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82-646: Zara Yaqob ( Ge'ez : ዘርዐ ያዕቆብ ; 1399 – 26 August 1468) was Emperor of Ethiopia , and a member of the Solomonic dynasty who ruled under the regnal name Qostantinos I ( ቆስጠንጢኖስ ; "Constantine"). He is known for the Geʽez literature that flourished during his reign, the handling of both internal Christian affairs and external wars with Muslims, along with the founding of Debre Birhan as his capital. He reigned for 34 years and 2 months. The British historian, Edward Ullendorff , stated that Zara Yaqob "was unquestionably

164-463: A 71% lexical similarity to Ge'ez, while Tigrinya had a 68% lexical similarity to Geʽez, followed by Amharic at 62%. Most linguists believe that Geʽez does not constitute a common ancestor of modern Ethio-Semitic languages but became a separate language early on from another hypothetical unattested common language. Historically, /ɨ/ has a basic correspondence with Proto-Semitic short *i and *u , /æ ~ ɐ/ with short *a ,

246-553: A Sunday, either by law or by tradition. Many American and British daily newspapers publish a larger edition on Sundays, which often includes color comic strips, a magazine, and a coupon section. Others only publish on a Sunday, or have a "sister paper" with a different masthead that only publishes on a Sunday. North American radio stations often play specialty radio shows such as Casey Kasem 's countdown or other nationally syndicated radio shows that may differ from their regular weekly music patterns on Sunday morning or Sunday evening. In

328-512: A Sunday-night play on the station in March 2022. Even younger-skewing media outlets sometimes skew older on Sundays within the terms of their own audience; for example, BBC Radio 1Xtra introduced an "Old Skool Sunday" schedule in the autumn of 2019. Many American, Australian and British television networks and stations also broadcast their political interview shows on Sunday mornings. Major League Baseball usually schedules all Sunday games in

410-409: A church dedicated to Saint Michael . He then built two more churches, Martula Mikael and 'Asada Mikael, before returning to Debre Berhan . In his later years, Zara Yaqob became more despotic. When Takla Hawariat, abbot of Dabra Libanos , criticized Yaqob's beatings and murder of men, the emperor had the abbot himself beaten and imprisoned, where he died after a few months. Zara Yaqob was convinced of

492-688: A defence of his religious beliefs; the others were Mashafa Milad "The Book of Nativity" and Mashafa Selassie "The Book of the Trinity". Edward Ullendorff , however, attributes to him only the Mashafa Berha and Mashafa Milad . In the sixteenth century Adal leader Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi ordered the destruction of his former palace in Debre Birhan. Zara Yaqob sent delegates to the Council of Florence in 1441, and established ties with

574-460: A plot against him in 1453, which led to more brutal actions. He increasingly became convinced that his wife and children were plotting against him, and had several of them beaten. Seyon Morgasa, the mother of the future emperor Baeda Maryam I , died from this mistreatment in 1462, which led to a complete break between son and father. Eventually relations between the two were repaired, and Zara Yaqob publicly designated Baeda Maryam as his successor. Near

656-425: A position of leadership "with no experience of the affairs of state, he [Zara Yaqob] was faced by a kingdom seething with plots and rebellions, a Church riven with heresies, and outside enemies constantly threatening invasion." Buxton continues, Although he became Emperor in 1434, Zara Yaqob was not crowned until 1436 at Axum , where he resided for three years. During his first years on the throne, Zara Yaqob launched

738-671: A result. He then issued a royal edit ordering every Christian to bear on his forehead a fillet inscribed "Belonging to the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit." And fillets had to be worn on the arms, that on the right being inscribed "I deny the Devil in [the name of] Christ God," and that on the left, "I deny the Devil, the accursed. I am the servant of Mary, the mother of the Creator of all

820-422: A sign from God, indicating His approval of the execution by stoning of a group of heretics 38 days earlier, Zara Yaqob established Debre Berhan as his capital for the duration of his reign. He ordered a church built on the site, and later constructed an extensive palace nearby, and a second church, dedicated to Saint Cyriacus . He later returned to his native village of Telq in the province of Fatager and built

902-541: A strong campaign against survivals of pagan worship and "un-Christian practices" within the church. According to a manuscript written in 1784, he appointed spies to search and "smell out" heretics who admitted to worshipping pagan gods such as Dasek, Dail, Guidale, Tafanat, Dino and Makuawze. These heretics were decapitated in public. The spies also revealed that his sons Galawdewos, Amda Maryam, Zar'a Abraham and Batra Seyon, and his daughters Del Samera, Rom Ganayala and Adal Mangesha were heretics and thus they were all executed as

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984-547: A war zone are dispensed from the usual obligation to attend church on Sunday. They are encouraged to combine their work with attending religious services if possible. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , Sunday begins at the Little Entrance of Vespers (or All-Night Vigil ) on Saturday evening and runs until " Vouchsafe, O Lord " (after the " prokeimenon ") of Vespers on Sunday night. During this time,

1066-556: Is Il-Ħamis (five). In Armenian , Monday is Yerkoushabti , literally meaning "second day of the week", Tuesday Yerekshabti "third day", Wednesday Chorekshabti "fourth day", Thursday Hingshabti "fifth day". Saturday is Shabat coming from the word Sabbath or Shabbath in Hebrew, and Kiraki , coming from the word Krak , meaning "fire", is Sunday, referring to the sun as a fire. Apostle John , in Revelations 1:10, refers to

1148-693: Is called Mittwoch , literally “mid-week”, implying the week runs from Sunday to Saturday. In the Yoruba culture of West Africa, Sunday is called Oj̣ó ̣Aikú. Ojó Aiku is the day that begins a new week known as “Day of Rest”. It is the day Orunmila, the convener of Ifá to earth, buried the mother of Esu Odara and his wife, Imi. Since that occurrence, Yoruba people decided to refer to the day as Ojó Aiku. Slavic languages implicitly number Monday as day number one. Russian воскресение (Sunday) means “resurrection”. Hungarian szerda (Wednesday), csütörtök (Thursday), and péntek (Friday) are Slavic loanwords , so

1230-592: Is called 星期日 ( Xīng qī rì ), 일요일 ( Il-yo-Il ), and 日曜日 ( Nichiyōbi ) respectively, which all mean "sun day of the week". The Arabic word for Sunday is الأحد ( Al-Ahad ), meaning "the first". It is usually combined with the word يوم ( Yawm ) meaning "day". Latvian word for Sunday is svētdiena , literally "holy day". Lithuanian word is sekmadienis , literally "seventh day" (archaic; in contemporary Lithuanian, "seventh day" translates to septinta diena ). The international standard ISO 8601 for representation of dates and times states that Sunday

1312-780: Is called the Lord's Day e. g. in Romance languages and Modern Greek. On the other hand, English-speaking Christians often refer to the Sunday as the Sabbath (other than Seventh-day Sabbatarians); a practice which, probably due to the international connections and the Latin tradition of the Roman Catholic Church, is more widespread among (but not limited to) Protestants. Quakers traditionally referred to Sunday as "First Day" eschewing

1394-400: Is cognate to other Germanic languages , including Old Frisian sunnandei , Old Saxon sunnundag , Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag ), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag ), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag , Icelandic sunnudagur and Swedish söndag ). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of

1476-456: Is even a tendency for nouns to follow the gender of the noun with a corresponding meaning in Greek. There are two numbers, singular and plural. The plural can be constructed either by suffixing ኣት -āt to a word (regardless of gender, but often ኣን -ān if it is a male human noun), or by using an internal plural . Nouns also have two cases: the nominative, which is not marked, and

1558-522: Is forbidden, except in certain circumstances. Leisure activities and idleness, being secular and offensive to Christ as they are time-wasting, are prohibited. Some languages lack separate words for "Saturday" and "Sabbath" (e. g. Italian, Portuguese). Outside the English-speaking world, Sabbath as a word, if it is used, refers to the Saturday (or the specific Jewish practices on it); Sunday

1640-461: Is liturgically a full Sunday Mass and fulfills the obligation of Sunday Mass attendance, and Vespers (evening prayer) on Saturday night is liturgically "first Vespers" of the Sunday. The same evening anticipation applies to other major solemnities and feasts, and is an echo of the Jewish practice of starting the new day at sunset. Those who work in the medical field, in law enforcement, and soldiers in

1722-486: Is lost when a plural noun with a consonant-final stem has a pronoun suffix attached (generally replaced by the added -i- , as in -i-hu , "his"), thereby losing the case/state distinction, but the distinction may be retained in the case of consonant-final singular nouns. Furthermore, suffix pronouns may or may not attract stress to themselves. In the following table, pronouns without a stress mark (an acute) are not stressed, and vowel-initial suffixes have also been given

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1804-762: Is not uncommon for church attendance to shift on days when a late morning or early afternoon game is anticipated by a local community. The Indian Premier League schedules two games on Saturdays and Sundays instead of one, also called Double-headers. One of the remains of religious segregation in the Netherlands is seen in amateur football : The Saturday-clubs are by and large Protestant Christian clubs, who were not allowed to play on Sunday. The Sunday-clubs were in general Catholic and working class clubs, whose players had to work on Saturday and therefore could only play on Sunday. In Ireland, Gaelic football and hurling matches are predominantly played on Sundays, with

1886-433: Is pronounced exactly the same as ḥ in the traditional pronunciation. Though the use of a different letter shows that it must originally have had some other pronunciation, what that pronunciation was is not certain. The chart below lists /ɬ/ and /t͡ɬʼ/ as possible values for ś ( ሠ ) and ḍ ( ፀ ) respectively. It also lists /χ/ as a possible value for ḫ ( ኀ ). These values are tentative, but based on

1968-400: Is stressed on the ultima (e.g. ንግር nəgə́r , "speak!"), and that, in some patterns, words can be stressed on the third-, fourth- or even fifth-to-last syllable (e.g. በረከተ bárakata ). Due to the high predictability of stress location in most words, textbooks, dictionaries and grammars generally do not mark it. Minimal pairs do exist, however, such as yənaggərā́ ("he speaks to her", with

2050-525: Is the first day of the week. According to the Islamic calendar , Hebrew calendar and traditional calendars (including Christian calendars) Sunday is the first day of the week; Quaker Christians call Sunday the "first day" in accordance with their testimony of simplicity . The International Organization for Standardization ISO 8601 , which is based in Switzerland , calls Sunday the seventh day of

2132-671: Is the seventh and last day of the week. This method of representing dates and times unambiguously was first published in 1988. In the Judaic, Christian, and some Islamic traditions, Sunday has been considered the first day of the week. A number of languages express this position either by the name of the day or by the naming of the other days. In Hebrew it is called יום ראשון yom rishon , in Arabic الأحد al-ahad , in Persian and related languages یکشنبه yek-shanbe , all meaning "first". In Greek,

2214-605: Is usually played on Sunday, although Saturday (via Saturday Night Football ), Monday (via Monday Night Football ), and Thursday (via Thursday Night Football or Thanksgiving ) see some professional games. College football usually occurs on Saturday, and high-school football tends to take place on Friday night or Saturday afternoon. In the UK, some club and Premier League football matches and tournaments usually take place on Sundays. Rugby matches and tournaments usually take place in club grounds or parks on Sunday mornings. It

2296-544: The Adal Sultanate . He was later slain by the military contingent "Adal Mabrak," who had been in pursuit. The chronicles record that the "Adal Mabrak" sent Mahiko's head and limbs to Zara Yaqob as proof of his death. Zara Yaqob invaded Hadiya after they failed to pay the annual tribute exacted upon them by the Ethiopian Empire , and married its princess Eleni , who was baptized before their marriage. Eleni

2378-796: The Battle of Gomit in 1445, which consolidated his hold over the Sidamo kingdoms in the south, as well as the weak Muslim kingdoms beyond the Awash River. Similar campaigns in the north against the Agaw and the Falasha were not as successful. He then established himself at Hamassien and Serae to strengthen the imperial presence in the area, he settled a group of warriors from Shewa in Hamassien as military settlers. These settlers were believed to have

2460-557: The Calendar of 354 and probably later. In 363, Canon 29 of the Council of Laodicea prohibited observance of the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday), and encouraged Christians to work on Saturday and rest on the Lord's Day (Sunday). The fact that the canon had to be issued at all is an indication that adoption of Constantine's decree of 321 was still not universal, not even among Christians. It also indicates that Jews were observing

2542-708: The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , Ethiopian Catholic Church , Eritrean Catholic Church , and the Beta Israel Jewish community. Hawulti Obelisk is an ancient pre-Aksumite Obelisk located in Matara , Eritrea. The monument dates to the early Aksumite period and bears an example of the ancient Geʽez script. In one study, Tigre was found to have

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2624-573: The Holy See and Western Christianity . They were confused when council prelates insisted on calling their monarch Prester John . They tried to explain that nowhere in Zara Yaqob's list of regnal names did that title occur. However, the delegates' admonitions did little to stop Europeans from referring to the monarch as their mythical Christian king, Prester John. He also sent a diplomatic mission to Europe (1450), asking for artisans. The mission

2706-693: The Thai solar calendar , the name ("Waan Arthit") is derived from Aditya, and the associated colour is red. In most Slavic languages other than Russian, the words for Sunday reflect the Christian commandment to abstain from work. Belarusian нядзеля ( nyadzelya ), Bulgarian неделя ( nedelya ), Croatian and Serbian nedjelja / недеља , Czech neděle , Macedonian недела ( nedela ), Polish niedziela , Slovak nedeľa , Slovenian nedelja and Ukrainian неділя ( nedilya ) are all cognates literally meaning "no work" or "day with no work". In Russian,

2788-640: The Virgin Mary to keep her new child alive. Her prayers were answered and she gave birth to Zara Yaqob, who had this miracle recorded in the Ta'ammara Maryam, one of Zara Yaqob's chronicles written in Amharic . Paul B. Henze repeats the tradition that the jealousy of his older brother Emperor Tewodros I forced the courtiers to take Zara Yaqob to Tigray where he was brought up in secret, and educated in Axum and at

2870-470: The dismissal at all services begin with the words, "May Christ our True God, who rose from the dead ...." Anyone who wishes to receive Holy Communion at Divine Liturgy on Sunday morning is required to attend Vespers the night before (see Eucharistic discipline ). Among Orthodox Christians, Sunday is considered to be a "Little Pascha " (Easter), and because of the Paschal joy, the making of prostrations

2952-590: The pagan origin of the English name, while referring to Saturday as the "Seventh day". Some Christian denominations, called " Seventh-day Sabbatarians ", observe a Saturday Sabbath . Christians in the Seventh-day Adventist , Seventh Day Baptist , and Church of God (Seventh-Day) denominations, as well as many Messianic Jews , have maintained the practice of abstaining from work and gathering for worship on Saturdays (sunset to sunset) as did all of

3034-426: The se letter used for spelling the word nigūś "king") is reconstructed as descended from a Proto-Semitic voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ] . Like Arabic, Geʽez merged Proto-Semitic š and s in ሰ (also called se-isat : the se letter used for spelling the word isāt "fire"). Apart from this, Geʽez phonology is comparably conservative; the only other Proto-Semitic phonological contrasts lost may be

3116-638: The "Lord's Day", Greek : Κυριακή ἡμέρα ( kyriakḗ hēmera ), that is, "the day of the Lord", possibly influencing the Armenian word for Sunday. In many European countries, calendars show Monday as the first day of the week, which follows the ISO 8601 standard. In the Persian calendar , used in Iran and Afghanistan, Sunday is the second day of the week. However, it is called "number one" as counting starts from zero;

3198-866: The Chronicle of his reign, the Emperor also appointed his daughters and nieces as governors over eight of his provinces. These appointments were not successful. After hearing about the demolition of the Egyptian Debre Mitmaq monastery, he ordered a period of national mourning and built a church of the same name in Tegulet . He then sent a letter of strong protest to the Egyptian Sultan, Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq . He reminded Jaqmaq that he had Muslim subjects whom he treated fairly, and warned that he had

3280-678: The Ewostathians were won over to the compromise by 1442, the two Abuns agreed to the compromise only at the Council of Debre Mitmaq in Tegulet (1450). Garad Mahiko, the son of the Hadiya ruler Garad Mehmad, refused to submit to Abyssinia. However, with the help of one of Mahiko's followers, the Garad was deposed in favor of his uncle Bamo. Garad Mahiko then sought sanctuary at the court of

3362-569: The Sabbath on Saturday. First-day Sabbatarians , including Christians of the Methodist , Baptist and Reformed ( Presbyterian and Congregationalist ) traditions, observe Sunday as the sabbath , a day devoted to the worship of God at church (the attendance of Sunday School , a service of worship in the morning and evening), as well as a day of rest (meaning that people are free from servile labour and should refrain from trading, buying and selling except when necessary). For most Christians

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3444-506: The Summer Wine was shown on Sundays for many years until it ended in 2010. On Sundays, BBC Radio 2 plays music in styles which it once regularly played but which are now rarely heard on the station, with programmes such as Elaine Paige on Sunday and Sunday Night is Music Night although more contemporary styles now make up a higher percentage of the station's Sunday output than previously; for example, Kendrick Lamar received

3526-590: The United Kingdom, there is a Sunday tradition of chart shows on BBC Radio 1 and commercial radio ; this originates in the broadcast of chart shows and other populist material on Sundays by Radio Luxembourg when the Reithian BBC 's Sunday output consisted largely of solemn and religious programmes. The first Sunday chart show was broadcast on the Light Programme on 7 January 1962, which

3608-487: The accusative, which is marked with final -a . As in other Semitic languages, there are at least two "states", absolute (unmarked) and construct (marked with -a as well). As in Classical/Standard Arabic , singular and plural nouns often take the same final inflectional affixes for case and state, as number morphology is achieved via attaching a suffix to the stem and/or an internal change in

3690-489: The base በ /b/ in the script. Noun phrases have the following overall order: በዛ ba-zā in-this: F ሀገር hagar city በዛ ሀገር ba-zā hagar in-this:F city in this city ንጉሥ nəguś king ክቡር kəbur glorious ንጉሥ ክቡር nəguś kəbur king glorious a/the glorious king Adjectives and determiners agree with the noun in gender and number: ዛቲ zāti this: FEM ንግሥት Sunday Sunday (Latin: dies solis meaning "day of

3772-483: The contrast here represented as a/ā is represented as ä/a. Geʽez is transliterated according to the following system (see the phoneme table below for IPA values): Because Geʽez is no longer spoken in daily life by large communities, the early pronunciation of some consonants is not completely certain. Gragg writes that "[t]he consonants corresponding to the graphemes ś (Geʽez ሠ ) and ḍ (Geʽez ፀ ) have merged with ሰ and ጸ respectively in

3854-464: The correlation with "middle", "four", and "five" are not evident to Hungarian speakers. Hungarians use Vasárnap for Sunday, which means "market day". In the Maltese language , due to its Siculo-Arabic origin, Sunday is called Il-Ħadd , a corruption of wieħed , meaning "one". Monday is It-Tnejn , meaning "two". Similarly, Tuesday is It-Tlieta (three), Wednesday is L-Erbgħa (four), and Thursday

3936-457: The country, however, persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because it often happens that another day is not so suitable for grain-sowing or vine-planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost. Despite the official adoption of Sunday as a day of rest by Constantine, the seven-day week and the nundinal cycle continued to be used side by side until at least

4018-474: The custom and obligation of Sunday rest is not as strict. A minority of Christians do not regard the day they attend church as important, so long as they attend. There is considerable variation in the observance of Sabbath rituals and restrictions, but some cessation of normal weekday activities is customary. Many Christians today observe Sunday as a day of church attendance. In Roman Catholic liturgy, Sunday begins on Saturday evening. The evening Mass on Saturday

4100-653: The day commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ , i.e. The Lord's Day . The name is similar in the Romance languages . In Italian, Sunday is called domenica , which also means "Lord's Day" (from Latin Dies Dominica ). One finds similar cognates in French, where the name is dimanche , as well as Romanian duminică , and in Spanish and Portuguese, domingo . In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, Sunday

4182-537: The daytime except for the nationally televised Sunday Night Baseball matchup. Certain historically religious cities such as Boston and Baltimore among others will schedule games no earlier than 1:35 PM to ensure time for people who go to religious service in the morning can get to the game in time. In the United States, professional American football in the National Football League

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4264-499: The death of Emperor Dawit, his older brother Tewodros ordered Zara Yaqob confined on Amba Geshen (around 1414). Despite this, Zara Yaqob's supporters kept him a perennial candidate for Emperor, helped by the rapid succession of his older brothers to the throne over the next 20 years, which left him as the oldest qualified candidate. David Buxton points out the effect that his forced seclusion had on his personality, "deprived of all contact with ordinary people or ordinary life." Thrust into

4346-533: The earlier loss of "thirteen men, masters in different arts," who had died on their journey after being dispatched at the request of Zara Yaqob’s predecessor Yeshaq in 1427. Two letters for Ethiopians in the Holy Land (from Amda Seyon and Zara Yaqob) survive in the Vatican library , referring to "the kings Ethiopia." Ge%27ez language Today, Geʽez is used as the main liturgical language of

4428-429: The early puritan days, which forbade secular activities on Sunday and were rigidly enforced. Some public activities are still regulated by these blue laws in the 21st century. In 1985, twenty-two states in which religious fundamentalism remained strong maintained general restrictions on Sunday behavior. In Oklahoma, for example, it is stated: "Oklahoma's statutes state that "acts deemed useless and serious interruptions of

4510-576: The end of his reign, in 1464/1465, Massawa and the Dahlak archipelago were pillaged by emperor Zara Yaqob, and the Sultanate of Dahlak was forced to pay tribute to the Ethiopian Empire . According to Richard Pankhurst , Zara Yaqob was also "reputedly an author of renown", having contributed to Ethiopian literature as many as three important theological works. One was Mashafa Berhan "The Book of Light", an exposition of his ecclesiastical reforms and

4592-416: The first day - Saturday - is denoted as day zero. The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight-day nundinal cycle , a market week, but in the time of Augustus in the 1st century AD, a seven-day week also came into use. In the gospels , the women are described as coming to the empty tomb " εις μια των σαββατων ", which literally means "toward the first of the sabbath" and is often translated "on

4674-619: The first day of the week". Justin Martyr , in the mid-2nd century, mentions "memoirs of the apostles" as being read on "the day called that of the sun" (Sunday) alongside the "writings of the prophets." On 7 March 321, Constantine I , Rome's first Christian emperor, decreed that Sunday would be observed as the Roman day of rest: On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In

4756-547: The followers of God in the Old Testament . Sunday in Mandaeism is called Habshaba ( Habšaba ). Mandaeans perform communal masbuta (baptism) every Sunday. In the United States and Canada, most government offices are closed on both Saturday and Sunday. The practice of offices closing on Sunday in government and in some rural areas of the United States stem from a system of blue laws . Blue laws were established in

4838-442: The following patterns. Quadriconsonantal and some triconsonantal nouns follow the following pattern. Triconsonantal nouns that take this pattern must have at least one "long" vowel (namely /i e o u/ ). In the independent pronouns, gender is not distinguished in the 1st person, and case is only distinguished in the 3rd person singular. Suffix pronouns attach at the end of a noun, preposition or verb. The accusative/construct -a

4920-537: The greatest ruler Ethiopia had seen since Ezana , during the heyday of Aksumite power, and none of his successors on the throne – excepted only the emperors Menelik II and Haile Selassie – can be compared to him." Born at Telq in the province of Fatagar , Zara Yaqob hailed from the Amhara people , he was the youngest son of Emperor Dawit I by his wife, Igzi Kebra. His mother Igzi lost her first son and having been sick during her second pregnancy, prayed fervently to

5002-420: The interdental fricatives and ghayn . There is no evidence within the script of stress rules in the ancient period, but stress patterns exist within the liturgical tradition(s). Accounts of these patterns are, however, contradictory. One early 20th-century account may be broadly summarized as follows: As one example of a discrepancy, a different late 19th-century account says the masculine singular imperative

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5084-406: The monastery of Debre Abbay . While admitting that this tradition "is invaluable as providing a religious background for Zara Yaqob's career", Taddesse Tamrat dismisses this story as "very improbable in its details". The professor notes that Zara Yaqob wrote in his Mashafa Berhan that "he was brought down from the royal prison of Mount Gishan only on the eve of his accession to the throne." Upon

5166-499: The names of the days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday ( Greek : Δευτέρα , Greek : Τρίτη , Greek : Τετάρτη , and Greek : Πέμπτη ) mean “second”, “third”, “fourth”, and “fifth”, respectively. This leaves Sunday in the first position of the week count. Similarly in Portuguese , where the days from Monday to Friday are counted as "segunda-feira", "terça-feira", "quarta-feira", "quinta-feira" and "sexta-feira". In Vietnamese,

5248-456: The original seventh-day Sabbath ( Saturday , or Lesser Sabbath) and Sunday should be observed. Zara Yaqob was successful in persuading two recently-arrived Egyptian Abuna , Mikael and Gabriel , into accepting a compromise aimed at restoring harmony with the House of Ewostatewos, as the followers of Ewostatewos were known. At the same time, he made efforts to pacify the House of Ewostatewos. While

5330-564: The phonological system represented by the traditional pronunciation—and indeed in all modern Ethiopian Semitic. ... There is, however, no evidence either in the tradition or in Ethiopian Semitic [for] what value these consonants may have had in Geʽ;ez." A similar problem is found for the consonant transliterated ḫ . Gragg notes that it corresponds in etymology to velar or uvular fricatives in other Semitic languages, but it

5412-408: The power to divert the Nile , but refrained from doing so for the human suffering it would cause. Jaqmaq responded with gifts to appease Zara Yaqob's anger, but refused to rebuild the Coptic churches he had destroyed. The Sultan would then encourage the Adal Sultanate to invade the province of Dawaro to distract the Emperor, but Zara Yaqob managed to defeated Badlay ad-Din , the Sultan of Adal at

5494-447: The pronoun suffix -(h)ā́ "her") vs. yənaggə́rā ("they speak", feminine plural), both written ይነግራ . Geʽez distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine, the latter of which is sometimes marked with the suffix ት -t , e.g. እኅት ʼəxt ("sister"). These are less strongly distinguished than in other Semitic languages, as many nouns not denoting humans can be used in either gender: in translated Christian texts there

5576-687: The reconstructed Proto-Semitic consonants that they are descended from. The following table presents the consonants of the Geʽez language. The reconstructed phonetic value of a phoneme is given in IPA transcription, followed by its representation in the Geʽez script and scholarly transliteration. Geʽez consonants have a triple opposition between voiceless, voiced, and ejective (or emphatic ) obstruents. The Proto-Semitic "emphasis" in Geʽez has been generalized to include emphatic p̣ /pʼ/ . Geʽez has phonologized labiovelars , descending from Proto-Semitic biphonemes. Geʽez ś ሠ Sawt (in Amharic, also called śe-nigūś , i.e.

5658-728: The repose and religious liberty of the community," such as trades, manufacturing, mechanical employment, horse racing, and gaming are forbidden. Public selling of commodities other than necessary foods and drinks, medicine, ice, and surgical and burial equipment, and other necessities can legally be prohibited on Sunday. In Oklahoma, a fine not to exceed twenty-five dollars may be imposed on individuals for each offense." Because of these blue laws, many private sector retail businesses open later and close earlier on Sunday or do not open at all. Many countries, particularly in Europe such as Sweden, France, Germany and Belgium, but also in other countries such as Peru , hold their national and local elections on

5740-705: The stem. There is some morphological interaction between consonant-final nouns and a pronoun suffix (see the table of suffix pronouns below). For example, when followed by የ -ya ("my"), in both nominative and accusative the resulting form is ሊቅየ liqə́ya (i.e. the accusative is not * ሊቀየ *liqáya ), but with ከ -ka ("your", masculine singular) there's a distinction between nominative ሊቅከ liqə́ka and accusative ሊቀከ liqáka , and similarly with -hu ("his") between nominative ሊቁ liqú (< *liq-ə-hu ) and accusative ሊቆ liqó (< *liqa-hu ). Internal plurals follow certain patterns. Triconsonantal nouns follow one of

5822-441: The sun") is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday . Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries and a part of the weekend . In some Middle Eastern countries, Sunday is a weekday. For most Christians, Sunday is observed as a day of worship and rest, holding it as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection; in the United States , Canada , Japan , as well as in parts of South America , Sunday

5904-467: The sun"), which is a translation of the ancient Greek Ἥλίου ημέρα" ( Hēlíou hēméra ). In most Indian languages , the word for Sunday is derived from Sanskrit Ravivāra or Adityavāra — vāra meaning day and Aditya and Ravi both being names for Surya , the Sun and the solar deity. Ravivāra is the first day cited in Jyotisha , which provides logical reason for giving the name of each weekday. In

5986-550: The terrified the local population and it is said that the earth "trembled at their arrival" and the inhabitants "fled the country in fear". It is during this time that the title of the coastal regions' ruler, Bahr Negash , first appears in records and according to Richard Pankhurst the office was likely introduced by Zara Yaqob. After observing a bright light in the sky (which most historians have identified as Halley's Comet , visible in Ethiopia in 1456), and believing it to be

6068-555: The vowels /i, u, a/ with Proto-Semitic long *ī, *ū, *ā respectively, and /e, o/ with the Proto-Semitic diphthongs *ay and *aw . In Geʽez there still exist many alternations between /o/ and /aw/ , less so between /e/ and /aj/ , e.g. ተሎኩ taloku ~ ተለውኩ talawku ("I followed"). In the transcription employed by the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica , which is widely employed in academia,

6150-461: The week. The name "Sunday", the day of the Sun, is derived from Hellenistic astrology , where the seven planets – known in English as Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon – each had an hour of the day assigned to them, and the planet which was regent during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. During the 1st and 2nd centuries, the week of seven days

6232-461: The word for Sunday is Воскресенье ( Voskreseniye ) meaning "resurrection" (that is, the day of a week which commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ ). In Old Russian, Sunday was also called неделя ( nedelya ), "free day", or "day with no work", but in the contemporary language this word means "week". The Modern Greek word for Sunday, Κυριακή , is derived from Κύριος ( Kyrios , Lord) also, due to its liturgical significance as

6314-441: The working days in the week are named as: Thứ Hai (Second), Thứ Ba (Third), Thứ Tư (Fourth), Thứ Năm (Fifth), Thứ Sáu (Sixth), and Thứ Bảy (Seventh). Sunday is called "Chủ Nhật"( chữ Hán : 主日) meaning “ Lord's Day ”. Some colloquial text in the south of Vietnam and from the church may use a different reading of "Chúa Nhật"(in contemporary Vietnamese, "Chúa" means God or Lord and "Chủ" means own). In German, Wednesday

6396-533: The world." Any man who disobeyed the edict had his property looted and was either beaten or executed. The Ethiopian Church had been divided over the issue of Biblical Sabbath observance for roughly a century. One group, which was loyal to the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , believed that the day of rest should be observed only on Sunday , or Great Sabbath . Another group, the followers of Ewostatewos , believed with its founder that both

6478-611: Was considered a radical step at the time. BBC Radio 1's chart show moved to Fridays in July 2015 but a chart update on Sundays was launched in July 2019. Period or older-skewing television dramas, such as Downton Abbey , Call the Midwife , Lark Rise to Candleford and Heartbeat are commonly shown on Sunday evenings in the UK; the first of these was Dr Finlay's Casebook in the 1960s. Similarly, Antiques Roadshow has been shown on Sundays on BBC1 since 1979 and Last of

6560-572: Was introduced into Rome from Egypt , and the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day. Germanic peoples seem to have adopted the week as a division of time from the Romans, but they changed the Roman names into those of corresponding Teutonic deities . Hence, the dies Solis became Sunday (German, Sonntag ). The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai , which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which

6642-503: Was led by a Sicilian, Pietro Rombulo, who had previously been successful in a mission to India. Rombulo first visited Pope Nicholas V , but his ultimate goal was the court of Alfonso V of Aragon , who responded favorably. Alfonso signed a letter addressed to “Zere Jacobo, son of David of the house of Solomon, Ethiopian Emperor, our very dear friend and brother” and dated 18 September 1450. Alfonso pledged to fulfill Zara Yaqob's request by sending skilled artisans back to Ethiopia. He lamented

6724-602: Was the daughter of the former king of the Hadiya Kingdom (one of the Muslim Sidamo kingdoms south of the Abay River ), Garad Mehamed. Although she failed to bear him any children, Eleni grew into a powerful political person. When a conspiracy involving one of his Bitwodeds came to light, Zara Yaqob reacted by appointing his two daughters, Medhan Zamada and Berhan Zamada, to these two offices. According to

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