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114-478: Mihai Eminescu ( Romanian pronunciation: [miˈhaj emiˈnesku] ; born Mihail Eminovici ; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romanian Romantic poet from Moldavia , novelist , and journalist , generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet . Eminescu was an active member of the Junimea literary society and worked as an editor for the newspaper Timpul ("The Time"),
228-527: A Junimea register, Eminescu wrote down his birth date as 22 December 1849, while in the documents of Cernăuți Gymnasium, where Eminescu studied, his birth date is 15 January 1850. Nevertheless, Titu Maiorescu , in his work Eminescu and His Poems (1889), quoted N. D. Giurescu's research and adopted his conclusion regarding the date and place of Mihai Eminescu's birth, as being 15 January 1850, in Botoșani . This date resulted from several sources, among which there
342-708: A Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans, near the Haemus Mons is from 587 AD. A Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion Torna, torna, fratre! (meaning "Return, return, brother!"). Theophanes the Confessor recorded it as part of a 6th-century military expedition by Comentiolus and Priscus against
456-580: A War of Independence against the Ottomans, with Romania's independence being formally recognised in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin . Although the relatively newly founded Kingdom of Romania initially allied with Austria-Hungary , Romania refused to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers , because it was obliged to wage war only if Austria-Hungary was attacked. In 1916, Romania joined
570-843: A common culture and ancestry , they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova . The 2021 Romanian census found that 89.3% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the 1989 census results in Moldova, the majority of Moldovans were counted as ethnic Romanians as well. Romanians also form an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe, most notably in Hungary , Serbia (including Timok ), and Ukraine . Estimates of
684-759: A "mental alienation", caused by the emergence of syphilis and worsened by alcoholism. Further research showed that the poet was not suffering from syphilis. Nicolae Iorga , the Romanian historian, considers Eminescu the godfather of the modern Romanian language, in the same way that Shakespeare is seen to have directly influenced the English language. He is unanimously celebrated as the greatest and most representative Romanian poet. Poems and Prose of Mihai Eminescu (editor: Kurt W. Treptow [ ro ] , publisher: The Center for Romanian Studies, Iași, Oxford, and Portland, 2000, ISBN 973-9432-10-7 ) contains
798-795: A Vlach homeland situated "near the Danube and [...] the Sava, where the Serbians lived more recently". He associated the Vlachs with the Dacians and the Bessi . Accordingly, historians have located this homeland in several places, including Pannonia Inferior ( Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu ) and Dacia Aureliana (Mátyás Gyóni). The princess and chronicler Anna Komnene reports that in April 1091, on
912-602: A baccalaureate degree), he attended lectures as a so-called "extraordinary auditor" at the Faculty of Philosophy and Law. He was active in student life, befriended Ioan Slavici , and came to know Vienna through Veronica Micle ; he became a contributor to Convorbiri Literare ( Literary Conversations ), edited by Junimea ( The Youth ). The leaders of this cultural organisation, Petre P. Carp , Vasile Pogor , Theodor Rosetti , Iacob Negruzzi and Titu Maiorescu , exercised their political and cultural influence over Eminescu for
1026-518: A bird house in which only I could enter. Eminescu was soon proclaimed Romania's national poet , not because he wrote in an age of national revival, but rather because he was received as an author of paramount significance by Romanians in all provinces. Even today, he is considered the national poet of Romania, Moldova, and of the Romanians who live in Bukovina ( Romanian : Bucovina ). Eminescu
1140-444: A completed work. Also at this time he began his novel Geniu pustiu ( Wasted Genius ), published posthumously in 1904 in an unfinished form. On 1 April 1869, he was one of the co-founders of the "Orient" literary circle, whose interests included the gathering of Romanian folklore and documents relating to Romanian literary history. On 29 June, various members of the "Orient" group were commissioned to go to different provinces. Eminescu
1254-585: A degree, a position, a wife or fortune) had him associated with the Romantic figure of the genius . As early as the late 1880s, Eminescu had a group of faithful followers. His 1883 poem Luceafărul was so notable that a new literary review took its name after it. The most realistic psychological analysis of Eminescu was written by I. L. Caragiale , who, after the poet's death published three short articles on this subject: In Nirvana , Irony and Two notes . Caragiale stated that Eminescu's characteristic feature
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#17327724105001368-413: A dreamer who was far away from reality, who did not suffer because of the material conditions that he lived in, regardless of all the ironies and eulogies of his neighbour, his main characteristic was "abstract serenity". In reality, just as one can discover from his poems and letters and just as Caragiale remembered, Eminescu was seldom influenced by boisterous subconscious motivations. Eminescu's life
1482-426: A fee and free education in the Romanian language for his children, but on the condition of becoming an Eastern-Rite Catholic . Iovul Iminovici had two sons, Iosif and Petrea Iminovici. Petrea Eminovici, the poet's great-grandfather, was probably born in 1735 and from his marriage with Agafia Şerban (born in 1736), several descendants appeared, known with certainty being only the existence of their middle child, Vasile,
1596-401: A hermit, there he was ambitious to the pleasures of life; sometimes he ran away from people and then he looked for them; he was carefree as a Stoic and choleric as an edgy girl. Strange medley! – happy for an artist, unhappy for a man! The portrait that Titu Maiorescu made in the study Eminescu and poems emphasizes Eminescu's introvert dominant traits. Titu Maiorescu promoted the image of
1710-460: A huge scandal when they wrote about their demystified idea of Eminescu and went so far as to reject the "official" interpretation of his work. Romanian composer Didia Saint Georges (1888-1979) used Eminescu’s text for her songs. A monument jointly dedicated to Eminescu and Allama Iqbal was erected in Islamabad , Pakistan on 15 January 2004, commemorating Pakistani-Romanian ties, as well as
1824-419: A position as a church teacher as well as land. He had four daughters and three sons. Vasile Iminovici died in 1844. The eldest of his sons, Gheorghe, born in 1812 was the father of Mihai Eminescu. Gheorghe Eminovici was in the service of the boyar Ioan Ienacaki Cârstea from Costâna, Suceava, then - writer for baron Jean Mustață from Bukovina, and later in the service of the boyar Alexandru Balș from Moldova. After
1938-473: A selection of English-language renditions of Eminescu's poems and prose. His poems span a large range of themes, from nature and love to hate and social commentary. His childhood years were evoked in his later poetry with deep nostalgia. Eminescu's poems have been translated in over 60 languages. His life, work and poetry strongly influenced the Romanian culture and his poems are widely studied in Romanian public schools. His most notable poems are: Eminescu
2052-475: A steady series of published poems (and the occasional translation from German). Also, it was Iosif Vulcan, who disliked the Slavic source suffix " -ici " of the young poet's last name, that chose for him the more apparent Romanian " nom de plume " Mihai Eminescu . In 1867, he joined Iorgu Caragiale 's troupe as a clerk and prompter; the next year he transferred to Mihai Pascaly 's troupe. Both of these were among
2166-528: A student, or the fact that he attended the gatherings at the Junimea society or the articles he published in the newspaper Timpul . He used to have a unique manner of describing his own crisis of jealousy. You must know, Veronica , that as much as I love you, I sometimes hate you; I hate you without a reason, without a word, only because I imagine you laughing with someone else, and your laughter doesn't mean to him what it means to me and I feel I grow mad at
2280-581: A third region inhabited by an important majority of Romanian speakers, was a vassal state of the Ottomans until 1687, when the principality became part of the Habsburg possessions. The three principalities were united for several months in 1600 under the authority of Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave . Up until 1541, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary , later (due to the conquest of Hungary by
2394-754: A writer is in 1866. In January of that year Romanian teacher Aron Pumnul died and his students in Cernăuţi published a pamphlet, Lăcrămioarele învățăceilor gimnaziaști ( The Tears of the Gymnasium Students ) in which a poem entitled La mormântul lui Aron Pumnul ( At the Grave of Aron Pumnul ) appears, signed "M. Eminovici". On 25 February his poem De-aș avea ( If I Had ) was published in Iosif Vulcan 's literary magazine Familia in Pest . This began
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#17327724105002508-658: Is an exonym that was used by Slavs to refer to all Romanized natives of the Balkans. It holds its origin from ancient Germanic—being a cognate to "Welsh" and "Walloon"—and perhaps even further back in time, from the Roman name Volcae, which was originally a Celtic tribe. From the Slavs, it was passed on to other peoples, such as the Hungarians ( Oláh ) and Greeks ( Vlachoi ) (see the Etymology section of Vlachs). Wallachia ,
2622-463: Is commemorated through 11 busts. The remaining monuments are placed in Crișana (8), Maramureș (7), and Dobrogea (3). Romanians North America South America Oceania Romanians ( Romanian : români , pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] ; dated exonym Vlachs ) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . Sharing
2736-408: Is derived from Latin romanus , meaning " Roman ". Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language, the name romanus over the centuries transformed into rumân [ruˈmɨn] . An older form of român was still in use in some regions. Socio-linguistic evolutions in the late 18th century led to a gradual preponderance of the român spelling form, which
2850-559: Is named after Eminescu. Academia Internationala presents "Mihai Eminescu" Academy Awards. In 2012, one of the winners, the Japanese artist Shogoro Shogoro hosted a tea ceremony to honor Mihai. In 2021, the Dutch artist Kasper Peters performs a theater show entitled "Eminescu", dedicated to the poet. On 15 January 2023, the first monument in Spain in honor of Mihai Eminescu was erected in
2964-580: Is officially celebrated on the same day since 2023. As of 2017, an Ethnologue estimation puts the (worldwide) number of Romanian speakers at approximately 24.15 million. The 24.15 million, however, represent only speakers of Romanian , not all of whom are necessarily ethnic Romanians. Also, this number does not include ethnic-Romanians who no longer speak the Romanian language. In English, Romanians are usually called Romanians and very rarely Rumanians or Roumanians, except in some historical texts, where they are called Roumans or Vlachs . The name Romanian
3078-734: Is omnipresent in today's Romania. His statues are everywhere; his face was on the 1000- lei banknotes issued in 1991, 1992, and 1998, and is on the 500-lei banknote issued in 2005 as the highest-denominated Romanian banknote (see Romanian leu ); Eminescu's Linden Tree is one of the country's most famous natural landmarks, while many schools and other institutions are named after him. The anniversaries of his birth and death are celebrated each year in many Romanian cities, and they became national celebrations in 1989 (the centennial of his death) and 2000 (150 years after his birth, proclaimed Eminescu's Year in Romania). Several young Romanian writers provoked
3192-628: Is practically identical to Romanian, although there are some differences in colloquial speech. In the de facto independent (but internationally unrecognised) region of Transnistria , the official script used to write Moldovan is Cyrillic, although Moldovan has a very limited usage in Transnistria despite its official status. Since 2013, the Romanian Language Day is officially celebrated on 31 August in Romania. In Moldova, it
3306-431: Is seen as ambiguous, because the poet's cause of death is not clearly stated and there was no indication of any other underlying condition that may have so suddenly resulted in his death. In fact both the poet's medical file and autopsy report indicate symptoms of a mental and not physical disorder. Moreover, at the autopsy performed by Dr. Tomescu and then by Dr. Marinescu from the laboratory at Babeș-Bolyai University ,
3420-585: Is that Mihail's paternal ancestors came from a Romanian family from Banat . In 1675, a child was born with the name Iminul. The son of Iminul was Iovul lui Iminul, born in 1705, who was ordained a priest under the Serbianized name of Iovul Iminovici, in accordance with the use of Church Slavonic of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci . The priest Iovul Iminovici left Banat for Blaj between 1738-1740, attracted by civil liberties, agricultural land for
3534-732: The Laterculus Veronensis of c. 314 and the Notitia Dignitatum of c. 400 , Scythia belonged to the Diocese of Thrace . The indigenous population of Scythia Minor was Dacian and their material culture is apparent archaeologically into the sixth century. Roman fortifications mostly date to the Tetrarchy or the Constantinian dynasty . The province ceased to exist around 679–681, when
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3648-853: The 1848 Romanticist and liberal revolutions across Europe, the events that took place in the Grand Principality of Transylvania were the first of their kind to unfold in the Romanian-speaking territories. On the one hand, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians (with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire ) successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , with
3762-742: The Age of Migration , many Vlachs could be found all over the Balkans , in Transylvania , across Carpathian Mountains as far north as Poland and as far west as the regions of Moravia (part of the modern Czech Republic), some went as far east as Volhynia of western Ukraine, and the present-day Croatia where the Morlachs gradually disappeared, while the Catholic and Orthodox Vlachs took Croat and Serb national identity. The first written record about
3876-521: The Balkan Peninsula , which may be considered either Romanian subgroups or separated but related ethnicities. The territories of modern-day Romania and Moldova were inhabited by the ancient Getae and Dacian tribes. King Burebista who reigned from 82/61 BC to 45/44 BC, was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom , which comprised the area located between
3990-630: The Cumans ' campaign south of the Danube, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was informed about the movements of the "Turanians", who had crossed the Danube by " a certain Pudilos, a Vlach noble ". The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates writes that in 1164, Andronikos I Komnenos , the emperor Manuel I Komnenos 's cousin, tried without success, to usurp the throne. Failing in his attempt, the Byzantine prince sought refuge in Halych but Andronikos I Komnenos
4104-583: The PDL this time) was narrowly re-elected for a second term in the 2009 presidential elections . In 2014, the PNL - PDL candidate (as part of the larger Christian Liberal Alliance or ACL for short; also endorsed by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania , FDGR/DFDR for short respectively) Klaus Iohannis won a surprise victory over former Prime Minister and PSD -supported contender Victor Ponta in
4218-526: The Romanian language , a Romance language , can be traced back to the Roman colonisation of the region. The basic vocabulary is of Latin origin, although there are some substratum words that are assumed to be of Dacian origin. It is the most spoken Eastern Romance language and is closely related to Aromanian , Megeleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian , all three part of the same sub-branch of Romance languages. The Moldovan language , in its official form,
4332-817: The Slavicisation of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of Southern and Central Transylvania around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt from mines in Turda , Ocna Mureș , Sărățeni and Ocnița. They traded and transported salt throughout the Bulgar Empire. A series of Arab historians from the 10th century are some of the first to mention Vlachs in Eastern/South Eastern Europe : Mutahhar al-Maqdisi (c.945-991) writes: "They say that in
4446-508: The battle of Poltava (1709). The ancestors from the mother's side, the Jurăscești family, came from Hotin (present day Ukraine , near the border with Romania ). The boyar Vasile Jurașcu from Joldești, Botoșani married Paraschiva, the daughter of Donțu, a Cossack , who had settled on the banks of the Siret , not far from the village of Sarafinești, Botoșani. Donțu married the daughter of
4560-399: The endonym (the name they used for themselves) Romanians ( Rumâni / Români ). The first mentions by Romanians of the endonym are contemporary with the earliest writings in Romanian from the sixteenth century. According to Tomasz Kamusella , at the time of the rise of Romanian nationalism during the early 19th century, the political leaders of Wallachia and Moldavia were aware that
4674-705: The head of the government of the Socialist Republic of Romania (RSR). Nicolae Ceaușescu became the head of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1965 and his severe rule of the 1980s was ended by the Romanian Revolution of 1989 . The chaos of the 1989 revolution brought to power the dissident communist Ion Iliescu as president (largely supported by the FSN ). Iliescu remained in power as head of state until 1996, when he
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4788-455: The 13th century autonomous or semi-independent. In the 12th century, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela , who toured the area in 1166 called the region of Thessaly "Vlachia". The contemporary Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates however distinguishes "Great Vlachia" as a district near Meteora . "Vlachia", "Great Vlachia", and the other variants began to fall out of use for Thessaly at
4902-714: The 14th century the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia emerged to fight the Ottoman Empire . During the late Middle Ages , prominent medieval Romanian monarchs such as Bogdan of Moldavia , Stephen the Great , Mircea the Elder , Michael the Brave , or Vlad the Impaler took part actively in the history of Central Europe by waging tumultuous wars and leading noteworthy crusades against
5016-764: The Avars. Historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu considers that these words "represent an expression from the Romanian language, as it was formed at that time in the Balkan and Danube regions"; "they probably belong to one and the most significant of the substrates on which our ( Romanian ) language was built". The first definite document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) is from the 8th century from the Konstamonitou Monastery in Mount Athos , in Greece and talks about
5130-499: The Danube to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries. The Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the Asen dynasty consisting of Bulgarians and Vlachs was founded in 1185 and lasted until 1396. Early rulers from the Asen dynasty (particularly Kaloyan ) referred to themselves as "Emperors of Bulgarians and Vlachs". Later rulers, especially Ivan Asen II , styled themselves "Tsars (Emperors) of Bulgarians and Romans". An alternative name used in connection with
5244-442: The Danube, Tisza, and Dniester rivers. King Decebalus who reigned from 87 to 106 AD was the last king of the Dacian kingdom before it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 106, after two wars between Decebalus' army and Trajan 's army. Prior to the two wars, Decebalus defeated a Roman invasion during the reign of Domitian between 86 and 88 AD. The Roman administration retreated from Dacia between 271 and 275 AD, during
5358-472: The FDGR/DFDR in both rounds). In the meantime, Romania's major foreign policy achievements were the alignment with Western Europe and the United States by joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) back in 2004 and the European Union three years later, in 2007. Current national objectives of Romania include adhering to the Schengen Area , the Eurozone as well as the OECD (i.e. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). During
5472-413: The Kingdom of Romania lost territory both to the east and west, as Northern Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary through the Second Vienna Award , while Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were taken by the Soviets and included in the Moldavian SSR , respectively Ukrainian SSR . The eastern territory losses were facilitated by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact . After
5586-417: The Latin Romanus , acquired at a certain point the same meaning of the Greek Romaios ; that of Orthodox Christian. Wolfgang Dahmen claims that the meaning of romanus (Roman) as "Christian", as opposed to "pagan", which used to mean "non-Roman", may have contributed to the preservation of this word as an ethonym of the Romanian people, under the meaning of "Christian". To distinguish Romanians from
5700-421: The Middle Ages, Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages, and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages (see Slavic influence on Romanian ). Later on, it borrowed a number of words from German , Hungarian , and Turkish . During the modern era, most neologisms were borrowed from French and Italian , though the language has increasingly begun to adopt English borrowings. The origins of
5814-402: The Ottoman Empire) was a self-governed Principality governed by the Hungarian nobility. In 1699 it became a part of the Habsburg lands . By the end of the 18th century, the Austrian Empire was awarded by the Ottomans with the region of Bukovina and, in 1812, the Russians occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, known as Bessarabia through the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812. In the context of
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#17327724105005928-419: The Romanians during the Middle Ages. It has been argued by some Romanian researchers that "Ramunc" was not the name of the duke, but a name that highlighted his ethnicity. Other old documents, especially Byzantine or Hungarian ones, make a correlation between the old Romanians as Romans or their descendants. Several other documents, notably from Italian travelers into Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, speak of
6042-445: The Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s. Béla IV of Hungary 's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247. The late 13th-century Hungarian chronicler Simon of Kéza states that the Vlachs were "shepherds and husbandmen" who "remained in Pannonia". An unknown author's Description of Eastern Europe from 1308 likewise states that
6156-404: The Romans inhabiting the Carpathian Basin : "sclauij, Bulgarij et Blachij, ac pastores romanorum". Most researchers identify the Blachij with the Vlachs. However the document was written between 1200 and 1230, around 300 years after the described events and some modern historians have reservations about it and find it unreliable. Another important document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) from
6270-419: The South of the Balkan Peninsula dates back to 980. That year, the governor of Servia , Nikulitsa received the position of leader (archon) of the Vlachs from Hellas from Emperor Basil II . The function received by Nikulitsa might have been as a commander of a Vlach army. Byzantine historians usually described foreign rulers as archontes . The document signed by Basil II to give the position of archon of
6384-417: The Southern region of Romania, takes its name from the same source. Sluger Sluger (plural slugeri ; Romanian pronunciation: [ˈslud͡ʒer] , [sluˈd͡ʒer] ; sometimes also sulger [ˈsuld͡ʒer] ) was a historical rank traditionally held by boyars in Moldavia and Wallachia , roughly corresponding to a sort of Intendant or Master of the Larder . It originated in
6498-523: The Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj (Vlachs), Alans, Greeks and many other peoples". Ibn al-Nadīm (early 932–998) published in 998 the work Kitāb al-Fihrist mentioning "Turks, Bulgars and Vlahs" (using Blagha for Vlachs). A series of Byzantine historians, such as George Kedrenos (circa 1000), Kekaumenos (circa 1000), John Skylitzes (early 1040s – after 1101), Anna Komnene (1083-1153), John Kinnamos (1143-1185) and Niketas Choniates (1155-1217) were some of
6612-414: The Vlachs "were once the shepherds of the Romans " who "had over them ten powerful kings in the entire Messia and Pannonia". Additionally, in medieval times there were other lands known by the name 'Vlach' such as Great Vlachia , situated between Thessaly and the western Pindus mountains, of the Despotate of Epirus between the 12th-15th century. Originally within the Byzantine Empire , but after
6726-399: The Vlachs of the Rynchos river (present-day North Macedonia ). According to the early 13th century medieval Hungarian book Gesta Hungarorum the invading Magyars of King Árpád (c. 845 – c. 907) waged wars against three dukes— Glad , Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou —for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania. Gesta Hungarorum also mentions the Slavs , Bulgarians , Vlachs and the shepherds of
6840-400: The Vlachs to Nekulitsa is mentioned in Strategikon of Kekaumenos (written between 1075 and 1078 AD). After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa . The First Bulgarian Empire had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, Slavs and Vlachs (Romanians) but
6954-439: The brain could not be studied, because a nurse inadvertently forgot it on an open window, where it quickly decomposed. One of the first hypotheses that disagreed with the post mortem findings for Eminescu's cause of death was printed on 28 June 1926 in an article from the newspaper Universul . This article forwards the hypothesis that Eminescu died after another patient, Petre Poenaru, former headmaster in Craiova , hit him in
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#17327724105007068-493: The city of Rivas-Vaciamadrid . A memorial bench is located in front of the library. Federico Garcia Lorca at the city's Constitution Square. In May 2024, the first Eminescu sculpture was opened in Ashgabat , the capital of Turkmenistan. In Romania, there are at least 133 monuments (statues and busts) dedicated to Mihai Eminescu. Most of these are located in the region of Moldova (42), followed by Transylvania (32). In Muntenia, there are 21 such monuments, while in Oltenia Eminescu
7182-548: The condition of bestowing Romanian citizenship to all subjects of Jewish faith. Eminescu opposed this and another clause of the Treaty of Berlin : Romania's having to give southern Bessarabia to Russia in exchange for Northern Dobruja , a former Ottoman province on the Black Sea . The 1880s were a time of crisis and deterioration in the poet's life, culminating with his death in 1889. The details of this are still debated. From 1883 – when Eminescu's personal crisis and his more problematic health issues became evident – until 1886,
7296-465: The counties of Iași and Vaslui , and editor of the newspaper Curierul de Iași ( The Courier of Iaşi ), all thanks to his friendship with Titu Maiorescu , the leader of Junimea and rector of the University of Iași . He continued to publish in Convorbiri Literare . He also was a good friend of Ion Creangă , a writer, whom he convinced to become a writer and introduced to the Junimea literary club. In 1877 he moved to Bucharest , where until 1883 he
7410-402: The death of Alexandru Balș, his son, Costache, appointed Gheorghe Eminovici as administrator of the Dumbrăveni estate. Later, Gheorghe Eminovici obtained the title of sluger from Costache Balș. Another theory from the historian George Călinescu says that Mihai's paternal great-grandfather might have been a cavalry officer from the army of Charles XII of Sweden , who settled in Moldavia after
7524-414: The dialogue between civilizations which is possible through the cross-cultural appreciation of their poetic legacies. Composer Rodica Sutzu used Eminescu's text for her song “Gazel, opus 15.” In 2004, the Mihai Eminescu Statue was erected in Montreal, Quebec , Canada. On 8 April 2008, a crater on the planet Mercury was named for him. A boulevard passing by the Romanian embassy in Sofia , Bulgaria
7638-471: The eastern and southern Romanian lands, in spite of the fact that all three eventually failed. Nonetheless, in 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same ruler, namely Alexander John Cuza (who reigned as Domnitor ) and were thus unified de facto , resulting in the United Romanian Principalities for the period between 1859 and 1881. During the 1870s, the United Romanian Principalities (then led by Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Domnitor Carol I ) fought
7752-436: The end of the war, the Romanian Kingdom managed to regain territories lost westward but was nonetheless not given Bessarabia and northern Bukovina back, the aforementioned regions being forcefully incorporated into the Soviet Union (USSR). Subsequently, the Soviet Union imposed a communist government and King Michael was forced to abdicate and leave for exile, subsequently settling in Switzerland , while Petru Groza remained
7866-407: The eve of the decisive Byzantine - Pecheneg Battle of Levounion , Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1057-1118) was assisted by "a number of 5,000 brave mountaineers and ready to attack, passed by his side, to fight alongside him". Most of the specialists who have addressed these aspects have identified those " bold mountaineers ", with the 'Vlachs. Anna Komnene reports that in 1094, on the occasion of
7980-414: The fall. As always, he continued to write and publish poetry; notably, on the occasion of the death of the former ruler of Wallachia , Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei , he published a leaflet, La moartea principelui Știrbei ("On the Death of Prince Știrbei"). From October 1869 to 1872 Eminescu studied at the University of Vienna . Not fulfilling the requirements to become a university student (as he did not have
8094-502: The first to write about the Vlachs. John Skylitzes mentions the Vlachs around 976 AD, as guides and guards of Byzantine caravans in the Balkans. Between Prespa and Kastoria , they met and fought with a Bulgarian rebel named David. The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle. Kekaumenos 's father-in-law was Nikulitzas Delphinas , a lord of Larissa who took part in the revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs in Thessaly in 1066 AD. The 11th-century scholar Kekaumenos wrote of
8208-486: The five Letters ( Epistles/Satires ). In his poems, he frequently used metaphysical, mythological and historical subjects. His father was Gheorghe Eminovici, an aristocrat from Bukovina , which was then part of the Austrian Empire (while his grandfather came from Banat ). He crossed the border into Moldavia, settling in Ipotești , near the town of Botoșani . He married Raluca Iurașcu, an heiress of an old noble family. In
8322-630: The grandfather of the poet. Vasile Iminovici, born in 1778, attended the normal school in Blaj and married Ioana Sărghei. After a while, the spouses Petrea and Agafia divorced. Petrea died in Blaj in 1811, and Agafia accompanied the family of her son, Vasile, to Bukovina . Agafia died in 1818 in Călinești, Suceava . Vasile Iminovici, attracted by the economic and social conditions settled in Bukovina, moved with his family to Călinești in 1804, where he received
8436-465: The head with a board. Dr. Vineș, the physician assigned to Eminescu at Caritas argued at that time that the poet's death was the result of an infection secondary to his head injury. Specifically, he says that the head wound was infected, turning into an erysipelas , which then spread to the face, neck , upper limbs , thorax , and abdomen . In the same report, cited by Nicolae Georgescu in his work, Eminescu târziu , Vineș states that " Eminescu's death
8550-715: The lands near the Pontus called the Euxine", respectively the southeastern regions of Transylvania , "destroyed everything without sparing and trampled everything it encountered in its passage". By the 9th and 10th centuries, the nomadic Pechenegs conquered much of the steppes of Southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula .The Pecheneg wars against the Kievan Rus' caused some of the Slavs and Vlachs from North of
8664-577: The leading Romanian theatrical troupes of their day, the latter including Matei Millo and Fanny Tardini-Vlădicescu [ ro ] . He soon settled in Bucharest , where at the end of November he became a clerk and copyist for the National Theater . Throughout this period, he continued to write and publish poems. He also paid his rent by translating hundreds of pages of a book by Heinrich Theodor Rötscher , although this never resulted in
8778-459: The name România was identical to Romania , a name that had been used for the former Byzantine Empire by its inhabitants. Kamusella continues by stating that they preferred this ethnonym in order to stress their presumed link with Ancient Rome and that it became more popular as a nationalistic form of referring to all Romanian-language speakers as a distinct and separate nation during the 1820s. Raymond Detrez asserts that român , derived from
8892-473: The name "Roman" and cites the sentence " Sti Rominest? " ( știi românește ? , "do you speak Romanian?"). Authors that travelled to modern Romania who wrote about it in 1574, 1575 and 1666 also noted the use of the term "Romanian". From the Middle Ages, Romanians bore two names, the exonym (one given to them by foreigners) Wallachians or Vlachs , under its various forms ( vlah , valah , valach , voloh , blac , olăh , vlas , ilac , ulah , etc.), and
9006-667: The number of Romanian people worldwide vary from minimum 24 to maximum 30 million, in part depending on whether the definition of the term "Romanian" includes natives of both Romania and Moldova, their respective diasporas, and native speakers of both Romanian and other Eastern Romance languages . Other speakers of the latter languages are the Aromanians , the Megleno-Romanians , and the Istro-Romanians (native to Istria ), all of them unevenly distributed throughout
9120-713: The official newspaper of the Conservative Party (1880–1918). His poetry was first published when he was 16 and he went to Vienna , Austria to study when he was 19. The poet's manuscripts , containing 46 volumes and approximately 14,000 pages, were offered by Titu Maiorescu as a gift to the Romanian Academy during the meeting that was held on 25 January 1902. Notable works include Luceafărul ( The Vesper/The Evening Star/The Lucifer/The Daystar ), Odă în metru antic ( Ode in Ancient Meter ), and
9234-518: The other Romanic peoples of the Balkans (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians), the term Daco-Romanian is sometimes used to refer to those who speak the standard Romanian language and live in the former territory of ancient Dacia (today comprising mostly Romania and Moldova) and its surroundings (such as Dobruja or the Timok Valley , the latter region part of the former Roman province of Dacia Ripensis ). The name of " Vlachs "
9348-419: The peasant Ion Brehuescu, Catrina. Raluca, the poet's mother, was the fourth daughter of Vasile and Paraschiva Jurașcu. Gheorghe Eminovici married Raluca Jurașcu in 1840, receiving a substantial dowry, and in 1841 he received the title of căminar (a type of boyar ) from the voivode Mihail Grigore Sturza . Mihail (as he appears in baptismal records) or Mihai (the more common form of the name that he used)
9462-545: The poet was "treated" by a group of incompetent doctors and held in misery, which also shortened his life. Mercury was prohibited as treatment of syphilis in Western Europe in the 19th century, because of its adverse effects. Mihai Eminescu died at 4 am, on 15 June 1889 at the Caritas Institute, a sanatorium run by Dr. Suțu and located on Plantelor Street Sector 2 , Bucharest . Eminescu's last wish
9576-516: The poet was treated in Austria and Italy, by specialists that managed to get him on his feet, as testified by his good friend, writer Ioan Slavici . In 1886, Eminescu suffered a nervous breakdown and was treated by Romanian doctors, in particular Julian Bogdan and Panait Zosin. Immediately diagnosed with syphilis, after being hospitalized in a nervous diseases hospice within the Neamț Monastery ,
9690-557: The poet was treated with mercury . Firstly, massages in Botoșani , applied by Dr. Itszak, and then in Bucharest at Dr. Alexandru A. Suțu 's sanatorium, where between February–June 1889 he was injected with mercuric chloride . Professor Doctor Irinel Popescu, corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Romania, states that Eminescu died because of mercury poisoning. He also says that
9804-506: The populations of Sweden , Denmark , and the Netherlands combined. During the interwar period , two additional monarchs came to the Romanian throne, namely Carol II and Michael I . This short-lived period was marked, at times, by political instabilities and efforts of maintaining a constitutional monarchy in favour of other, totalitarian regimes such as an absolute monarchy or a military dictatorship . During World War II ,
9918-475: The pre-mid Second Bulgarian Empire 13th century period is the Empire of Vlachs and Bulgarians ; variant names include the "Vlach–Bulgarian Empire", the "Bulgarian–Wallachian Empire". Royal charters wrote of the "Vlachs' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of autonomous Romanian communities . Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among
10032-774: The pseudonym "Varro" in Federaţiunea in Pest , on the situation of Romanians and other minorities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . He then became a journalist for the newspaper Albina ( The Bee ) in Pest. From 1872 to 1874 he continued as a student in Berlin , thanks to a stipend offered by Junimea . From 1874 to 1877, he worked as director of the Central Library in Iași , substitute teacher, school inspector for
10146-642: The region was overrun by the Bulgars , which the Emperor Constantine IV was forced to recognize in 681. During the Middle Ages Romanians were mostly known as Vlachs , a blanket term ultimately of Germanic origin, from the word Walha , used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to Romance -speaking and Celtic neighbours. Besides the separation of some groups ( Aromanians , Megleno-Romanians , and Istro-Romanians ) during
10260-537: The reign of emperor Aurelian under the pressure of the Goths and the Dacian Carpi tribe. The later Roman province Dacia Aureliana , was organized inside former Moesia Superior . It was reorganized as Dacia Ripensis (as a military province, devastated by an Avars invasion in 586) and Dacia Mediterranea (as a civil province, devastated by an Avar invasion in 602). The Diocese of Dacia (circa 337–602)
10374-405: The rest of his life. Impressed by one of Eminescu's poems, Venere şi Madonă ( Venus and Madonna ), Iacob Negruzzi , the editor of Convorbiri Literare , traveled to Vienna to meet him. Negruzzi would later write how he could pick Eminescu out of a crowd of young people in a Viennese café by his "romantic" appearance: long hair and gaze lost in thoughts. In 1870 Eminescu wrote three articles under
10488-612: The second round of the 2014 presidential elections . Thus, Iohannis became the first Romanian president stemming from an ethnic minority of the country (as he belongs to the Romanian-German community , being a Transylvanian Saxon ). In 2019, the PNL-supported Iohannis was re-elected for a second term as president after a second round landslide victory in the 2019 Romanian presidential election (being also supported in that round by PMP and USR as well as by
10602-402: The self-identification, language and culture of the Romanians, showing that they designated themselves as "Romans" or related to them in up to 30 works. One example is Tranquillo Andronico's 1534 writing that states that the Vlachs "now call themselves Romans". Another one is Francesco della Valle's 1532 manuscripts that state that the Romanians from Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania preserved
10716-581: The then continuously expanding Ottoman Empire, at times allied with either the Kingdom of Poland or the Kingdom of Hungary in these causes. Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. However, Moldavia and Wallachia (extending to Dobruja and Bulgaria) were not entirely subdued by the Ottomans as both principalities became autonomous (which was not the case of other Ottoman territorial possessions in Europe). Transylvania,
10830-467: The thought of somebody else touching you, when your body is exclusively and without impartasion to anyone. I sometimes hate you because I know you own all these allures that you charmed me with, I hate you when I suspect you might give away my fortune, my only fortune. I could only be happy beside you if we were far away from all the other people, somewhere, so that I didn't have to show you to anybody and I could be relaxed only if I could keep you locked up in
10944-607: The turn of the 14th century, and with the emergence of the Principality of Wallachia north of the Danube in the 14th century, from the 15th century the name was reserved for it. White Wallachia , a Byzantine denomination for the region between the Danube River and the Balkans; Moravian Wallachia , a region in south-eastern Czech Republic). The names derive from the Vlachs, who had lived across much of these regions. In
11058-538: The two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian-Saxon side at the time being Avram Iancu and Stephan Ludwig Roth . On the other hand, the Wallachian revolutions of 1821 and 1848 as well as the Moldavian Revolution of 1848 , which aimed for independence from Ottoman and Russian foreign rulership, represented important impacts in the process of spreading the liberal ideology in
11172-430: The use of bold metaphors, much too rare in earlier Romanian poetry; (3) last but not least, he was arguably the first Romanian writer who published in all Romanian provinces and was constantly interested in the problems of Romanians everywhere. He defined himself as a Romantic , in a poem addressed To My Critics ( Criticilor mei ), and this designation, his untimely death as well as his bohemian lifestyle (he never pursued
11286-478: The war on the side of the Triple Entente . As a result, at the end of the war, Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina were awarded to Romania, through a series of international peace treaties, resulting in an enlarged and far more powerful kingdom under King Ferdinand I . As of 1920, the Romanian people was believed to number over 15 million solely in the region of the Romanian kingdom, a figure larger than
11400-589: Was "captured by the Vlachs , to whom the rumor of his escape had reached, he was taken back to the emperor". The Byzantine chronicler John Kinnamos , presenting the campaign of Manuel I Komnenos against Hungary in 1166, reports that General Leon Vatatzes had under his command "a great multitude of Vlachs, who are said to be ancient colonies of those in Italy", an army that attacked the Hungarian possessions "about
11514-515: Was a diocese of the later Roman Empire , in the area of modern-day Balkans . The Diocese of Dacia was composed of five provinces, the northernmost provinces were Dacia Ripensis (the Danubian portion of Dacia Aureliana, one of the cities of Dacia Ripensis in today Romania is Sucidava ) and Moesia Prima (today in Serbia, near the border between Romania and Serbia). The territory of the diocese
11628-462: Was a file of notes on christenings from the archives of the Uspenia (Princely) Church of Botoșani; inside this file, the date of birth was "15 January 1850" and the date of christening was the 21st of the same month. The date of his birth was confirmed by the poet's elder sister, Aglae Drogli, who affirmed that the place of birth was the village of Ipotești, Botoșani County . The most accepted theory
11742-407: Was a glass of milk, which the attending doctor slipped through the metallic peephole of the "cell" where he spent the last hours of his life. In response to this favor he was said to have whispered, "I'm crumbled". The next day, on 16 June 1889 he was officially declared deceased and legal papers to that effect were prepared by doctors Suțu and Petrescu, who submitted the official report. This paperwork
11856-519: Was assigned Moldavia . That summer, he quite by chance ran into his brother Iorgu, a military officer, in Cișmigiu Gardens , but firmly rebuffed Iorgu's attempt to get him to renew his ties to his family. Still in the summer of 1869, he left Pascaly's troupe and traveled to Cernăuţi and Iaşi . He renewed ties to his family; his father promised him a regular allowance to pursue studies in Vienna in
11970-506: Was born in Botoșani , Moldavia . Mihai Eminescu was the seventh of the eleven children of Gheorghe Eminovici and Raluca Jurașcu. He spent his early childhood in Botoșani and Ipotești , in his parents family home. From 1858 to 1866 he attended school in Cernăuți . He finished 4th grade as the 5th of 82 students, after which he attended two years of gymnasium . The first evidence of Eminescu as
12084-425: Was but an overlap of different-sized cycles, made of sudden bursts that were nurtured by dreams and crises due to the impact with reality. The cycles could last from a few hours or days to weeks or months, depending on the importance of events, or could even last longer, when they were linked to the events that significantly marked his life, such as his relation with Veronica , his political activity during his years as
12198-522: Was defeated by CDR -supported Emil Constantinescu in the 1996 general elections , the first in post-communist Romania that saw a peaceful transition of power . Following Constantinescu's single term as president from 1996 to 2000, Iliescu was re-elected in late 2000 for another term of four years. In 2004, Traian Băsescu , the PNL - PD candidate of the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), was elected president. Five years later, Băsescu (solely supported by
12312-507: Was devastated by the Huns in the middle of 5th century and finally overrun by the Avars and Slavs in late 6th and early 7th century. Scythia Minor (c. 290 – c. 680) was a Roman province corresponding to the lands between the Danube and the Black Sea , today's Dobruja divided between Romania and Bulgaria . The capital of the province was Tomis (today Constanța ). According to
12426-514: Was first journalist, then (1880) editor-in-chief of the newspaper Timpul ( The Time ). During this time he wrote Scrisorile , Luceafărul , Odă în metru antic etc. Most of his notable editorial pieces belong to this period, when Romania was fighting the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and throughout the diplomatic race that eventually brought about the international recognition of Romanian independence, but under
12540-485: Was not due to head trauma occurred 25 days earlier and which had healed completely, but was the consequence of an older endocarditis (diagnosed by late professor N. Tomescu) ". Contemporary specialists, primarily physicians who have dealt with the Eminescu case, reject both hypotheses on the cause of death of the poet. According to them, the poet died of cardio-respiratory arrest caused by mercury poisoning . Eminescu
12654-485: Was only 20 when Titu Maiorescu , the top literary critic in Romania, dubbed him "a real poet", in an essay where only a handful of the Romanian poets of the time were spared Maiorescu's harsh criticism. In the following decade, Eminescu's notability as a poet grew continually thanks to (1) the way he managed to enrich the literary language with words and phrases from all Romanian regions, from old texts, and with new words that he coined from his wide philosophical readings; (2)
12768-399: Was the fact that "he had an excessively unique nature". Eminescu's life was a continuous oscillation between introvert and extrovert attitudes. That's how I knew him back then, and that is how he remained until his last moments of well-being: cheerful and sad; sociable and crabbed; gentle and abrupt; he was thankful for everything and unhappy about some things; here he was as abstemious as
12882-549: Was then generalised during the National awakening of Romania of early 19th century. Several historical sources show the use of the term "Romanian" among the medieval or early modern Romanian population. One of the earliest examples comes from the Nibelungenlied , a German epic poem from before 1200 in which a "Duke Ramunc from the land of Vlachs (Wallachia)" is mentioned. "Vlach" was an exonym used almost exclusively for
12996-431: Was wrongly diagnosed and treated, aiming his removal from public life, as some eminescologists claim. Eminescu was diagnosed since 1886 by Dr. Julian Bogdan from Iași as syphilitic, paralytic and on the verge of dementia due to alcohol abuse and syphilitic gummas emerged on the brain. The same diagnosis is given by Dr. Panait Zosin, who consulted Eminescu on 6 November 1886 and wrote that patient Eminescu suffered from
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