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83-585: The name Galați is derived from the Cuman word galat . This word is ultimately borrowed from the Persian word کلات kalat , "fortress". Other etymologies have been suggested, such as the Serbian galac . However, the galat root appears in nearby toponyms, some of which show clearly a Cuman origin, for example Gălățui Lake , which has the typical Cuman - ui suffix for "water". Another toponym in

166-510: A carved wooden icon of the "Virgin Mary" from the church of St. Sava Monastery in Bucharest. The ceiling is composed of three parts separated by double arches. The entrance is on the south side through a door marked by an icon and heraldic symbols: a bull's head and two lions. Also on the south side is the coat of arms of Moldova, carved in a stone medallion. During communist rule, the church, as

249-804: A chancellor on diplomatic missions to Poland, Crimea, and the Ottoman Empire. From 1674 to 1681 Mazepa served as a "courtier" of Doroshenko's rival Hetman Ivan Samoylovych after Mazepa was captured on the way to Crimea by the Kosh Otaman Ivan Sirko in 1674. From 1677 to 1678 Mazepa participated in the Chyhyryn campaigns during which Yuri Khmelnytsky , with the support from the Ottoman Empire , tried to regain power in Ukraine. The young, educated Mazepa quickly rose through

332-586: A document signed by Stephen II of Moldavia mentions Galați. In 1484, Chilia was conquered by Ottomans . Galați township remained Moldova's only port, not only for domestic trade but also for trade with Turkey and Poland. In 1590, the Galați Jewish cemetery was opened. The Ukrainian folk hero, Ivan Stepanovich Mazeppa was a Hetman who died on 1709 in Varniţa , Bessarabia , and was buried in Galați. Hetman Mazeppa

415-410: A horse, head to tail, and fastened the horse. The horse carried Mazepa to his household, but he was so badly wounded that his own subjects were unable to recognize him. Pasek's memoirs were written in 1690-1695, when Mazepa was already a Cossack hetman; it is possible that Pasek, who had a personal grudge against Mazepa, colored the story. However, this anecdote also appears in the anonymous Memoirs to

498-684: A part of his exile, as a commemorative plaque still reminds. Raykovich died in Galați in 1874 and was buried in the courtyard of the Bulgarian Church, where his tombstone still stands. The cornerstone of the Greek Church was laid on 6 August 1866. The church was dedicated to the "Transfiguration" on 17 September 1872 by the Bishop Melchizedek and the Archimandrite Eughenie Xiropotamo. In

581-641: A rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language ( lingua franca ) of the Golden Horde . The Cumans were nomadic people who lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe , north of the Black Sea , before the Golden Horde . Many Turkic peoples including the Crimean Tatars , Karachays , Kumyks , Crimean Karaites , Krymchaks and Balkars , Manavs are descended from the Cumans. Today,

664-420: A room to hide assets. There are two ramparts and a door to a balcony. The second floor is fitted with windows and battlements. Another of the church's defences is a reinforced bridge consisting of two parts, one above the nave and one above the altar. The bridge has 28 battlements. The church survived the turbulent periods of Galați's history and was rebuilt and restored in 1829 and again in 1859. From 1953 to 1957,

747-460: A sacred place, was improperly appropriated. Built in 1817, this church has four buttresses, three towers and a dome supported by crossed arches. Although its murals are not maintained, it contains valuable icons. There is only one remaining synagogue in Galați (near the Museum of History on Domnească street). The temple was built in 1896 on the site of a synagogue dating from 1806. This church

830-783: A seat of the Danube European Commission . In 1869, the Mihai Eminescu municipal park opened and by 1870, factories were opening. By, 1908 they numbered 41. On 13 September 1872, the King Charles I railway station and northern city rail tunnel opened. The River station opened shortly after on 24 September 1880. In 1889, the V. A. Urechia library opened. After the union of the Romanian principalities in 1859, with Alexandru Ioan Cuza as leader , development in Galați increased. Zeletin wrote, Between 1900 and

913-621: A visit to Galați, in April 1879. It has served as the seat of the Court of Appeals; the Mihail Kogalniceanu High School and, after the earthquake of November 9, 1940, the city hall. The Robescu House was built about 1896. The architect was Ion Mincu . A Romanian tourist website describes the building: :"Robescu House has an elevated basement, two levels with two turret-balcony on the first floor and another balcony at

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996-520: Is a prominent architectural monument in the Galați old town. It was built between 1911 and 1913. Now, it is the University of Galați headquarters. Meaning "Capitoline Wolf", this statue was erected in 1995 and reflects Roman influence in Galați. This building was erected in 1904 and 1905 and opened on 27 April 1906. Like Robescu House, it was designed by Ion Mincu. Frederick Storck contributed white marble sculptures of "industry" and "agriculture" at

1079-673: Is considered the direct ancestor of the current language of the Crimean Tatars with possible incorporations of the other languages in the region, like Crimean Gothic . By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name "Tatars", embraced Islam , and retained the Quman-Qipchaq Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to

1162-564: Is evidence of continuous inhabitation of Galați since the 600s. A treasure hoard consisting of 12 silver coins issued between 613 and 685 was found in a Byzantine tomb near the Church of the Virgin. Western and Byzantine coins from the time of Emperor Michael IV (1034–1041) were also found. At one time , the city became part of the Republic of Genoa Territories and was called "Caladda". In 1445,

1245-465: Is found on the ₴ 10 (Ukrainian currency) bill. In August 2009, a monument to the hetman, the work of the sculptor Giennadij Jerszow , was unveiled at Dytynets Park in Chernihiv . The opening was accompanied by clashes between the police and opponents of Mazepa. After researching his genealogy in 2009, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko did not rule out that his family is connected with

1328-536: Is part of the strategic Focșani Gate . The city was also part of the important defensive Focșani–Nămoloasa–Galați line built in the 19th century. In 2005, Galați ranked in the top two cities in Romania for green space per capita. Urban planning and maintenance activities are governed by the "Public Administration Public Domain Galați" (SPADP) Ecosal Prest, SC RER Ecological Service SRL, SC Citadine 98 SA. From 1959 to 1962, archeological excavations were carried out at

1411-841: The Codex Cumanicus , a Cuman Kipchak Turkic Pater Noster (transcribed in the Common Turkic Alphabet ): Atamız kim köktesiñ. Alğışlı bolsun seniñ atıñ, kelsin seniñ xanlığıñ, bolsun seniñ tilemekiñ – neçik kim kökte, alay [da] yerde. Kündeki ötmegimizni bizge bugün bergil. Dağı yazuqlarımıznı bizge boşatqıl – neçik biz boşatırbız bizge yaman etkenlerge. Dağı yekniñ sınamaqına bizni quurmağıl. Basa barça yamandan bizni qutxarğıl. Amen! Ivan Mazepa Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa ( Ukrainian : Іван Степанович Мазепа ; Polish : Jan Mazepa Kołodyński ; 30 March [ O.S. 20 March] 1639 – 2 October [ O.S. 21 September] 1709)

1494-893: The Cossack ranks, and from 1682 to 1686 he served as an Aide-de-Camp General (Heneralny Osaul ). In 1687 Ivan Mazepa accused Samoylovych of conspiring to secede from Russia, secured his ouster, and was elected the Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine in Kolomak , with the support of Vasily Galitzine . At the same time Ivan Mazepa signed the Kolomak Articles , which were based on the Hlukhiv Articles of Demian Mnohohrishny . Gradually, Mazepa accumulated great wealth, becoming one of Europe's largest land owners. A multitude of churches were built all over Ukraine during his reign in

1577-634: The Cossack Hetmanate in 1708. Peter expected that king Charles of Sweden was going to attack and thought that he could spare no forces. In the opinion of Mazepa, this blatantly violated the Treaty of Pereyaslav , since Russia refused to protect Ukraine's territory and left it to fare on its own. As the Swedish and Polish armies advanced towards Ukraine, Mazepa allied with them on 28 October 1708. However, only 3,000 Cossacks followed their Hetman, with

1660-461: The Făurei – Galați railway capacity was increased, and, in 1982, it was electrified. On September 11, 1989, a Bulgarian ship collided with a cruise ship near Galați. 151 passengers and crew died (all but sixteen). In 2004, Romania's first information technology park opened in Galați. On 14 July 2005, Galați was affected by widespread flooding. The Siret river reached record levels and across Romania,

1743-745: The Kiev Academy from the age of 10 and graduated with a degree in rhetoric. According to Samiilo Velychko , he was to complete his philosophy course at the Jesuit college in Warsaw. According to late tradition, King John Casimir sent Mazepa to study "gunnery" in Deventer ( Dutch Republic ) in 1656–1659, during which time he traveled across Western Europe. From 1659 the Polish king was sending him on numerous diplomatic missions to Ukraine. His service at

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1826-695: The Köppen climate classification , Galați falls within either a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used or a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Galați experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are very warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) while winters are cold and dry with temperatures at night sometimes dropping below −10 °C (14 °F). Average monthly precipitation ranges from about 28 to 68.6 mm (1.1 to 2.7 in) in June. Galați

1909-591: The Pechersk Lavra , was partly changed to Lavrska Street in July 2010. The move was met with protests. In Galați (Romania), Mazepa is remembered in the name of two central neighbourhoods (Mazepa I and II) and with a statue in a park on Basarabiei street. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary and musical works: In 2009 the President of Ukraine , Viktor Yushchenko , instituted

1992-553: The Siret River (west) and the Prut River (east), near Lake Brates. It is 80 kilometers (50 mi) from the Black Sea . The nearest town is Brăila , 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) to the south. Galați is built on three geological terraces. One lies beneath "Valley City", with elevations between 5 and 7 metres (16 and 23 ft). The other two, which make a fan shape, have elevations of 20–25 meters (66–82 ft) (the site of

2075-650: The Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654. Attempts to assert control over the Zaporozhian Cossacks included demands of having them fight in any of the tsar's wars, instead of only defending their own land against regional enemies as was agreed to in previous treaties. Now Cossack forces were made to fight in distant wars in Livonia and Lithuania , leaving their own homes unprotected from the Tatars and Poles . Ill-equipped and not properly trained to fight on par with

2158-725: The Ukrainian Baroque style. He founded schools and printing houses, and expanded the Kiev-Mohyla Academy , the primary educational institution of Ukraine at the time, to accommodate 2,000 students. In 1702, the Cossacks of Right-bank Ukraine , under the leadership of hetman Semen Paliy , began an uprising against Poland , which after early successes was defeated. Mazepa convinced Russian Tsar Peter I to allow him to intervene, which he successfully did, taking over major portions of Right-bank Ukraine, while Poland

2241-534: The 18th century onwards were derogatorily referred to as Mazepintsy ( Russian : Мазепинцы , lit.   'Mazepists'). The alienation of Mazepa from Ukrainian historiography continued during the Soviet period , but post-1991 in independent Ukraine Mazepa's image has been gradually rehabilitated. The Ukrainian corvette Hetman Ivan Mazepa of the Ukrainian Navy is named after him. Mazepa

2324-610: The Danube, the flow is 210 cubic meters per second (7,400 cu ft/s). After the Prut River joins the Danube, the flow becomes 86 cubic meters per second (3,000 cu ft/s). The Danube river flows have significant seasonal variation. The maximum flows occur in May; 18,000–19,000 m/s or 640,000–670,000 cu ft/s. The minimum flows occur during the summer; 2,000–2,450 m/s or 71,000–87,000 cu ft/s. Under

2407-667: The Glorious Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew ( Ukrainian : Гетьман Іван Мазепа Війська Його Царської Пресвітлої Величності Запорізького, Славного Чину Святого Апостола Андрія Кавалер ). Mazepa's decision to abandon his allegiance to the Russian Empire was considered treason by the Russian Tsar and a violation of the Treaty of Pereyaslav . However, others argue that it was Imperial Russia who broke

2490-572: The Polish royal court earned him a reputation as an alleged catholicized "Lyakh" – later the Russian Imperial government would effectively use this slur to discredit Mazepa. During one of his missions, Mazepa met Jan Chryzostom Pasek , whom he took to be a supporter of the anti-royal confederation. He led to Pasek's arrest and had him brought before the king, who was staying in Grodno at

2573-495: The Reign of Augustus II and in the memoirs of Marquis de Bonnac . The story was later recounted by Voltaire in his Histoire de Charles XII and became a recurring motif in the literary works of such writers as Victor Hugo , Lord Byron , Alexander Pushkin or Juliusz Słowacki , as well as in the paintings of such painters as Horace Vernet , Eugène Delacroix , Théodore Chassériau , Théodore Géricault and others. The tale

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2656-682: The Roman castellum in Barbosi. The site lies north of the Danube, near the mouth of the Siret. A comparison can be made to the fortress at Dinogetia . The archeologists found clear stratigraphy in the excavation. They located the Tirighina Dacian fortress, reinforced by an earthen bank. Finds included Dacian pottery from an import business. Also found was a silver coin dating the Dacian fortress to

2739-623: The School of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel is founded. Two years later, in 1834, Austrian ships were having scheduled arrivals and in 1837, Galați was declared a free port (this was revoked in 1882). In 1850, James Buchanan , the U.S. president, sent a vice-consul to Galați and the U.S. opened a consulate in 1858. Galați was also a trading port for German lands. When the Crimean War (1854–1856) finished, Galați became

2822-805: The Tsar. Learning of Mazepa's treason, the Russian army sacked and razed the Cossack Hetmanate capital of Baturyn , killing most of the defending garrison and many common people. The Russian army was ordered to tie the dead Cossacks to crosses and float them down the Dnieper River to the Black Sea . Those Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected a new hetman, Ivan Skoropadsky , on 11 November 1708. The fear of further reprisals and suspicion of Mazepa's newfound Swedish ally prevented most of Ukraine's population from siding with him. Surprisingly,

2905-574: The area, particularly in his later life. some of the trees are from the time of Eminescu. There is a small lake and a place for recitals once used, for example, by military bands. People visit the park to see a statue of Eminescu . This park is located near the student complex. It looks over Lake Brates, the railway station and train depot. Cuman language Cuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak , Qypchaq or Polovtsian , self referred to as Tatar ( tatar til ) in Codex Cumanicus )

2988-576: The army of the Central Powers . Galați was bombed by retreating Russian troops in January 1918. In 1919, a high school for Jewish students opened. A first air race between Galați and Bucharest was held in 1926 following the end of the construction of the Galați Airport . The 1930 Romanian census recorded 100,000 residents in Galați. After Bucharest , Chișinău , Iași and Cernăuți , Galați

3071-422: The beginning of World War I , Galați continued its trade in grain and timber with sixteen consulates. Galați was part of Covurlui County . In 1907, social unrest among the peasant classes precipitated intervention by the Romanian army. In 1911, a statue of the poet Mihai Eminescu was erected. Galați remained under Romanian control during World War I . Romanian soldiers fought alongside those of Russia against

3154-665: The church taught at Galați's first school in 1765. They taught in Greek. (In 1803, teaching was conducted in Romanian under the orders of Constantin Moruz). During the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), and the Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1787–1792), Mavromol church was damaged and teaching ceased until 1803. The church is constructed in the style of a basilica with apses beyond the main walls. The church has

3237-406: The church was used as a museum. It was restored in the period 1991–1994. There may be a tunnel from the church beneath the Danube. Construction of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church of Saint Pantaleon began in 1861 under the guidance of Bulgarian National Revival figure Archimandrite Maxim Raykovich (1801–1874) of Dryanovo . However, the lack of funds prolonged the construction works and the church

3320-400: The church. This includes cleaning of the 1957 paint work, paving around the cathedral and the construction of the St John Cassian centre, a building for cultural, pastoral and missionary work. At the church's centennial in 2006, the relics of St. Nectarios of Aegina were brought to Galați. This is the oldest building in Galați. It was consecrated as a place of worship in September 1647 during

3403-436: The course of the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive . Before World War II Galați hosted 22 synagogues and in 1926, it was the base for the Zionist Revisionist Organization of Romania. Although Galați's Jewish community suffered persecution by the pro-Nazi authorities during World War II, the community was not destroyed in the Holocaust. Since the 1940s the community has gradually diminished through emigration. After World War II, Galați

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3486-409: The death toll reached 21. In 2010, broken flood barriers caused flooding of the Valley City area of Galați. Galați is located in southeastern Romania. Its coordinates are latitude 45 ° 27 'north and longitude 28 ° 02' east. Its area is 246.4 square kilometers (95.1 sq mi). Galați lies in the southern part of the Moldavian Plateau on the left (west) bank of the Danube river at the junction of

3569-416: The emergence of the Crimean Tatar people. The Cuman-Kipchaks had an important role in the history of Anatolia , Kazakhstan , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Hungary , Romania (see, for example, the Basarab dynasty ), Moldavia , Bessarabia and Bulgaria . Radlov believed that among the current languages Cuman is closest to the Mishar dialect of the Tatar language . From the book known as

3652-415: The family of Mazepa. In August 2009, Yushchenko decreed the resuming of a halted construction of an Ivan Mazepa monument in Poltava. A monument to Mazepa was to be erected on Slava Square in Kyiv in 2010 to fulfill a decree of Yushchenko. In May 2010 Kyiv city civil servants stated the city was ready to establish a monument as soon as the Cabinet of Ukraine would fund this project. According to them

3735-468: The family of a Cossack officer who fought alongside Bohdan Khmelnytsky . She gave birth to two children – Ivan and Oleksandra. Stefan Mazepa served as a Cossack Ataman of Bila Tserkva (1654). In 1657, Stefan Mazepa became involved with Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky , who pursued a pro-Polish policy. In 1659 he traveled to Warsaw to attend the Sejm and placed his son in service at the royal court of John II Casimir Vasa . Before that Ivan Mazepa probably studied at

3818-404: The first century BCE. A burning layer suggested damage to the fortress by fire. Also found were coins dating from the rule of Augustus (63 BCE – 14 AD) through to Nero (37AD – 68AD). The Lambrinidi House is located near the university, at 51 Royal Street. It was built by Lambrinidi Epaminonda, a Greek mill owner. He owned a machine shop to repair ships. The Prince Charles stayed at the house on

3901-406: The first half of 1709 maneuvering for advantage in the anticipated great battle, and trying to secure the support of the local populace. Finally in June the Battle of Poltava took place. It was won by Russia and Peter the Great, putting an end to Mazepa's hopes of transferring Ukraine into the control of Sweden, which in a treaty had promised independence to Ukraine. Mazepa fled with Charles XII to

3984-446: The fortress of Bender (Tighina), in the Ottoman Empire 's vassal Moldavia , where Mazepa soon died. Mazepa was buried in Galați (now Romania), but his tomb was disturbed several times and eventually lost as a result of the Sfântul Gheorghe (St. George) Church demolition in 1962. As Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host , Mazepa's style was as follows: Hetman Ivan Mazepa of the Tsar's Illustrious Highness's Zaporozhian Host, Knight of

4067-499: The ground floor, to the street. The exterior decorations are made in Brancoveanu style, glossy ceramic plates. The glossy ceramic is used to decorate the floral upper register. Today it serves as the "Children's Palace". The Galați Palace of Navigation  [ ro ] was designed by Petre Antonescu . It dates to the late 19th century. It is the office of "Maritime Danube Ports Administration" and Navrom, which controls Romania's navigable waterways. The former "Palace of Justice"

4150-427: The holy apostles Peter, Andrew, Mark, Thomas, Bartholomew and Luke on the northern side and Paul Simon, John, James, Philip, on the southern side. This church is located together with the Cătușa cemetery in the southern part of Galați. Its general construction was completed but the interior layout is not. The basement of the cathedral is a very small space, which will serve as a mortuary chapel. The official opening of

4233-483: The interior was planned for 2012. Mavromol is a former monastery. Its name means "black rock" in Greek. It was built in 1669 and dedicated to the Assumption by George Ducas (died 1685) and his son. There was rebuilding between 1700 and 1703. During the revolution of 1821 the church was burned by the Turks. The current building dates from 1858 to 1861 and respects the original plan. Interior murals and other valuable elements were restored between 1973 and 1975. The monks of

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4316-498: The national histories both of Russia and of Ukraine. The Russian Orthodox Church laid an anathema (excommunication) on Mazepa's name in 1708 and still refuses to revoke it. The anathema was not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , which considers it uncanonical and imposed with political motives as a means of political and ideological repression, with no religious, theological or canonical reasons. Pro-independence and anti-Russian elements in Ukraine from

4399-454: The nave is a marble plaque with the names of the founders and two marble plates with the names of the founders and major benefactors. The church is a cruciform tower with two bell towers on the west side. Papadopoulos of Adrianople was the artist. There are large icons representing the holy virgin Mary with child, the resurrection, St. Gerasimos, St. Sophia, St. Gregory and St. Basil the great. There are eight stained glass church windows containing

4482-424: The old town, now the city centre) and 40 meters (130 ft) (the site of the modern city) respectively. The Danube river is considered the "life-blood" of Galați. The Danube is the second longest river in Europe 2,850 km [ 1,770 mi ]), with an average flow of 6,199 cubic meters (218,900 cu ft) per second in the Galați section. After the Siret River, the largest tributary in Romania, joins

4565-453: The only significant support that he gathered came from the Zaporozhian Sich , which, though at odds with the Hetman in the past, considered him and the nobility he represented a lesser evil compared with the Tsar. Inhumane massacres by Russia followed the Sich Cossacks support of Mazepa, as Peter The Great ordered the Sich to be razed in 1709 and a decree was issued to execute any active Zaporizhian Cossack. The Swedish and Russian armies spent

4648-489: The population of Ukraine viewed Mazepa as "a man who fought for the independence of Ukraine", while 28 percent viewed him "as a turncoat who joined the enemy's ranks". During an event in Mazepyntsi to mark the 370th birthday (20 March 2009) of Hetman Mazepa, President Viktor Yushchenko called for the myth about the alleged treason of Mazepa to be dispelled. According to Yushchenko, the hetman wanted to create an independent Ukraine, and architecture thrived in Ukraine over

4731-542: The principality's only port. Due to unrest in this part of Europe, Galați port became a site for the construction of large warships. Abbot Boskov, a Romanian traveller, stated: In the Greek–Turkish war of 1821, Ottoman subjects were killed in Galați (and in other towns). This was the result of a series of rebellions by members of the port workers' association and city clerks. Despite the wars and unrest, Galați developed based on trade (especially grain exports). In 1805, France and England established vice-consulates. In 1832,

4814-406: The region in the neolithic period. For example, north west of the town of Galați, on the eastern shores of the Malina marshes, fragments of ceramic-type Stoicani Aldeni, stilex and tools made of bone have been found. A stone sceptre, from the late Bronze Age, belonging to the Coslogeni culture was found on the marshes' southern bank. Galați town itself developed from an ancient Dacian settlement of

4897-1195: The region is Galicia , with its town of Halych , locally associated with the jackdaw (Kawka, Halka). Before the Mongol invasion of Rus , Galați was known as Malyi Halych (Little Halych) as part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Other similar place names are Galich, Russia and Galatia in Turkey . Galați has several exonyms : Greek : Γαλάτσι , romanized :  Galátsi ; German : Galatz (also an archaic English term); Hungarian : Galac ; Polish : Gałacz ; Turkish : Kalas ; Bulgarian : Галац , romanized :  Galac ; Ukrainian : Галац , romanized :  Halac ; and Russian : Галац , romanized :  Galac . [REDACTED]   Moldavia 1408–1859 [REDACTED] United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862 [REDACTED] Romanian United Principalities 1862–1866 [REDACTED] Romania 1866–1881 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Romania 1881–1947 [REDACTED]   Romanian People's Republic 1947–1965 [REDACTED]   Socialist Republic of Romania 1965–1989 [REDACTED]   Romania 1989–present Archeological evidence points to occupation of

4980-452: The reign of Vasile Lupu . The church was dedicated to the Vatopedi Monastery on Mount Athos . It was built from local materials including stone, forest wood, brick and lime, sand from the beaches of the Danube and so on. As well as its typical Romanian church architecture, the monastery has some specific elements of interest such as a bell tower with battlements for observation of the Danube valley and for defense. The tower has two levels and

5063-429: The rest remaining loyal to the Tsar. According to William Pokhlyobkin , it was from that moment that King Charles XII of Sweden granted Mazepa the right to use the colors of the Swedish military bandera (yellow and blue) as the insignia of the Cossack detachments led by Mazepa, later these would be the colors of the Flag of Ukraine . Mazepa's call to arms was further weakened by the Orthodox Clergy 's allegiance to

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5146-410: The situation was similar to other unrealised monuments such as the "Unification Monument" and a monument to Pylyp Orlyk who in 2010 were conceived in 2002 and 2003 but still not built in 2010. The Poltava City Council on 25 February 2016 voted in favor of the monument. On 6 May 2016 President Petro Poroshenko unveiled the Mazepa monument in Poltava. The Ivan Mazepa Street in Kyiv, which runs past

5229-400: The sixth and fifth centuries BCE where there was a ford across the Danube river. In 101 to 102 and 105 to 106, the Dacians fought wars against the Romans and the area became part of the Roman empire. A strong Roman fortress was built at Barboși to defend the ford across Danube. From the 300s a Daco-Roman settlement developed at a ford south of the site of the Church of the Virgin. There

5312-494: The speakers of these various languages belonging to the Kipchak branch speak variations closely related to the Cuman language. The literary Cuman language became extinct in the early 18th century in the region of Cumania in Hungary , which was its last stronghold. Tradition holds that the last speaker of the Cuman language in Hungary was István Varró, a resident of Karcag (Hungary) who died in 1770. The Cuman language in Crimea, however, managed to survive. The Cuman language

5395-477: The tactics of modern European armies, Cossacks suffered heavy losses and low morale. The Hetman himself started to feel his post threatened in the face of increasing calls to replace him with one of the abundant generals of the Russian army. The last straw in the souring relations with Tsar Peter was his refusal to commit any significant force to defend Ukraine against the Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński , an ally of Charles XII of Sweden , who threatened to attack

5478-422: The time. According to Pasek's account, he managed to prove his innocence, the king rewarded him for the harm he suffered and Mazepa lost the royal trust. Further on in his memoirs, Pasek recounts the story of under what circumstances Mazepa left Poland in 1663. According to Pasek Mazepa had an affair with Mrs. Falbowska, wife of his neighbour in Volhynia . When the man discovered an affair, he tied Mazepa naked to

5561-613: The top of the main façade. Other features are two bronze flags and a large clock which plays the waltz, "Danube Waves" by Joseph Ivanovich (1845–1902). The cornerstone of the Galați Orthodox Cathedral  [ ro ] was placed on 27 April 1906 by the Crown Prince Ferdinand and Princess Marie . Also present was the Bishop of the Lower Danube, Pimen Georgescu  [ ro ] . Construction continued from 1906 to 1917. The architects were Petre Antonescu and Ștefan Burcuș  [ ro ] . The church has one dome and no side isles. From 1989, restoration work has been underway at

5644-509: The treaty by not even trying to protect the Cossack homeland during busy fighting abroad while Ukrainian peasants were complaining about the conduct of local Muscovite troops. Many Cossacks had died while building Saint Petersburg , and the Tsar planned to deploy Cossack troops far from their homeland. The image of a disgraceful traitor persisted throughout Russian and Soviet history. The Russian Orthodox Church anathemaised and excommunicated him for political reasons. Until 1869, his name

5727-510: The years of Mazepa's rule: "Ukraine was reviving as the country of European cultural traditions ". The same day, around 100 people held a protest in Simferopol against the marking of the 370th birthday of Mazepa. In May 2009 the Russian foreign ministry stated in an answer to Ukraine's preparations to mark the 300th anniversary of the battle of Poltava and plans to erect a monument to Mazepa that those were attempts at an "artificial, far-fetched confrontation with Russia". Mazepa's portrait

5810-410: Was Romania's fifth city. In 1938, the Ținutul Dunării de Jos (Lower Danube Land) was established. During World War II , Galați was bombed by the Soviet Air Forces and Luftwaffe . The railway station, inaugurated on 13 September 1872, was destroyed as were many other historic buildings and most of the old town. On 27 August 1944, Galați was captured by Soviet troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front in

5893-426: Was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks ; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing. It was a literary language in Central and Eastern Europe that left

5976-884: Was a Ukrainian military, political, and civic leader who served as the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host and the Left-bank Ukraine in 1687–1708. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary, artistic and musical works . He was famous as a patron of the arts . Mazepa played an important role in the Battle of Poltava (1709), where after learning that Tsar Peter I intended to relieve him as acting Hetman (military leader) of Zaporozhian Host (a Cossack state) and to replace him with Alexander Menshikov , he defected from his army and sided with King Charles XII of Sweden . The political consequences and interpretation of this defection have resonated in

6059-420: Was built in 1790. It is the site of the burial tomb of Smaranda Cuza, the mother of Alexandru Ioan Cuza. The original church was burned in the unrest of 1821 then renovated in 1851. Above the nave, a dome is supported by arches crossed in the traditional Moldovan style. There is a bell tower above the main dome, a smaller one above the altar and another above the porch added in 1901. Galați's Roman Catholic church

6142-502: Was built in 1844 and expanded in 1873. It contains objects of artistic as well as sacred value including a high altar made of marble; a painting of "St. John the Baptist preaching"; a "Most Holy Heart" statue of Jesus Christ; Pietà statues and a statue of Saint Francis of Assisi . The church was strengthened and renovated to its current state between 1985 and 1988. This park was designed in 1869 in honour of Mihai Eminescu , who visited

6225-500: Was buried in a brick tomb . In 1710, Tatars plundered Galați after the Battle of Stănilești . In 1775, Russia established a consulate in Galați. However, in 1789, during the Russo-Turkish war of 1787–92, Galați was burned by the armies of the Russian general Mikhail Kamensky . In 1812, following the annexation by Russia of half of the principality, including all of the sea shore and almost all of Danube, Galati ended up as

6308-549: Was certainly still at the royal court in 1665, probably until the abdication of John II Casimir in 1668. After the death of his father (ca. 1665), he inherited the title of the Chernihiv cupbearer . From 1669 to 1673 Mazepa served under Petro Doroshenko ( Hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine from 1665 to 1672) as a squadron commander in the Hetman Guard , particularly during Doroshenko's 1672 campaign in Halychyna , and as

6391-564: Was even added to the list of traitors publicly cursed in Russian churches during the Feast of Orthodoxy service, along with Pugachev , Razin and False Dmitry I . Later, a positive view of Mazepa was taboo in the Soviet Union and considered as a sign of "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism ". During the years of Perestroika , however, many historical works saw light that viewed Mazepa differently. After Ukraine 's independence in 1991, Mazepa

6474-464: Was only consecrated in 1887. The Bulgarian Church of Saint Pantaleon features a Neo-Byzantine design with Slavic influences. Along with the church, Raykovich also founded a Bulgarian school which occupied an adjacent house. The same house would become a hub for Bulgarian revolutionaries persecuted by the Ottoman authorities. In 1871–72, Bulgaria's national poet Hristo Botev lived in the house during

6557-627: Was probably born on 30 March 1639, in Mazepyntsi, near Bila Tserkva , then part of the Kiev Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (today – Drozdy rural council, Bila Tserkva Raion ), into a noble Ruthenian -Lithuanian family. His mother was Maryna Mokievska (1624–1707) (known from 1674 to 1675 by her monastic name Maria Magdalena), and his father was Stefan Adam Mazepa (?-1666). Maryna Mokievska came from

6640-566: Was probably widespread by then and referred to Mazepa's reputation as a womanizer. Despite Pasek's accounts, Mazepa still remained in royal service. In February 1663 he was sent to the Cossack Hetman Pavel Tetera, to whom he brought the Hetman's mace, presented to Tetera by Tomasz Jan Karczewski  [ pl ] . Mazepa then took part in a royal campaign against Russia in left-bank Ukraine in years 1663-1664. Mazepa

6723-537: Was proclaimed a national hero in Ukraine's official historiography and mainstream media, as he was the first post- Pereyaslav Treaty hetman to take a stand against the Tsar, who failed to abide by the Treaty. This view however was disputed by pro-Russian factions. Russia has repeatedly condemned Ukraine for honoring the figure of Ivan Mazepa. In an April 2009 survey by the Research & Branding Group , 30 percent of

6806-564: Was rebuilt along communist lines. The town's population was about 80,000. In 1956, a proposal to join Brăila and Galați was made and the building of a speed tram pier was proposed with a Swiss company. The plans never materialized. In 1958, the Galați Airport was abolished. Construction of the Galați steel works began in 1960 and the plant opened in 1966. The population at this time was 151,000. In 1971,

6889-538: Was weakened by an invasion of Swedish king Charles XII . In the beginning of the 18th century, as the Russian Empire lost significant territory in the Great Northern War , Peter I decided to reform the Russian army and to centralize control over his realm. In Mazepa's opinion, the strengthening of Russia's central power could put at risk the broad autonomy granted to the Cossack Hetmanate under

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