully upon
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