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87-531: Before the reform of national railway bureaus in March 2005, it also controlled railways in Hubei , south Shaanxi and south Shanxi . The current director of the bureau is Zhang Junbang. The precedent of Zhengzhou Railway Bureau was Zheng County Railway Station , founded in 1904. It was a station on the railway from Lugouqiao to Hankou . During Chinese Civil War following the end of Sino-Japanese War , Zhengzhou

174-677: A 2-year siege at Changping , which culminated in a decisive defeat of Zhao by the Qin army. In 257, the Qin army was defeated by the allied force of Zhao, Wei and Chu after failing to capture the Zhao capital at Handan . At the time of King Nan of Zhou , the kings of Zhou dynasty had lost almost all political and military power, their remaining crown land was split into two states: West Zhou, centered in Wangcheng , and East Zhou, centered at Chengzhou . Qin forces conquered West Zhou in 256 BC, claiming

261-577: A humid subtropical climate ( Cfa or Cwa under the Köppen climate classification ), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool to cold, with average temperatures of 1 to 6 °C (34 to 43 °F) in January, while summers are hot and humid, with average temperatures of 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F) in July; punishing temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) or above are widely associated with Wuhan,

348-494: A 200,000 strong army to attack Chu. Wang Jian claimed that he was ill and retired to recuperate at home. The Qin armies scored initial victories as Li Xin's army conquered Pingyu ( 平輿 ; north of present-day Pingyu County , Henan) while Meng Tian's captured Qinqiu ( 寢丘 ; present-day Linquan County , Anhui). After conquering Yan ( 鄢 ; present-day Yanling County, Henan ), Li Xin headed west to rendezvous with Meng Tian at Chengfu ( 城父 ; east of present-day Baofeng County , Henan). On

435-465: A Zhao minister, to sow discord between King Qian of Zhao ( 趙王遷 ) and Li Mu. The king doubted Li Mu's loyalty and ordered Li Mu to hand over his command of the Zhao army to his deputies, Zhao Cong ( 趙蔥 ) and Yan Ju ( 顏聚 ). When Li Mu defied the order, the king became more suspicious of him and ordered his men to take Li Mu by surprise and arrest him. Li Mu was executed in prison later on King Qian's order. In 228 BC, after learning that Li Mu had been replaced,

522-667: A fight. The former Qi territories were reorganized to form the Qi and Langya commanderies. In 221 BC, after the conquest of Qi, Ying Zheng declared himself to be Qin Shi Huang —the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty . The Qin Empire was divided into 36 commanderies, with Xianyang (present-day Xi'an ) as the imperial capital. The emperor's expansionist ambitions did not end with

609-635: A group that also encompasses the Mandarin dialects of most of southwestern China. Perhaps the most celebrated element of Hubei cuisine is the Wuchang bream , a freshwater bream that is commonly steamed. Types of traditional Chinese opera popular in Hubei include Hanju and Chuju ( 楚剧 ; Chǔ Jù ). The Shennongjia area is the alleged home of the Yeren , a wild undiscovered hominid that lives in

696-558: A hub of higher education and research in China. Wuhan is the city that has the largest college student population in the world (1.3 million) studying in its 89 universities. Prior to the construction of China's national railway network, the Yangtze and Hanshui Rivers had been the main transportation arteries of Hubei for many centuries, and still continue to play an important transport role. Historically, Hubei's overland transport network

783-519: A plan for conquering the other six major states and unifying China. The plan, which focused on annexing each state individually, was based on " allying with distant states and attacking nearby ones ", one of the Thirty-Six Stratagems . Its key steps were to ally with Yan and Qi , deter Wei and Chu , and conquer Han and Zhao . From 283 to 257 BC, Qin and Zhao had engaged in bloody warfare against one another, and Zhao's defeat in

870-400: A surprise attack. Lord Changping's forces followed suit from behind and joined Xiang Yan's army in attacking Li Xin. Most of Li Xin's forces were destroyed in the battle. Upon learning of Li Xin's defeat, Ying Zheng personally visited Wang Jian, who was in retirement, apologised for not heeding Wang Jian's advice earlier, and invited him back to serve in the army. He put Wang Jian in command of

957-865: A system of river dikes to protect farms from summer floods. Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in the beginning of the 3rd century, Jingzhou was ruled by regional warlord Liu Biao . After his death in 208, Liu Biao's realm was surrendered by his successors to Cao Cao , a powerful warlord who had conquered nearly all of north China; but in the Battle of Red Cliffs (208 or 209), warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan drove Cao Cao out of Jingzhou. Liu Bei then took control of Jingzhou and appointed Guan Yu as administrator of Xiangyang (in modern Xiangyang, Hubei ) to guard Jing province; he went on to conquer Yizhou (the Sichuan Basin), but lost Jingzhou to Sun Quan; for

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1044-615: A welcome respite from Wuhan's and Yichang's summer heat, as well as skiing opportunities in winter. The tourist facilities in that area concentrate around Muyu in the southern part of Shennongjia , the gateway to Shennongjia National Nature Reserve ( 神农架国家自然保护区 ). Closer to the provincial capital, Wuhan, is the Mount Jiugong ( Jiugongshan ) national park, in Tongshan County near the border with Jiangxi . A particular important site of both natural and cultural significance

1131-649: Is Mount Wudang ( Wudangshan ) in the northwest of the province. Originally created early in the Ming dynasty , its building complex has been listed by UNESCO since 1994 as a World Heritage Site . Qin%27s wars of unification Qin's wars of unification were a series of military campaigns launched in the late 3rd century BC by the state of Qin against the other six powers remaining in China ;– Han , Zhao , Yan , Wei , Chu and Qi . Between 247 and 221 BC, Qin had developed into one of

1218-655: Is a province in Central China . It has the seventh-largest economy among Chinese provinces, the second-largest within Central China, and the third-largest among inland provinces. Its provincial capital at Wuhan serves as a major political, cultural, and economic hub for the region. Hubei is associated with the historical state of E that existed during the Western Zhou dynasty ( c.  1045  – 771 BCE). Its name means 'north of

1305-724: Is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions (of which there are twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city ) and one autonomous prefecture ), as well as three directly administered county-level cities (all sub-prefecture-level cities ) and one directly administered county-level forestry area. At the end of 2017, the total population was 59.02 million. * – including Forestry district ** – Directly administered county-level divisions The thirteen Prefecture and four directly administered county-level divisions of Hubei are subdivided into 103 county-level divisions (39 districts , 24 county-level cities , 37 counties , 2 autonomous counties , 1 forestry district;

1392-672: Is modest compared to other Chinese provinces. Hubei is well known for its mines of fine turquoise and green faustite. Hubei was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. Since completion in 2012, the Three Gorges Dam in western Hubei provides plentiful hydroelectricity , with an average annual power production of 95 Twh. Existing hydroelectric stations include Gezhouba , Danjiangkou , Geheyan , Hanjiang , Duhe , Huanglongtan , Bailianhe , Lushui and Fushui . Hubei

1479-516: Is planned in Dafanzhen, Tongshan County, Xianning, to host at least four 1,250-megawatt (MW) AP1000 pressurized-water reactors. Work on the site began in 2010; plans envisaged that the first reactor would start construction in 2011 and go online in 2015. However, construction of the first phase had yet to start as of 2018 . On 1 December 2019, the first case of COVID-19 in the COVID-19 pandemic

1566-470: Is the 7th-largest provincial economy of China, the second largest in the Central China region after Henan , the third largest in the South Central China region after Guangdong and Henan and the third largest among inland provinces after Henan and Sichuan . As of 2021 , Hubei's nominal GDP was US$ 787 billion (CNY 5 trillion). Its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$ 13,000, making it

1653-532: The Battle of Changping in 260 BC had severely weakened their ability to fight. In 236 BC, while Zhao was attacking Yan, Qin used the opportunity to send two separate forces to invade Zhao. The Qin army led by Wang Jian conquered the Zhao territories of Eyu ( 閼與 ; present-day Heshun County , Shanxi) and Liaoyang ( 撩陽 ; present-day Zuoquan County , Shanxi), while the other Qin army under the command of Huan Yi , Qiang Lei and Yang Duanhe ( 楊端和 ) captured Ye and Anyang . Zhao lost nine cities and its military prowess

1740-591: The Fushui River in the southeast. Thousands of lakes dot the landscape of Hubei's Jianghan Plain, giving Hubei the name of "Province of Lakes"; the largest of these lakes are Liangzi Lake and Hong Lake . The numerous hydrodams have created a number of large reservoirs, the largest of which is the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River, on the border between Hubei and Henan . Hubei has

1827-600: The Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River near Yichang started in 1970 and completed in 1988; the construction of the Three Gorges Dam , further upstream, began in 1993. In the following years, authorities resettled millions of people from western Hubei to make way for the construction of the dam. A number of smaller dams have been constructed on the Yangtze's tributaries as well. The Xianning Nuclear Power Plant

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1914-557: The Liaodong Peninsula towards the west of Lop Nur to prevent the nomadic tribes from returning again. In the south, a Qin army comprising some 500,000 troops attacked Yue and subjugated the Baiyue peoples who inhabited the areas around present-day Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong. During the battle, another project was announced with the construction of a massive canal from the Qin imperial capital, Xianyang, towards

2001-558: The Liaodong Peninsula . A Qin army led by Li Xin pursued the retreating Yan forces to the Yan River ( 衍水 ; present-day Hun River , Liaoning) and destroyed the bulk of the Yan army. Later, King Xi ordered Crown Prince Dan's execution and sent his son's head to Qin as an "apology" for the assassination attempt. Qin accepted the "apology" and did not attack Yan for the next three years. In 222 BC, Qin forces led by Wang Ben and Li Xin invaded

2088-652: The Nine Cauldrons and thereby symbolically becoming The Son of Heaven. In 249, the new Qin king Zhuangxiang conquered East Zhou, bringing the Zhou dynasty to an end more than eight centuries after their overthrow of the Shang . In 238 BC, King Ying Zheng of Qin took the reins of power after eliminating his political rivals in Lü Buwei and Lao Ai . With help from Li Si , Wei Liao , and others, Ying Zheng formulated

2175-654: The North China Plain . During the Warring States period (475–221 BC) Chu became the major adversary of the upstart State of Qin to the northwest (in present-day Guanzhong , Shaanxi province), which began to assert itself by outward expansionism. As wars between Qin and Chu ensued, Chu lost more and more land: first its dominance over the Sichuan Basin , then (in 278 BC) its heartland, which correspond to modern Hubei. In 223 BC Qin chased down

2262-557: The Sichuan Basin by conquering the states of Ba and Shu . In 278, the Qin under general Bai Qi attacked Chu from land they had recently conquered land in what is now Sichuan. The Chu capitals of Ying and Chen ( 陳 ) were captured, and all of Chu's possessions west of the Han River were lost. In 272, Qin conquered the Xirong state of Yiqu . After the last horizontal alliance to punish Qi ended in 284, Qin fought multiple wars against

2349-802: The Wu Mountains (in rough north-to-south order). The Dabie Mountains lie to the northeast of the Jianghan Plain, on the border with Henan and Anhui ; the Tongbai Mountains lie to the north on the border with Henan ; to the southeast, the Mufu Mountains form the border with Jiangxi . The highest peak in Hubei is Shennong Peak , found in the Daba Mountains of the forestry area of Shennongjia ; it has an altitude of 3105 m. The two major rivers of Hubei are

2436-749: The Wuchang Uprising took place in modern-day Wuhan. The uprising started the Xinhai Revolution , which overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China . In 1927 Wuhan became the seat of a government established by left-wing elements of the Kuomintang , led by Wang Jingwei ; this government later merged into Chiang Kai-shek 's government in Nanjing . During World War II

2523-538: The Xiongnu in the north, in order to counter the Qin invasion. However, Crown Prince Dan felt that the alliance strategy was unlikely to succeed, so he sent an assassin, Jing Ke , to assassinate King Ying Zheng of Qin . Jing Ke pretended to be an envoy from Yan to Qin and brought along with him a map of Dukang and the head of Fan Wuji, a former Qin general who had since betrayed them. Jing Ke failed and died in his attempt to kill Ying Zheng. In 226 BC, Ying Zheng used

2610-544: The Yangtze River and its left tributary, the Han River ; they lend their names to the Jianghan Plain – Jiang representing the Yangtze and han representing the Han River. The Yangtze River enters Hubei from the west via the Three Gorges ; the eastern half of the Three Gorges ( Xiling Gorge and part of Wu Gorge ) lie in western Hubei, while the western half is in neighbouring Chongqing . The Han River enters

2697-513: The richest landlocked province , the richest province in the Central China region, and 2nd richest province in South Central China region after Guangdong . Han Chinese form the dominant ethnic group in Hubei. A considerable Miao and Tujia population live in the southwestern part of the province, especially in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture . On October 18, 2009, Chinese officials began to relocate 330,000 residents from

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2784-641: The 600,000 troops he had requested earlier, and assigned Meng Wu to serve as Wang Jian's deputy. Wang Jian knew that Ying Zheng did not fully trust him because he could easily turn against Qin with such a massive army under his command. Thus, in order to reduce the king's suspicions, he frequently sent messengers to maintain contact with the king, and request that the king reward his family after he had conquered Chu for Qin. In 224 BC, Wang Jian's army passed through Chen ( 陳 ; present-day Huaiyang County , Henan) and made camp at Pingyu ( 平輿 ; north of present-day Pingyu County , Henan). The Chu army led by Xiang Yan assaulted

2871-602: The Chu side, the Chu general Xiang Yan ( 項燕 ) had been avoiding using the bulk of the Chu army to resist the Qin invaders while waiting for an opportunity to launch a counterattack. During this time, a Qin noble with ties to the related to the Chu royal family named Lord Changping incited a rebellion in a city previously conquered by Li Xin. Changping also had begun preparing a surprise attack on Li Xin that would follow. The Chu army led by Xiang Yan secretly followed Li Xin's army at high speed for three days and three nights before launching

2958-625: The Hubei and Henan provinces that will be affected by the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han river . The reservoir is part of the larger South-North Water Transfer Project . Religion in Hubei The predominant religions in Hubei are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 6.5% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors , while 0.58% of

3045-608: The King of Dai. In 222 BC, Dai was conquered by the Qin army led by Wang Jian's son, Wang Ben . Prince Jia was taken captive. Han was the weakest of the seven states and had previously been attacked several times by Qin. In 230 BC, the Qin army led by Neishi Teng ( 內史騰 ) moved south, crossed the Yellow River , and conquered Zheng ( 鄭 ; present-day Xinzheng , Henan), the capital of Han, within one year. King An of Han surrendered and Han came under Qin control. The territory of Han

3132-602: The Liaodong Peninsula and destroyed the remnants of Yan forces, and captured King Xi. Former Yan territories were partitioned and reorganized to form the Yuyang , Beiping , Liaoxi and Liaodong commanderies of the Qin Empire. In 225 BC, a 600,000-strong Qin army led by Wang Ben conquered more than ten cities on the northern border of Chu as a precautionary move to guard the flank from Chu attacks while Qin

3219-515: The Mongols in 1368. Their version of Huguang province was smaller, and corresponded almost entirely to the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan combined. Hubei lay geographically outside the centers of the Ming power. During the last years of the Ming, today's Hubei was ravaged several times by the rebel armies of Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng . The Manchu Qing dynasty which took control of much of

3306-543: The Qi chancellor , to dissuade the Qi state from helping the other states while they were being attacked by Qin. By 221 BC, Qi was the only state yet to be conquered by Qin. Even though its troops were not well-equipped and morale was low, Qi hurriedly mobilized them to the western border to guard against a Qin invasion. In the same year, Ying Zheng used Qi's rejection of a meeting with a Qin envoy as pretense for an attack. The Qin army led by Li Xin avoided direct confrontation with

3393-417: The Qi forces stationed on their western border, and advanced into the Qi heartland via a southern detour from the former Yan state. The Qin forces encountered little resistance as they passed through Qi territories and eventually showed up at the gates of Linzi (north of present-day Zibo , Shandong), the Qi capital. Caught off guard, Tian Jian heeded Hou Sheng's advice and surrendered to Qin without putting up

3480-572: The Qin army to attack the Wuyue region (covering present-day Zhejiang and Jiangsu ), which was inhabited by the Baiyue , and captured the descendants of the royal family of the ancient state of Yue . The conquered Wuyue territories became the Qin Empire's Kuaiji Commandery . In 264 BC, Tian Jian became King of Qi . However, as he was too young to rule, his mother, the Queen Dowager, became his regent. The Qin state bribed Hou Sheng ( 後勝 ),

3567-453: The Qin camp but failed to push back the Qin forces. When the Chu army tried to lure the Qin forces to attack them, Wang Jian ordered his troops to hold their positions and forbid them from attacking the enemy. After some time, Xiang Yan gave up and ordered the Chu army to retreat. Wang Jian then seized the opportunity to order his troops to launch an all-out offensive while the Chu army was retreating, taking them completely by surprise and routing

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3654-540: The Qin forces attacked, defeated the Zhao army and conquered Dongyang ( 東陽 ; located east of the Taihang Mountains ). Zhao Cong was killed in action while Yan Ju escaped after his defeat. Seven months later, Qin forces occupied Handan and captured King Qian, bringing an end to Zhao's existence. Prince Jia , King Qian's brother, escaped from Handan and retreated to Dai (around present-day Yu County, Hebei ). With help from some Zhao remnants, he declared himself

3741-401: The Qin forces besieged and captured Langmeng ( 狼孟 ; present-day Yangqu County , Shanxi), and soon afterwards proceeded to attack Fanwu ( 番吾 ; present-day Lingshou County , Hebei), but were once again defeated by the Zhao army led by Li Mu. However, sources claims that after this battle, the Zhao forces also sustained heavy losses and could only retreat to defend Handan and its nearby areas. In

3828-432: The Qin to an end. Some of the victorious rebels claimed to be restoring the former states that had been conquered by Qin, and numerous pretenders to the vacant thrones began to emerge. That same year, while still under occupation by Liu Bang, the city of Xiangyang was attacked and overrun by the forces of Xiang Yu , who was a descendant of the Chu general Xiang Yan. Xiang and Liu proceeded to struggle for control over China in

3915-490: The Yue state. It was a major key to victory for the Qin conquest of the southern kingdom, and the Yue state became a vassal of the Qin Empire for over a decade. After these two victorious battles, Qin Shi Huang was able to create a centralized empire that would become the bedrock of future Chinese dynasties. Although the Qin dynasty lasted only 15 years, its influence on Chinese history lasted for centuries to come. In 209 BC, during

4002-515: The adjacent Chongqing municipality) is the scenic area of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze. Located in the far west of the province, the gorges can be conveniently visited by one of the numerous tourist boats (or regular passenger boats) that travel up the Yangtze from Yichang through the Three Gorges and into the neighboring Chongqing municipality. The mountains of western Hubei , in particular in Shennongjia District, offer

4089-481: The assassination attempt as a casus belli to order Wang Jian and Meng Wu to lead the Qin army to attack Yan. The Qin forces defeated the Yan army and Yan's reinforcements from Dai in battle on the eastern bank of the Yi River ( 易水 ; in present-day Yi County, Hebei ) and pressed on to conquer Ji ( 薊 ; present-day Beijing ), the Yan capital. King Xi of Yan, Crown Prince Dan and the surviving Yan forces retreated to

4176-436: The attack on Handan, meanwhile Qin general Li Xin led two forces from Taiyuan and Yunzhong to attack Dai County in the north. On the Zhao side, Li Mu and Sima Shang ( 司馬尚 ) were put in command of the Zhao army. Li Mu ordered his troops to build defensive structures and avoid direct confrontation with the enemy. The Qin forces were unable to advance further and both sides reached a stalemate. The Qin state bribed Guo Kai ( 郭開 ),

4263-573: The city walls. The Wei troops used the opportunity to strengthen their fortifications and defenses. Wang Ben came up with the idea of directing the waters from the Yellow River and the Hong Canal to flood Daliang. His troops labored for three months to redirect the water flow while maintaining the siege on Daliang, and succeeded in their plan. Daliang was heavily flooded and over 100,000 people died, including civilians. King Jia of Wei ( 魏王假 ) surrendered and Wei came under Qin control. Qin established

4350-486: The commanderies of Dang and Sishui in the former Wei territories. In 226 BC, Qin forces led by Wang Ben attacked Chu and conquered 10 Chu cities. Two years later, King Ying Zheng of Qin , called for a meeting with his subjects to discuss the Qin invasion of Chu. Wang Jian felt that they needed at least 600,000 troops for the campaign, while Li Xin claimed that 200,000 men would suffice. Ying Zheng dismissed Wang Jian's idea and ordered Li Xin and Meng Tian to lead

4437-1023: The directly administered county-level divisions are included here). Those are in turn divided into 1234 township-level divisions (737 towns , 215 townships , nine ethnic townships , and 273 subdistricts ). Secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party Hubei Committee: Governors of Hubei: Hubei is often called the "Land of Fish and Rice" ( 鱼米之乡 ). Important agricultural products in Hubei include cotton , rice , wheat , and tea , while industries include automobiles , metallurgy, machinery, power generation, textiles, foodstuffs and high-tech commodities. Mineral resources that can be found in Hubei in significant quantities include borax , hongshiite , wollastonite , garnet , marlstone , iron , phosphorus , copper , gypsum , rutile , rock salt , gold amalgam, manganese and vanadium . The province's recoverable reserves of coal stand at 548 million tons, which

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4524-514: The early 10th century, Hubei came under the control of several regional regimes: Jingnan in the center, Yang Wu and its successor Southern Tang to the east, the Five Dynasties to the north and Shu to Shizhou (施州, in modern Enshi , Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture ). The Song dynasty reunified the region in 982 and placed most of Hubei into Jinghubei Circuit , a longer version of Hubei's current name. Mongols conquered

4611-543: The eastern parts of Hubei were conquered and occupied by Japan , while the western parts remained under Chinese control. During the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, Wuhan saw fighting between rival Red Guard factions. In July 1967, civil strife struck the city in the Wuhan Incident ("July 20th Incident"), an armed conflict between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city at

4698-422: The enemy. The Qin forces pursued the retreating Chu forces to Qinan ( 蕲南 ; northwest of present-day Qichun County , Hubei) and defeated them. Xiang Yan was killed in action. In 223 BC, Qin forces conquered Shouchun ( 壽春 ; present-day Shou County , Anhui), the Chu capital. Lord Changping , the King of Chu, was killed by Meng Wu and Chu was completely subjugated by Qin. The following year, Wang Jian and Meng Wu led

4785-490: The fall of Qi, leaving the former Zhou sphere unified under a more centralized Qin control. Ying Zheng declared himself the First Emperor , or Qin Shi Huang —becoming the first sovereign over a unified China under the imperial Qin dynasty . Over the course of the Warring States period , and especially following Shang Yang 's administrative reforms during the mid-4th century BC, the state of Qin had grown to become

4872-480: The following two years, Zhao was struck by two natural disasters — an earthquake and a severe famine. In 229 BC, Qin took advantage of the situation to launch a pincer attack from the north and south on Handan, the Zhao capital. Three Qin armies embarked from Shangdi ( 上地 ; present-day Shaanxi), Jingxing ( 井陉 ; present-day Jingxing County , Hebei) and Henei (present-day Xinxiang , Henan), respectively led by Wang Jian, Qiang Lei/Hui ( 羌瘣 ) and Yang Duan He, to coordinate

4959-411: The forested hills. The people of Hubei are given the uncomplimentary nickname " Nine-headed Birds " by other Chinese, from a mythological creature said to be very aggressive and hard to kill. "In the sky live nine-headed birds. On the earth live Hubei people." ( 天上九头鸟，地上湖北佬 ; Tiānshàng jiǔ tóu niǎo, dìshàng Húběi lǎo ) Wuhan is one of the major culture centers in China. Hubei is thought to be

5046-538: The height of the Cultural Revolution. As the fears of a nuclear war increased during the time of Sino-Soviet border conflicts in the late 1960s, the Xianning prefecture of Hubei was chosen as the site of Project 131 , an underground military-command headquarters. The province—and Wuhan in particular—suffered severely from the 1954 Yangtze River Floods . Large-scale dam construction followed, with

5133-461: The intersection of several major railway arteries in mainland China, Zhengzhou emerged into a railway transportation hub in China, and boasts influential status in China's railway history. During Cultural Revolution , Zhengzhou Bureau was once administrated by PLA army to ensure the normal operations. The railway administration was reorganized as a company in November 2017. Hubei Hubei

5220-478: The lake', referring to Dongting Lake . It borders Henan to the north, Anhui and Jiangxi to the east, Hunan to the south, and Chongqing and Shaanxi to the west. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang in the west of the province. The Hubei region was home to sophisticated Neolithic cultures. By the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei formed part of

5307-471: The most powerful of China's Seven Warring States that coalesced in the wake of the Zhou dynasty 's decline, by now retaining a weak and merely ceremonial position among the warring states. In 230 BC, King Ying Zheng of Qin began the sequence of campaigns that would bring the Warring States period to a close, setting out to conquer each remaining sovereign one by one. This was completed in 221 BC with

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5394-509: The most powerful of the Seven Warring States that remained in China. The others repeatedly adopted a policy of "vertical alliance" ( 合縱 ; hézòng ) where they all joined in as allies against Qin. However, Qin sometimes maneuvered itself into alliances of its own among these states, forging "horizontal alliances" ( 連橫 ; liánhéng ) that pitted the common enemies of Qin against one another. In 316 BC, Qin expanded south towards

5481-462: The next few decades Jingzhou was controlled by the Wu Kingdom , ruled by Sun Quan and his successors. The incursion of northern nomadic peoples into the region at the beginning of the 4th century ( Five Barbarians' rebellion and Disaster of Yongjia ( 永嘉之乱 )) began nearly three centuries of division into a nomad-ruled (but increasingly Sinicized) north and a Han Chinese -ruled south. Hubei, to

5568-448: The northern state of Zhao in 283, 269, and 265 BC. In 269 BC, Fan Sui became chief advisor to Qin. He advocated authoritarian reforms, irrevocable expansion and an alliance with distant states to attack nearby states. In 265, King Zhaoxiang of Qin made the first move by attacking the Shangdang region of Han state. The governor of Shangdang refused to surrender and presented it to the King of Zhao. The Qin and Zhao armies were locked in

5655-426: The original Wuhan-Guangzhou line, opened in late 2009, it was subsequently extended to the north, to Beijing becoming the Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway . An east-west high-speed corridor connecting major cities along the Yangtze, the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway was gradually opened between 2008 and 2012, the Wuhan–Yichang railway section of it opening in 2012. The Wuhan–Xiaogan intercity railway

5742-405: The population identifies as Christian, declining from 0.83% in 2004. The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 92.92% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . People in Hubei speak Mandarin dialects; most of these dialects are classified as Southwestern Mandarin dialects,

5829-416: The powerful State of Chu . Chu, nominally a tributary state of the Zhou dynasty , was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but Chu also represented a culturally unique blend of northern and southern culture, and it developed into a powerful state that controlled much of the middle and lower Yangtze River , with its power extending northwards into

5916-404: The province from the northwest. After crossing most of the province, the two great rivers meet at the center of Wuhan, the provincial capital. Among the notable tributaries of the Yangtze within the province are the Shen Nong Stream (a small northern tributary, severely affected by the Three Gorges Dam project); the Qing , a major waterway of southwestern Hubei; the Huangbo near Yichang ; and

6003-415: The province that originated the card game of dou dizhu . As of 2022, Hubei hosts 130 institutions of higher education, ranking sixth together with Hunan (130) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Guangdong (160), Henan (156), Shandong (153), and Sichuan (134). The Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan University and many other institutions in Wuhan make it

6090-452: The provincial capital. The mountainous districts of western Hubei, in particular Shennongjia , with their cooler summers, attract numerous visitors from Wuhan and other lowland cities. Besides the capital Wuhan , other important cities are Jingmen ; Shiyan , a center of automotive industry and the gateway to the Wudang Mountains ; Yichang , the main base for the gigantic hydroelectric projects of southwestern Hubei; and Shashi . Hubei

6177-475: The region in 1279, and under their rule the province of Huguang was established, covering Hubei, Hunan, and parts of Guangdong and Guangxi . During the Mongol rule, in 1331, Hubei was devastated by an outbreak of the Black Death , which reached England , Belgium , and Italy by June 1348, and which, according to Chinese sources, spread during the following three centuries to decimate populations throughout Eurasia. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) drove out

6264-473: The region in 1644, soon split Huguang into the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan. The Qing dynasty, however, continued to maintain a Viceroy of Huguang , one of the most well-known viceroys being Zhang Zhidong (in office between 1889 and 1907), whose modernizing reforms made Hubei (especially Wuhan ) into a prosperous center of commerce and industry. The Huangshi / Daye area, south-east of Wuhan, became an important center of mining and metallurgy. In 1911,

6351-500: The reign of Qin Er Shi , Chen Sheng and Wu Guang staged an uprising to overthrow the Qin dynasty due to the Qin government's brutal and oppressive policies. Although the revolt was crushed by Qin imperial forces, several other rebellions erupted throughout the Qin Empire over the next three years. Ziying of Qin would be the third and final Qin emperor; he surrendered to a rebel force led into Xianyang by Liu Bang in 206, bringing

6438-464: The remnants of the Chu regime, which had fled eastwards during Qin's wars of uniting China . Qin founded the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, the first unified dynasty in China . The Qin dynasty was succeeded in 206 BC by the Han dynasty , which established the province ( zhou ) of Jingzhou in today's Hubei and Hunan . The Qin and Han played an active role in the extension of farmland in Hubei, maintaining

6525-565: The south, remained under southern rule for this entire period, until the unification of China by the Sui dynasty in 589. In 617 the Tang dynasty replaced Sui, and later on the Tang dynasty placed present-day Hubei under the jurisdiction of several circuits : Jiangnanxi Circuit in the south; Shannandong Circuit (山南东道) in the west, and Huainan Circuit in the east. After the Tang dynasty disintegrated in

6612-515: The unification of China. In 215, he ordered Meng Tian to lead more than 300,000 troops to march towards the steppe to drive away the Xiongnu, who had been encroaching territory throughout the Warring States period . Following a major victory against the Xiongnu under Touman , Qin forces reinforced and built a fortification, which became the Great Wall of China , stretching across the east from

6699-667: The world, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. However, after more than eight weeks, the lockdown on most cities in the province was lifted. The Jianghan Plain takes up most of central and southern Hubei, while the west and the peripheries are more mountainous , with ranges such as the Wudang Mountains , the Jing Mountains , the Daba Mountains , and

6786-446: Was founded. In September 1958, Zhengzhou Railway Bureau of Ministry of Railway was founded. In the following reorganization of railway bureaus, Ministry of Railway merged Wuhan Railway Bureau and Xi'an Railway Bureau into, and separated them from Zhengzhou Bureau several times. In the reform in 2005, Wuhan and Xi'an Bureaus were again separated from Zhengzhou Bureau. Because the railway sections controlled by Zhengzhou Railway Bureau are

6873-722: Was hampered by the lack of bridges across the Yangtze River , which divides the province into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the Yangtze in Hubei, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed in 1957, followed by the Zhicheng Bridge in 1971. As of October 2014 , Hubei had 23 bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River, including nine bridges and three tunnels in Wuhan. The railway from Beijing reached Wuhan in 1905, and

6960-511: Was identified in the city of Wuhan . In January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was officially identified, leading local and federal governments to implement massive quarantine zones across Hubei province, especially in the capital Wuhan (the epicenter of the outbreak). Authorities partially or fully locked down 15 cities, directly affecting 57 million people. Following severe outbreaks in numerous other countries, including in different areas of

7047-547: Was invading Wei . Wang Ben then led his forces north to attack and besiege Daliang ( 大梁 ; northwest of present-day Kaifeng ), the Wei capital. As Daliang was situated at the concourse of the Sui and Ying rivers and the Hong Canal ( 鴻溝 ), its geographical location gave it a natural defensive advantage. Besides, the moat around Daliang was vast and all the city's five gates had drawbridges, making it even more difficult for Qin forces to breach

7134-402: Was killed in action. In 233 BC, Huan Yi's army crossed Mount Taihang and conquered the Zhao territories of Chili ( 赤麗 ) and Yi'an ( 宜安 ), both located southeast of present-day Shijiazhuang , Hebei. Then, the Qin army under Huan Yi engaged the Zhao army commanded by General Li Mu at the Battle of Fei in which the Qin sustained a massive defeat and nearly lost all their forces. In 232 BC,

7221-508: Was later extended to Guangzhou, becoming the first north-to-south railway mainline to cross China. A number of other lines crossed the province later on, including the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway and Beijing–Kowloon railway , respectively, in the western and eastern part of the province. The first decade of the 21st century has seen a large amount of new railway construction in Hubei. The Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway , roughly parallel to

7308-509: Was occupied by the People's Liberation Army on October 22, 1948. Zhengzhou Associated Administration Commission , in charge of Longhai and Pinghan Railways in central China, was subsequently formed. In February 1949, it was renamed Central China Longhai and Pinghan Railways Associated Administration Bureau . In March of the same year, Zhengzhou Railway Management Bureau of Ministry of Railway of Chinese People's Revolutionary Military Commission

7395-662: Was opened in December 2016 and it was extended when the Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway opened in November 2019. Hubei's main airport is Wuhan Tianhe International Airport . Yichang Sanxia Airport serves the Three Gorges region. There are also passenger airports in Xiangyang , Enshi , and Jingzhou ( Shashi Airport , named after the city's Shashi District ). The province's best-known natural attraction (shared with

7482-429: Was reorganized to form the Qin Empire's Yingchuan Commandery , with the commandery capital at Yangdi ( 陽翟 ; present-day Yuzhou, Henan ). In 228 BC, after the fall of Zhao, Wang Jian led the Qin army stationed at Zhongshan ( 中山 ; around present-day central Hebei ) to prepare for an offensive on Yan . Ju Wu ( 鞠武 ), a Yan minister, proposed to King Xi of Yan to form alliances with Dai, Qi and Chu, and make peace with

7569-426: Was weakened. Two years later, Qin planned to attack Han but feared that Zhao might support Han, so the Qin general Huan Yi was ordered to lead an army to attack the Zhao territories of Pingyang ( 平陽 ; southeast of present-day Ci County , Hebei) and Wucheng ( 武城 ; southwest of present-day Ci County, Hebei). More than 100,000 soldiers were killed in the battle. The Zhao army was defeated and its commander, Hu Zhe ( 扈輒 ),

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