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60-636: Yuseong first started its spa business in 1913, and by the 1970s, major developments were made, adding 12 more hotels to the area, leading this area to be designated first as the Special Spa District in 1981 and finally as the Yuseong Special Tourism District by August 31, 1994. Since the time of the Baekje Kingdom, travellers have visited Yuseong's natural springs and spas . This ultimately resulted in

120-521: A case of diglossia , the indigenous Samhan people, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variety of the same language. Kōno Rokurō has argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a Puyŏ language and the common people a Han language . Historians and linguists, such as Juha Janhunen , also argue that Baekje had been predominantly Japonic-speaking (specifically Peninsular Japonic ), before it became linguistically 'koreanized'. A similar view

180-748: A contingent of 10,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County. In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang . The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations, all of which the Silla-Tang joint fleet won, that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered

240-642: A final effort, General Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje. He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies. In 661, Empress Saimei (who previously reigned as Empress Kōgyoku ) and Prince Naka no Ōe prepared for battle and sent Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje, who had been in Yamato Wa for over 30 years, to aid the resistance. In 662, they sent an expedition to assist General Gwisil Boksin . A year later, 27,000 Yamato troops were sent as reinforcements. The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled

300-545: A key figure in the founding of both Goguryeo and Baekje. Onjo settled in Wiryeseong (present-day Hanam ), and called his country Sipje (십제, 十濟, meaning "Ten Vassals"), while Biryu settled in Michuhol (present-day Incheon ), against the vassals' advice. The people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously, but the salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult. Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, asking for

360-739: A large complex shopping center, opened in 2021. It is located in Doryong-dong. Plans have been made to renovate and develop the areas to attract more tourists. The major project that is currently proposed and evaluated is the Yuseong Leisure Town. Water theme parks, spa resorts, public golf course, and various other attractions will be constructed. Daedeok Science Park in Yuseong District is Korea's top research area, hosting multiple public and private research groups and organizations. Government funded research groups include

420-684: A passage in the Gwanggaeto Stele to establish ideological rationale to the imperialist outcry for invasion of Korea. Other historians have pointed out that there is no evidence of this Japanese account in any part of Korea, in addition to not being in any viable text in China or Korea. Regarding the Gwanggaeto Stele, because the lack of syntax and punctuation the text can be interpreted 4 different ways. Due to this problem in interpretation, nothing can be concluded. Also complicating

480-512: A state established in present-day Manchuria around the time of Gojoseon 's fall. Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms expanded control over the peninsula. At its peak in the 4th century, Baekje controlled most of the western Korean peninsula, as far north as Pyongyang , and may have even held territories in China , such as in Liaoxi , though this view

540-612: A strange incident regarding Japan. In any case, because of these various possible interpretations, the circumstances surrounding the stele are still highly debated and inconclusive. Baekje%E2%80%93Tang War The Baekje–Tang War was fought between Baekje and the allied forces of the Tang dynasty and Silla between 660 and 663. The war was caused by the ongoing Goguryeo–Tang War in which numerous attacks and raids were made by Baekje and Goguryeo against Silla. King Muyeol of Silla sought help from Emperor Gaozong of Tang , who launched

600-462: A strong state. Temporarily, he changed the official name of the country as the Nambuyeo ( 남부여 ; 南扶餘 ; Korean pronunciation: [na̠m.pu.jʌ̹] ; lit. "Southern Buyeo "), a reference to Buyeo to which Baekje traced its origins. The Sabi period witnessed the flowering of Baekje culture, alongside the growth of Buddhism . Under pressure from Goguryeo to the north and Silla to

660-707: A unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are extremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatific Baekje smile found on many Buddhist sculptures expresses the warmth typical of Baekje art. Taoist influences are also widespread. Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by the Liang dynasty in 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period. The tomb of King Muryeong (501–523), although modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of

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720-417: Is Baekje ( 백제 ), meaning "hundred counties", but was originally founded by Onjo as 十濟, which figuratively means "tens of counties". Only during the reign of Geunchogo (肖古王) was it renamed as Baekje. It is also attested as 居陀羅 Kudara, meaning "great place", which could have been a possible endonym that was later on borrowed into Old Japanese . Baekje was mainly composed of the native Han (Hanja: 韓人) and

780-577: Is believed to have moved the capital north of the river to Bukhansanseong in 132, probably in present-day Goyang to the northwest of Seoul. Through the early centuries of the Common Era , sometimes called the Proto–Three Kingdoms period , early Baekje gradually gained control over the other Mahan tribes. The Baekje Kingdom, which initially belonged to the Mahan confederacy , first integrated

840-542: Is controversial. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and Japan . Baekje was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan. In 660, it was defeated by the Tang dynasty and Silla , and ultimately submitted to Unified Silla . The most common name used by most historians

900-610: Is dominant. Other historians, such as those who collaborated on 'Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan' and Jonathan W. Best, who helped translate what was left of the Baekje annals, have noted that these princes set up schools in Yamato Japan and took control of the Japanese naval forces during the war with Goguryeo, taking this as evidence of them being more along the lines of diplomats with some kind of familial tie to

960-609: Is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time. In 372, King Geunchogo paid tribute to the Jin dynasty of China , located in the basin of the Yangtze River . After the fall of Jin and the establishment of Song dynasty in 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies. Baekje sent an envoy to Northern Wei of Northern Dynasties for

1020-460: The Buddhist teaching, or Dharma , to Korea : Malananta (late 4th century) – an Indian Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Baekje in the southern Korean peninsula , Sundo – a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea and Ado monk who brought Buddhism to Silla in central Korea. Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influences and synthesized them into

1080-461: The Gwanggaeto Stele , erected in 414 by King Jangsu of Goguryeo , as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese invasion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje. If this stele was a dedication to a Korean king, it can be argued that it would logically highlight Korea's conquests and not dedicate it to

1140-513: The Han River basin remained the heartland of the country. In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. Baekje's capital was located at Ungjin (present-day Gongju ) from 475 to 538. Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It

1200-526: The Han River (Korea) basin area, then overthrew Mokji state ( 목지국 ; 目支國 ), the dominant country, and then integrated Mahan as a territorial state. During the reign of King Goi (234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confederacy. In 249, according to the ancient Japanese text Nihonshoki , Baekje's expansion reached the Gaya confederacy to its east, around

1260-605: The Nakdong River valley. Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a kingdom in 345. The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (According to the Nihon Shoki : 247). King Geunchogo (346–375) expanded Baekje's territory to the north through war against Goguryeo , while annexing the remaining Mahan societies in the south. During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included most of

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1320-514: The "Inariyama sword, as well as some other swords discovered in Japan, utilized the Korean ' Idu ' system of writing". The swords "originated in Paekche and that the kings named in their inscriptions represent Paekche kings rather than Japanese kings". The techniques for making these swords were the apparently similar to styles from Korea, specifically from Baekje. In Japan, the hostage interpretation

1380-719: The Baekje tradition, such as the gold crown ornaments, gold belts , and gold earrings. Mortuary practices also followed the unique tradition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a representative tomb of the Ungjin period. Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, intricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refined pagodas reflect religion-inspired creativity. A splendid gilt-bronze incense burner ( 백제금동대형노 Baekje Geumdong Daehyeongno ) excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo County , exemplifies Baekje art. Little

1440-459: The Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons, and various other technologies. In exchange, Japan provided military support. According to mythical accounts in the controversial Nihon Shoki , Empress Jingū extracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje, Silla , and Goguryeo . At the height of Japanese nationalism in the early 20th century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with

1500-643: The Japanese imperial family and as evidence against any hostage status. As is with many long-past histories and competing records, very little can be definitively concluded. Further research has been difficult, in part due to the 1976 restriction on the study of royal tombs in Japan (to include tombs such as the Gosashi tomb, which is allegedly the resting place of Empress Jingū ). Prior to 1976, foreign researchers did have access, and some found Korean artifacts in Japanese dig sites. Recently in 2008, Japan has allowed controlled limited access to foreign archaeologists, but

1560-567: The Korean chronicle Samguk sagi , Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages. Whether the princes sent to Japan should be interpreted as diplomats as part of an embassy or literal hostages is debated. Due to the confusion on the exact nature of this relationship (the question of whether the Baekje Koreans were family or at least close to the Japanese Imperial line or whether they were hostages) and

1620-723: The Koreanic Yemaek (Hanja: 濊貊族) from Goguryeo and Buyeo. Those from the Lelang Commandery ( Korean : Nakrang, Hanja : 樂浪) came in through trade and conquest, and a small number of Jin (Hanja: 辰人) were also admitted into the polities of Baekje. According to the Samguk sagi , Baekje was founded in 18 BCE by King Onjo , who led a group of people from Goguryeo south to the Han River basin. Jumong had left his son Yuri in Buyeo when he left that kingdom to establish

1680-406: The Silla army across the passes of Tanhyon towards Hwangsan Plain, but General Gyebaek could only muster a force of about 5,000 Baekje troops in defense against the advancing Silla army. At Hwangsan Plain, the Silla army defeated the Baekje forces of General Gyebaek. The capital of Baekje, Sabi, fell to the forces of Tang and Silla. Around 10,000 Baekje troops were killed in the siege. Baekje

1740-461: The Silla throne in 654. Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang. In 660, a Tang army of 130,000 set out towards Baekje to further relieve Silla. The army led by Admiral Su Dingfang sailed across the Yellow Sea towards and landed on the western coastline of Baekje. The Tang army defeated a Baekje force at

1800-489: The Tang empire to request military assistance. In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Seondeok, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu (who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol). Baekje had allied with Yamato Wa in 653. Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war. King Muyeol assumed

1860-526: The Tang general Liu Renyuan (劉仁願) under siege in Sabi . Emperor Gaozong sent the general Liu Rengui , who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with a relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate. Baekje requested Japanese aid, and King Pung returned to Baekje with

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1920-567: The Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed centralized powers with modern iron weapons and were already utilizing horses for warfare. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla. The Nihon Shoki is widely regarded to be an unreliable and biased source of information on early relations with Korea, as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts. Some Japanese scholars interpret

1980-477: The city at Baekgang River. In 663 at the battle of Baekgang , the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces. As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet throughout the course of two days, they were eventually worn down by the Tang fleet and were destroyed in a decisive counterattack. During the engagement, General Echi no Takutsu was slain. Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and

2040-401: The cliff. Baekje forces attempted a brief restoration movement but faced Silla–Tang joint forces. A Buddhist monk Dochim ( 도침 ; 道琛 ) and the former Baekje general Buyeo Boksin rose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje prince Buyeo Pung back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, in modern Seocheon County , South Chungcheong ) as their headquarters. They put

2100-1086: The creation of the Yuseong Special Tourism District. The majority of the hotels in Daejeon are situated in this area, and it is one of the commercial centers of Daejeon . Some important sight seeing places are the Daejeon National Cemetery , Geological Museum, Currency Museum of Korea, Natural History Museum, Daejeon Prehistory Museum, Asia Museum, Yeojin Gallery, and Daejeon Museum of Art . Science-oriented attractions include National Science Museum , Daejeon Space Observatory, Daedeok Science Town , and Daejeon Institute of Education & Science. Parks include Expo Science Park and Kumdori Land . Cultural centers include Mokwon University Daedeok Science Culture Center, Jeongsimhwa International Culture Center, Expo Art Hall, Suwungyo Cheondan, Ahnsansanseong (Fortress), Jimjam Confucian School, and Ssunghyeon Ancient Lecture Hall. Daejeon Shinsegae Art & Science,

2160-471: The early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. The Hae clan was probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of Buyeo and Goguryeo . The " Great Eight Families " (Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae, Jin , Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in the Sabi era, recorded in Chinese records such as Tongdian . Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks,

2220-472: The east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje's relationship with China. The location of Sabi, on the navigable Geum River , made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished during his reign and continuing on into the 7th century. In the 7th century, with the growing influence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline. In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, which

2280-465: The fact that the Nihon Shoki , a primary source of material for this relationship, is a compilation of myth, makes it difficult to evaluate. The Samguk sagi , which also documents this, can also be interpreted in various ways and at any rate it was rewritten in the 13th century, easily seven or eight centuries after these particular events took place. Adding to the confusion is the discovery (in Japan) that

2340-490: The first time in 472, and King Gaero asked for military aid to attack Goguryeo . Kings Muryeong and Seong sent envoys to Liang several times and received titles of nobility. Tomb of King Muryeong is built with bricks according with Liang's tomb style. To confront the military pressure of Goguryeo to its north and Silla to its east, Baekje ( Kudara in Japanese) established close relations with Japan. According to

2400-501: The following. 36°21′43″N 127°21′22″E  /  36.362°N 127.356°E  / 36.362; 127.356 Baekje Baekje or Paekche ( Korean :  백제 ; Hanja :  百濟 ; Korean pronunciation: [pɛk̚.tɕ͈e] ) was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BCE to 660 CE. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , together with Goguryeo and Silla . While

2460-565: The infamous episodes in Korean history, as countless Baekje court ladies, concubines and women of the nobility committed suicide by jumping off a cliff near Sabi rather than be captured by the Silla-Tang Alliance. To memoralize this tragic event in history, a pavilion stands at the so-called "Rock of the Falling Flowers" commemorating Baekje's defeat and the suicide of the kingdom's court ladies and concubines who jumped off

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2520-452: The international community still has many unanswered questions. National Geographic has written that Japan " the agency has kept access to the tombs restricted, prompting rumors that officials fear excavation would reveal bloodline links between the "pure" imperial family and Korea – or that some tombs hold no royal remains at all. " In any case, these Koreans, diplomats and royal relatives or not, brought to Japan knowledge of

2580-466: The invasion of Baekje in 660. After the conquest of Baekje later that year, loyalist forces from Baekje with the aid of Yamato allies attempted to resist the occupation of their kingdom until the two allied forces were destroyed in 663. The Silla kingdom had formed a military alliance with the Tang empire under Emperor Gaozong's reign. When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to

2640-484: The lower reaches of Geum River or Dongjin river , the Silla–Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo. The establishment of a centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign of King Goi , who may have first established patrilineal succession . Like most monarchies , a great deal of power was held by the aristocracy . King Seong , for example, strengthened royal power, but after he

2700-553: The matter is that in the Nihongi a Korean named Amenohiboko is described in Nihon Shoki as a maternal predecessor of Tajima-no-morosuku ( 但馬諸助 ) , This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly. Scholars believe that the Nihon Shoki gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes without sophisticated iron weapons, while

2760-402: The military. Geunchogo established the division of central military and local militaries. The people of Baekje usually served in the military for three years. As Baekje entered the Sabi period, the military was divided into the royal private guard, the capital central military and the local military. The royal private guard handled matters such as protecting the palace. The weapons available to

2820-560: The mouth of the Geum River and then sailed up the river towards Sabi , the capital of Baekje. Crown Prince Kim Beopmin , General Kim Yusin , General Kim Pumil, and General Kim Hŭmsun were dispatched with a Silla army and set off westwards into the Battle of Hwangsanbeol . It comprised 50,000 troops. They marched into Baekje from the eastern border, and crossed through the Sobaek Mountains . General Kim Yusin led

2880-461: The new kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong became Divine King Dongmyeong , and had two more sons with Soseono , Onjo and Biryu . When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him the crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king, Soseono left Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms with their people, along with ten vassals. She is remembered as

2940-520: The six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the top official being elected every three years. In the Sol rank, the first ( Jwapyeong ) through the sixth ( Naesol ) officials were political, administrative, and military commanders. In the Deok rank, the seventh ( Jangdeok ) through the eleventh ( Daedeok ) officials may have headed each field. Mundok , Mudok , Jwagun , Jinmu and Geuku from

3000-443: The soldiers were diverse. The first ever bone remains of Baekje people were found in the eungpyeongri tombs in buyeo, which made possible reconstructions of appearances of Baekje people possible, and the tombs seem to have no sign of being looted. Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be a Buyeo language , a hypothetical group linking the languages of Gojoseon , Buyeo , Goguryeo , and Baekje. In

3060-442: The three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people (760,000 households), which was much larger than that of Silla (850,000 people) and similar to that of Goguryeo (3,500,000 people). Baekje was founded by Onjo , the third son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong and Soseono , at Wiryeseong (present-day southern Seoul ). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed Buyeo ,

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3120-458: The throne of Sipje. When Onjo refused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong, where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his country Baekje ("Hundred Vassals"). King Onjo moved the capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states. King Gaeru

3180-489: The twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators. According to the Samguk Yusa , during the Sabi period, the chief minister ( Jaesang ) of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this

3240-798: The western Korean Peninsula (except the two Pyeongan provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo at Pyongyang . Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adopted Chinese culture and technology. Buddhism became the official state religion in 384. Baekje also became a sea power and continued mutual goodwill relationships with the Japanese rulers of the Kofun period , transmitting continental cultural influences to Japan. The Chinese writing system , Buddhism , advanced pottery , ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristocrats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship. During this period,

3300-464: Was a form of selection by lot or a covert selection by the elite is not clear. This Council was called the Jeongsaamhoeui (政事巖會議, The council of rocks with state affairs). The town leaders and its subjects participated in the military of Baekje on a local level, and loot and captives were distributed among them. The subjects usually worked in the supply division. The position of Jwajang led

3360-517: Was closer to Silla than Wiryeseong had been, however, and a military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo. Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods. In 538, King Seong moved the capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo County ), and rebuilt his kingdom into

3420-413: Was conquered on 18 July 660, when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin. The Tang army took the king, crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoner. The king and crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang empire. The territory of Baekje was annexed by the Tang, which established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which they painfully accepted. In

3480-538: Was proposed by Alexander Vovin , who also noted that Japonic languages were spoken in the Tamna Kingdom on modern-day Jeju before the arrival of Koreanic, noting the presence of a Japonic substratum in the Jeju language . Buddhism , a religion originating in what is now India , was transmitted to Korea via China in the late 4th century. The Samguk yusa records the following 3 monks among first to bring

3540-445: Was slain in a disastrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son. The ruler titles of Baekje were *eraγa ( 於羅瑕 ), mostly used by the nobility, and *k(j)ə-n kici ( 鞬吉支 ), as he would be called by the commoners. The queen consort was called *oluk ( 於陸 ) and pasɨkasɨ (벗〯갓) meaning "woman companion". The Hae clan and the Jin clan were the representative royal houses who had considerable power from

3600-454: Was then allied with Goguryeo. A heavily outmanned army led by General Gyebaek was defeated in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol near Nonsan. The capital Sabi fell almost immediately thereafter, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla . King Uija and his son Buyeo Yung were sent into exile in China while at least some of the ruling class fled to Japan . The fall of Sabi resulted in one of

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