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100-424: The commune is located in the southwestern part of Maramureș County, 34 km (21 mi) from the county seat, Baia Mare , on the border with Sălaj County . It lies at an altitude of about 300 m (980 ft), on the banks of the river Bârsău . Valea Chioarului is crossed by national road DN1C  [ ro ] (part of European route E58 ), which runs from Cluj-Napoca north towards Baia Mare and

200-515: A delegation to Vienna . On 5 March the Austrian and Hungarian Estates jointly requested Frederick III to renounce the guardianship of their young sovereign. Frederick, who had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor , initially refused to satisfy their demand. Hunyadi convoked a Diet to discuss the situation, but before the Diet made any decision the united troops of the Austrian and Bohemian Estates forced

300-479: A helmet, reportedly worn by him in his battles. The Museum of Baia Mare displays his weapons and their harness. In 1748 the city's mining industry made a leap forward when the Austrian authorities created the headquarters of "Superior Mining". In the late nineteenth century, Simon Hollósy , István Réti , János Thorma , Béla Iványi-Grünwald , and Károly Ferenczy were among numerous young Hungarians who left

400-595: A leading Hungarian military and political figure during the 15th century, who served as regent of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1446 to 1453, under the minor Ladislaus V . According to most contemporary sources, he was the member of a noble family of Wallachian ancestry . Through his struggles against the Ottoman Empire , he earned for himself the nickname "Turk-buster" from his contemporaries. Due to his merits, he quickly received substantial land grants. By

500-491: A letter of 1489, Matthias Corvinus wrote that his grandmother's sister, whom the Ottoman Turks had captured and forced to join the harem of an unnamed Sultan , became the ancestor of Cem , the rebellious son of Sultan Mehmed II . Based on this letter, historian Kubinyi says that the "Greek connection cannot be discounted entirely". If Matthias Corvinus' report is valid, John Hunyadi—the hero of anti-Ottoman wars—and

600-512: A peace treaty between King Vladislaus and Dowager Queen Elisabeth. The Ottoman Sultan, Murad II dispatched Şihabeddin Pasha—the governor of Rumelia—to invade Transylvania with a force of 70,000. The Pasha stated that the mere sight of his turban would force his enemies to run far away. Although Hunyadi could only muster a force of 15,000 men, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Ottomans at

700-607: A population of 108,759 at the 2021 census , and a metropolitan area home to about 200,000 residents. The city administers four villages: Blidari ( Kőbánya ), Firiza ( Felsőfernezely ), Valea Borcutului ( Borpatak ), and Valea Neagră ( Feketepatak ). Baia Mare was named the Romanian Youth Capital from 2 May 2018 to 1 May 2019. Baia Mare is the greenest municipality in Romania, with 133 square meters of green space for each inhabitant. The city's development on

800-574: A population of approximately 109,000. It also has a high level of culture and education, being home to theatres, schools, museums and art galleries. Not far from the city there are a few very important natural reservations, among them Creasta Cocoșului, Cheile Tătărului, Lacul Albastru etc. Because of its privileged location in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains it is considered one of the most picturesque cities in Romania . At

900-484: A prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout Christendom . He established a vigorous offensive posture in his battles, which enabled him to counteract the numerical superiority of the Ottomans through decisive maneuver. He employed mercenaries (many of them recently disbanded Czech Hussite troops), increasing the professionalism in his ranks and supplementing the numerous irregulars mustered from local peasantry, whom he had no reservations about employing in

1000-590: A year, until the end of 1438. The Ottomans had occupied the larger part of Serbia by the end of 1438. In the same year, Ottoman troops—supported by Vlad II Dracul , Prince of Wallachia —made an incursion into Transylvania, plundering Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben, Gyulafehérvár (present-day Alba Iulia, Romania) and other towns. After the Ottomans laid siege to Smederevo , the last important Serbian stronghold in June 1439, Đurađ Branković , Despot of Serbia fled to Hungary to seek military assistance. King Albert proclaimed

1100-561: Is a municipality along the Săsar River , in northwestern Romania ; it is the capital of Maramureș County . The city lies in the region of Maramureș , a subregion of Transylvania . It is situated about 600 km (373 mi) from Bucharest , 70 km (43 mi) from the border with Hungary , and 50 km (31 mi) from the border with Ukraine . Located south of the Igniș  [ ro ] and Gutâi mountains, Baia Mare had

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1200-420: Is first mentioned in written documents released by Charles I of Hungary in 1328 under the name of Rivulus Dominarum (English: Ladies' River ). In 1347 the town was identified in documents by Louis I of Hungary as an important medieval town with a prosperous mining industry . Its rules of organisation were characteristic of the "free towns" of that time. In 1411 the town and its surrounding areas, including

1300-525: Is represented by: National highschools from Baia Mare: There are three state hospitals in Baia Mare: Baia Mare is twinned with: John Hunyadi John Hunyadi ( Hungarian : Hunyadi János ; Romanian : Ioan de Hunedoara ; Croatian : Janko Hunjadi ; Serbian : Сибињанин Јанко , romanized :  Sibinjanin Janko ; c.  1406 – 11 August 1456) was

1400-495: Is situated in the Baia Mare valley and is encircled on all sides by hills and mountains, which makes the climate in the city milder than the rest of the surrounding area. Proof of this is that the outskirts of Baia Mare are the only areas where you can find chestnut trees that usually need Mediterranean climate to grow. This is the northernmost reach of the chestnut tree . However, abrupt temperature changes take place and, during

1500-450: The 2021 census , Baia Mare had a population of 108,759. At the 2011 census , the city had a population of 123,738, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census. The ethnic composition of the city is as follows: and 642 others, including Greeks , Turks , Italians , Lipovans , Poles , and Slovaks . Baia Mare metropolitan area has a population of 215,932, an area of 1,395.38 km (538.76 sq mi), and includes

1600-531: The Balkan Mountains in 1443–44 and defence of Belgrade (Nándorfehérvár) in 1456, against troops led personally by the sultan , established his reputation as a great general. The pope ordered that European churches ring their bells at noon to gather the faithful in prayer for those who were fighting. The bells of Christian churches are rung at noon to commemorate the Belgrade victory. John Hunyadi

1700-815: The Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI . In exchange, he demanded two Byzantine forts on the Black Sea, Silivri and Misivri , but the Emperor refused. Hunyadi convoked a Diet to Buda, but the barons and the prelates preferred to visit Ladislaus V in Vienna in November. At the Diet of Vienna, Hunyadi renounced the regency, but the King appointed him "captain general of the kingdom" on 30 January 1453. The King even authorized Hunyadi to keep

1800-597: The Hussites ' tactics on this occasion, because he later applied its featuring elements, including the use of wagons as a mobile fortress . On 9 December 1437 Sigismund died; his son-in-law, Albert was elected King of Hungary in nine days. According to historians Teke and Engel, Hunyadi soon returned to the southern frontiers of the kingdom which had been subject to Ottoman raids. In contrast with them, Mureşanu says that Hunyadi served King Albert in Bohemia for at least

1900-629: The Ialomița River in September. John Hunyadi and his 15,000 men defeated the 80,000-strong army of Begler Bey Sehabeddin at Zajkány (today's Zeicani ), near the Iron Gate of the Danube river in 1442. Hunyadi placed Basarab II on the princely throne of Wallachia, but Basarab's opponent Vlad Dracul returned and forced Basarab to flee in early 1443. Hunyadi's victories in 1441 and 1442 made him

2000-574: The Lower Danube from the Ottomans. However, he did not risk a clash with the Ottoman garrisons stationed on the south bank of the river, and returned to Hungary before winter. Vlad Dracul soon concluded a peace treaty with the Ottomans. The Estates of the realm proclaimed Hunyadi regent, bestowing the title "governor" upon him on 6 June 1446. His election was primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi had by that time become one of

2100-556: The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II were first cousins. On the other hand, historian Péter E. Kovács writes that Matthias Corvinus's story about his family connection with the Ottoman Sultans was nothing but a pack of lies. Hunyadi's year of birth is uncertain. Although Gáspár Heltai writes that Hunyadi was born in 1390, he must have actually been born between around 1405 and 1407, because his younger brother

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2200-459: The Ukrainian border at Halmeu . This Maramureș County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Baia Mare Baia Mare ( US : / ˌ b ɑː j ə ˈ m ɑːr ə / BAH -yə MAR -ə , Romanian: [ˈbaja ˈmare] ; Hungarian : Nagybánya ; German : Frauenbach or Groß-Neustadt ; Latin : Rivulus Dominarum )

2300-539: The crusader camp. However, his victories over the Turks prevented them from invading the Kingdom of Hungary for more than 60 years. His fame was a decisive factor in the election of his son, Matthias Corvinus , as king by the Diet of 1457. Hunyadi is a popular historical figure among Hungarians , Romanians , Serbs , Bulgarians and other nations of the region. A royal charter of grant issued on 18 October 1409 contains

2400-636: The 12,780 inhabitants, 5,005 were Romanians, 4,652 Hungarians, 1,792 Jews, 1,232 Germans, and 99 of other ethnicities. Many inhabitants declared themselves as Hungarian-speakers during previous censuses, despite not being ethnic Hungarians Before the Second World War , Baia Mare had a community of more than 1,000 Jews . In 1944, most of the Jews were deported by the Hungarian occupation authorities to Nazi concentration and extermination camps. Most of

2500-767: The Artists' Colony in Nagybánya . Following World War I , the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved, and in 1920, Baia Mare officially became part of the Kingdom of Romania . It became part of Hungary again in 1940 by the Second Vienna Award , until the end of World War II . Near the end of that period, the city hosted the Baia Mare ghetto . After the war, the city was returned to Romania. Shortly after World War II in postwar development,

2600-761: The Black Sea across the Balkan Mountains. They expected that the Venetian fleet would hinder Sultan Murad from transferring Ottoman forces from Anatolia to the Balkans, but the Genoese transported the Sultan's army across the Dardanelles . The two armies clashed near Varna on 10 November. Although outnumbered by two to one, the crusaders initially ruled the battlefield against the Ottomans. However,

2700-447: The Diet of March 1450 ordered the confiscation of Branković's estates in the Kingdom of Hungary. Hunyadi and his troops departed for Serbia, forcing Branković to release his son. Hunyadi, Ladislaus Garai and Nicholas Újlaki concluded a treaty on 17 July 1450, promising each other assistance to preserve their offices in case King Ladislaus V returned to Hungary. In October Hunyadi made peace with Frederick III of Germany, which confirmed

2800-607: The Emperor to hand over the young monarch to Count Ulrich of Celje on 4 September. In the meantime, Hunyadi had met Jiskra in Körmöcbánya (present-day Kremnica, Slovakia) where they concluded a treaty on 24 August. According to the treaty, Jiskra retained Léva (present-day Levica, Slovakia) and his right to collect the " thirtieth "—a custom duty—at Késmárk (present-day Kežmarok, Slovakia) and Ólubló (present-day Stará Ľubovňa, Slovakia). In September Hunyadi sent envoys to Constantinople and promised military assistance to

2900-529: The Estates' offer and was also crowned king on 17 July. During the ensuing civil war between the two kings' partisans, Hunyadi supported Vladislaus. Hunyadi fought against the Ottomans in Wallachia, for which King Vladislaus granted him five domains in the vicinity of his family estates on 9 August 1440. Hunyadi, together with Nicholas of Ilok, annihilated the troops of Vladislaus' opponents at Bátaszék at

3000-616: The German monarch's position as guardian of Ladislaus V for further eight years. With the mediation of Újlaki and other barons, Hunyadi also concluded a peace treaty with Branković in August 1451, which authorized Hunyadi to redeem the debated domains for 155,000 gold florins. Hunyadi launched a military expedition against Jiskra, but the Czech commander routed the Hungarian troops near Losonc (present-day Lučenec, Slovakia) on 7 September. With

3100-466: The Good , Duke of Burgundy and other European powers demanded a new crusade, promising financial or military support. The formation of a "party"—a group of noblemen and clerics—under Hunyadi's leadership can be dated to this period. Their main purpose was the defence of Hungary against the Ottomans. According to a letter of Đurađ Branković, Hunyadi spent more than 63,000 gold florins to hire mercenaries in

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3200-544: The Kingdom of Hungary—including Debrecen , Munkács (present-day Mukacheve, Ukraine), and Nagybánya (present-day Baia Mare, Romania)—to Hunyadi. King Vladislaus, whom Cardinal Cesarini urged to keep his oath, decided to invade the Ottoman Empire in autumn. Upon the Cardinal's proposal, he offered Hunyadi the crown of Bulgaria. The crusaders departed from Hungary on 22 September. They planned to advance towards

3300-674: The Magnanimous , King of Aragon and Naples . He even offered the crown to Alfonso in exchange for the King's participation in an anti-Ottoman crusade and the confirmation of his position as governor. However, King Alfonso refrained from signing an agreement. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and dethroned Vlad Dracul in December 1447. According to the contemporaneous Polish chronicler Jan Długosz , Hunyadi had "the very man he promised to make voivode" blinded, and planned "to appropriate" Wallachia for himself. Hunyadi styled himself "voivode of

3400-529: The Ottoman troops who were plundering the southern marches in the early 1440s. In 1442, Hunyadi won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the Battle of Szeben in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania . In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of Beylerbey Şehabeddin ,

3500-480: The Provincial Governor of Rumelia . This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of the provincial cavalry led by their own sanjak beys (governors) and accompanied by the formidable janissaries . Although defeated in the battle of Varna in 1444 and in the second battle of Kosovo in 1448, his successful " Long Campaign " across

3600-535: The Romanian government. The tailing dam at the gold processing plant broke and 100,000 m (3,531,467 cu ft) 70 tons of toxic cyanide and heavy metal -laced waste water escaped into the River Tisza and into Hungary, making its way into the Danube and affecting Romania, Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia, and Bulgaria. More than 1,400 tons of fish, numerous eagles, storks and otters died. Scientists fear

3700-543: The Székelys and Chief Captain of Nándorfehérvár (now Belgrade ) in 1441 and head of a several of southern counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, he assumed responsibility for the defense of the frontiers. He adopted the Hussite method of using wagons for military purposes . He employed professional soldiers, but also mobilized local peasantry against invaders. These innovations contributed to his earliest successes against

3800-554: The Transalpine land" and referred to the Wallachian town, Târgoviște as "our fortress" in a letter of 4 December. It is without doubt that Hunyadi installed a new voivode in Wallachia, but modern historians debate whether the new voivode was Vladislav II (to whom Hunyadi referred as his relative in a letter) or Dan (who seems to have been a son of Basarab II). In February 1448 Hunyadi sent an army to Moldavia to support

3900-661: The United States. Based on claims that the material was, in fact, worthless mining sludge , the public prosecutor 's office in Constanța filed an indictment against Boldor in June 2018 on charges of money laundering, customs fraud, document forgery, the collection and transport of hazardous waste, and tax evasion. In 2011, the local administration built a 1.8m-tall wall between the road Strada Horea and an area of social housing that houses 1000 Roma people into one-room apartments, some without water or electricity. According to

4000-414: The advantageous treaty, but Cardinal Cesarini urged the monarch to continue the crusade. On 4 August Vladislaus took a solemn oath of launching a campaign against the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year even if a peace treaty were concluded. According to Johannes de Thurocz, the King appointed Hunyadi to sign the peace treaty on 15 August. In a week, Đurađ Branković mortgaged his extensive domains in

4100-609: The area to study the arts in Munich , as Hungary lacked an academy of art in those times. Simon Hollósy, the young Hungarian painter, was teaching in his studio new western European techniques. Some of those young painters decided to settle down together in Baia Mare, then called Nagybánya, to work on art. They persuaded Hollósy to join them and founded the Nagybánya artists' colony , working on naturalism and plein air painting. The artists' colony became known later on for influencing

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4200-672: The autumn of 1449, but could not defeat them. On the other hand, the rulers of two neighboring countries— Stjepan Tomaš , King of Bosnia , and Bogdan II , Voivode of Moldavia —concluded a treaty with Hunyadi, promising that they would remain loyal to him. In early 1450 Hunyadi and Jiskra signed a peace treaty in Mezőkövesd , acknowledging that many prosperous towns in Upper Hungary —including Pressburg/Pozsony (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) and Kassa (present-day Košice, Slovakia)—remained under Jiskra's rule. Upon Hunyadi's demand,

4300-510: The beginning of his career Hunyadi worked either for Demeter Csupor, Bishop of Zagreb or for the Csákys. According to the Byzantine historian Laonikos Chalkokondyles , the young Hunyadi "stayed for a time" at the court of Stefan Lazarević , Despot of Serbia , who died in 1427. Hunyadi's marriage with Elisabeth Szilágyi substantiates Chalkokondyles' report, because her father, Ladislaus

4400-411: The borders. By effectively defending the interests of local landowners at the royal court, Hunyadi strengthened his position in the provinces under his administration. For instance, he obtained land grants and privileges for local noblemen from the King. Hunyadi set about repairing the walls of Belgrade, which had been damaged during an Ottoman attack. In retaliation for Ottoman raids in the region of

4500-435: The campaign at the head of an army of 25–27,000 men in the autumn of 1443. In theory, Vladislaus commanded the army, but the true leader of the campaign was Hunyadi. Despot Đurađ Branković joined them with a force of 8,000 men. Hunyadi commanded the vanguards and routed four smaller Ottoman forces, hindering their unification. He captured Kruševac , Niš and Sofia . However, the Hungarian troops could not break through

4600-573: The child Ladislaus V's rule if King Vladislaus, whose fate was still uncertain, had not arrived in Hungary by the end of May. The Estates also elected seven " Captains in Chief ", including Hunyadi, each being responsible for the restoration of internal order in the territory allotted to them. Hunyadi was assigned to administer the lands east of the river Tisza . Here he possessed at least six castles and owned lands in about ten counties, which made him

4700-465: The city's economy in recent years. Baia Mare has become one of the most economically evolved cities in the region. As a result, several supermarkets have been built in the city as well as one of the biggest shopping malls in over 100 km (62 mi) radius. The largest sofa manufacturing plant in Eastern Europe, Italsofa , is located near the Baia Mare city highway ring. Aramis Invest is

4800-414: The countryside. In order to prevent the unification of the armies of Hunyadi and Skanderbeg, Sultan Murad II joined battle with Hunyadi on Kosovo Polje on 17 October. The battle , which lasted for three days, ended with the crusaders' catastrophic defeat. Around 17,000 Hungarian and Wallachian soldiers were killed or captured and Hunyadi could hardly escape from the battlefield. On his way home, Hunyadi

4900-667: The development of twentieth-century Hungarian and Romanian art. Works by each of these important painters is held by the Hungarian National Gallery in Budapest, which in 2009 opened the exhibit, Munich in Hungarian, Hungarian Artists in Munich 1850-1914 , 2 Oct 2009 - Jan 2010. In addition, in 1966 the museum held a major exhibition of their work: The Art of Nagybánya. Centennial Exhibition in Celebration of

5000-407: The few survivors emigrated from the area. As of 2011 , 32 Jews lived in the city. Along with Rădăuți , Gura Humorului and others, Baia Mare had a Jewish shtetl , or settlement. The synagogue dates from 1885. The Baia Mare Municipal Council, elected at the 2012 local elections , had the following political composition: The Baia Mare Municipal Council, elected at the 2016 local elections , had

5100-605: The field. In April 1443 King Vladislaus and his barons decided to mount a major campaign against the Ottoman Empire. With the mediation of Cardinal Cesarini, Vladislaus reached a truce with Frederick III of Germany , who had been the guardian of the child Ladislaus V. The armistice guaranteed that Frederick III would not attack Hungary in the subsequent twelve months. Spending around 32,000 gold florins from his own treasury, Hunyadi hired more than 10,000 mercenaries. The King also mustered troops, and reinforcements arrived from Poland and Moldavia . The King and Hunyadi departed for

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5200-554: The first half of the year. An eminent representative of Renaissance humanism in Hungary, John Vitéz became Hunyadi's close friend around that time. The advance of Christian forces in Ottoman territory also encouraged the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula to revolt in the peripheries of the Ottoman Empire. For instance, Skanderbeg , an Albanian noble, expelled the Ottomans from Krujë and all other fortresses once held by his family. Sultan Murad II, whose main concern

5300-652: The first reference to John Hunyadi. In the document, King Sigismund of Hungary bestowed Hunyad Castle (in present-day Hunedoara , Romania) and the lands attached to it upon John's father, Voyk and Voyk's four kinsmen, including John himself. According to the document, John's father served in the royal household as a "court knight" at that time, suggesting that he was descended from a respected family. Two 15th-century chroniclers— Johannes de Thurocz and Antonio Bonfini —write that Voyk had moved from Wallachia to Hungary upon King Sigismund's initiative. László Makkai, Malcolm Hebron, Pál Engel and other scholars accept

5400-456: The following political composition: The Baia Mare Municipal Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections , consists of 23 counsellors and has the following political composition: The economic activity of Baia Mare has been based on the mining activities located in the surrounding areas. However, after the 1989 Revolution and industrial changes, such mining declined considerably. They have been replaced with several activities which have improved

5500-481: The general insurrection of the nobility against the Ottomans, but few armed noblemen assembled in the region of Titel and were ready to fight. A notable exception was Hunyadi, who made raids against the besiegers and defeated them in smaller skirmishes, which contributed to the rise of his fame. The Ottomans captured Smederevo in August. King Albert appointed the Hunyadi brothers Bans of Severin, elevating them to

5600-609: The largest furniture manufacturer and exporter in Romania. In 2014, it was the largest supplier on the local market of the Swedish company IKEA . The city has a mainline (and branch) passenger and freight railway service provided by CFR , the national railway carrier. In Baia Mare there is one library (with a few branches), 6 museums, one planetarium and observatory, 2 theaters, 2 cultural centers, one art school and one popular university. In Baia Mare there are 23 schools, 34 kindergartens and 18 highschools. Higher education

5700-636: The local cultural/ecclesiastical tradition. The crest shows the city's status as a county seat. The city is situated in the vicinity of the Gutâi and Igniș  [ ro ] mountains. Altitudes reach 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) in some peaks. The area is famous for its outstanding landscapes, and the mountains are easily accessible from the city, notable routes being: Igniș (1,307 m), Mogoșa (1,246 m), Gutâi (1,443 m), Creasta Cocoșului (1,450 m), Piatra Șoimului (839 m), Pleștioara (803 m), Dealul Bulat (683 m), Murgau (633 m), Dealul Crucii (500 m), etc. The city

5800-525: The mayor, this wall was designed to "prevent traffic accidents", while pro-democracy organizations say it amounts to a " roma wall " and "institutionalized racism". In 2011, the national anti-discrimination council fined mayor Cătălin Cherecheș for the building of the wall and ordered it to be pulled down. The wall nevertheless proved popular with the majority population and the mayor was overwhelmingly re-elected in 2012. The coat of arms of Baia Mare

5900-680: The mediation of Branković, Hungary and the Ottoman Empire signed a three-year truce on 20 November. The Austrian noblemen rose up in open rebellion against Frederick III of Germany, who governed the duchy in the name of Ladislaus the Posthumus at the turn of 1451 and 1452. The leader of the rebellion, Ulrich Eizinger sought the assistance of the Estates of Ladislaus's two other realms, Bohemia and Hungary. The Diet of Hungary, which assembled in Pressburg/Pozsony in February 1452, sent

6000-651: The middle course of Săsar River , in the middle of a plateau with a warm Mediterranean-like climate, has facilitated living conditions since the Palaeolithic . During the Bronze Age the region was inhabited by Thracian tribes. Later, it was included in the Dacian Kingdom formed by the King Burebista when the mining exploration began, as the area is rich in gold and silver . Baia Mare

6100-471: The mines, were transferred into the property of the Hunyadi family by Sigismund , King of Hungary (later also Holy Roman Emperor), who recognised Janos Hunyadi 's contribution to stop the Turkish invasion of Europe. The town went into a period of prosperity, during which the St. Stephen Cathedral was built. Today the cathedral tower is one of the best-known of the town's historic landmarks (see Stephen's Tower ). The first school , named Schola Rivulina ,

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6200-448: The most powerful baron in the region under his rule. Hunyadi was planning to organize a new crusade against the Ottoman Empire. For this purpose, he barraged the Pope and other Western monarchs with letters in 1445. In September he had a meeting, at Nicopolis , with Waleran de Wavrin (nephew of the chronicler Jean de Wavrin ), the captain of eight Burgundian galleys, and Vlad Dracul of Wallachia, who had seized small fortresses along

6300-487: The municipality of Baia Mare, five towns ( Baia Sprie , Cavnic , Seini , Șomcuta Mare , and Tăuții-Măgherăuș ), and 13 communes ( Cernești , Cicârlău , Coaș , Coltău , Copalnic-Mănăștur , Dumbrăvița , Groși , Mireșu Mare , Recea , Remetea Chioarului , Satulung , Săcălășeni , and Valea Chioarului ). In 1912, out of the total population of 12,877 people, 9,992 were Hungarians (including Jews), 2,677 Romanians, and 175 Germans (i.e., Zipser Germans ). In 1920, of

6400-447: The northern regions (in present-day Slovakia)—to sign an armistice for three years on 13 September. However, Jiskra did not keep the truce, and armed conflicts continued. In November Hunyadi proceeded against Frederick III of Germany, who had refused to release Ladislaus V and seized Kőszeg , Sopron and other towns along the western border. Hunyadi's troops plundered Austria, Styria , Carinthia and Carniola , but no decisive battle

6500-434: The passes of the Balkan Mountains towards Edirne . Cold weather and the lack of supplies forced the Christian troops to stop the campaign at Zlatitsa . After being victorious in the Battle of Kunovica , they returned to Belgrade in January and Buda in February 1444. Although no major Ottoman forces had been defeated, Hunyadi's " long campaign " stirred enthusiasm throughout Christian Europe. Pope Eugenius, Philip

6600-401: The peoples of the Balkan Peninsula give rise to further legends of his royal parentage. The identification of John Hunyadi's mother is even less certain. In connection with King Sigismund's supposed parentage, both Bonfini and Heltai say that she was the daughter of a rich boyar , or nobleman, whose estates were located at Morzsina (present-day Margina , Romania). Pop proposes that she

6700-466: The pretender Peter in seizing the throne. In exchange, Peter acknowledged Hunyadi's suzerainty and contributed to the installation of a Hungarian garrison in the fort of Chilia Veche on the Lower Danube. Hunyadi made a new attempt to expel Count Ulrich of Celje from Slavonia, but could not defeat him. In June Hunyadi and the Count reached an agreement, which confirmed Count Ulrich's position of Ban in Slavonia. In short time Hunyadi sent his envoys to

6800-441: The principles of contemporary military art, including the employment of mercenaries, in Milan . Hunyadi again joined the entourage of Sigismund, who had in the meantime been crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, at the very end of 1433. He served the monarch as a "court knight". He loaned 1,200 gold florins to the Emperor in January 1434. In exchange, Sigismund mortgaged Papi—a market town in Csanád County —and half of

6900-425: The rank of "true barons of the realm". He also mortgaged a Vlach district in Temes County to them. King Albert died of dysentery on 27 October 1439. His widow, Elisabeth —Emperor Sigismund's daughter—gave birth to a posthumus son, Ladislaus . The Estates of the realm offered the crown to Vladislaus , King of Poland , but Elizabeth had his infant son crowned king on 15 May 1440. However, Vladislaus accepted

7000-583: The release may have led to the ultimate extinction of at least five fish species. Despite the accident's happening in Romania, much of the adverse effects were suffered in Hungary. The accident prompted Hungary to ban the use of cyanide in gold processing and it has urged the rest of Europe to do the same. Since 2013, local romani businessman Daniel Boldor has been operating out of the CUPROM mine and refinery outside of Baia Mare, selling what he claims are under-extracted Ore concentrate shipments to international metal traders in China, South Korea, Thailand, and

7100-497: The richest barons of the kingdom. His domains covered an area exceeding 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres). Hunyadi was one of the few contemporaneous barons who spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years. As governor, Hunyadi was authorized to exercise most royal prerogatives for the period of King Ladislaus V's minority. For instance, he could make land grants, but only up to

7200-406: The river Sava , he made an incursion into Ottoman territory in the summer or autumn of 1441. He scored a pitched battle victory over Ishak Bey, the commander of Smederovo. Early the next year, Bey Mezid invaded Transylvania with a force of 17,000 soldiers. Hunyadi was taken by surprise and lost the first battle near Marosszentimre (Sântimbru, Romania). Bey Mezid lay siege to Hermannstadt, but

7300-809: The royal castles and royal revenues that he possessed at that time. Hunyadi also received Beszterce (present-day Bistrița, Romania)—a district of the Transylvanian Saxons —with the title " perpetual count " from Ladislaus V, which was the first grant of a hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary. In a letter of 28 April 1453, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini —the future Pope Pius II—stated that King Ladislaus V's realms were administered by "three men": Hungary by Hunyadi, Bohemia by George of Poděbrady, and Austria by Ulrich of Celje. However, Hunyadi's position gradually weakened, because even many of his former allies considered his acts to retain his power with suspicion. The citizens of Beszterce forced him to issue

7400-400: The royal court, in practice Hunyadi administered Transylvania and the southern borderlands alone. Soon after his appointment, Hunyadi visited Transylvania where the child Ladislaus V's partisans had maintained a strong position. After Hunyadi pacified Transylvania, the regions under his administration remained undisturbed by internal conflicts, enabling Hunyadi to concentrate on the defence of

7500-716: The royal incomes from a nearby ferry on the Maros River to Hunyadi and his younger brother. The royal charter of the transaction mentions Hunyadi as John the Vlach ( Romanian ). In short, Sigismund granted Hunyadi further domains, including Békésszentandrás , and Hódmezővásárhely , each incorporating about 10 villages. Antonio Bonfini writes of Hunyadi's service in the retinue of one "Francis Csanádi" who "became so fond of him that treated him as if he were his own son". Historian Engel identifies Francis Csanádi with Franko Talovac , Croatian nobleman and Ban of Severin , who

7600-509: The same letter, he explained his military strategy to the Pope, stating that "[p]ower is always greater when used in attack rather than in defence". Hunyadi departed for the new campaign at the head of an army of 16,000 soldiers in September 1448. About 8,000 soldiers from Wallachia also joined his campaign. For Đurađ Branković refused to assist the crusaders, Hunyadi treated him as the Ottoman's ally and his army marched through Serbia plundering

7700-457: The size of 32 peasant holdings. Hunyadi attempted to pacify the border regions. Soon after his election, he launched an unsuccessful campaign against Ulrich II, Count of Celje . Count Ulrich administered Slavonia with the title ban (which he had arbitrarily adopted) and refused to renounce of it in favor of Hunyadi's appointee. Hunyadi could not force him to submit. Hunyadi persuaded John Jiskra of Brandýs —a Czech commander who controlled

7800-576: The time of his death, he was the owner of immense land areas, totaling approximately four million cadastral acres, which had no precedent before or after in the Kingdom of Hungary. His enormous wealth and his military and political weight were primarily directed towards the purposes of the Ottoman wars . Hunyadi mastered his military skills on the southern borderlands of the Kingdom of Hungary that were exposed to Ottoman attacks. Appointed Ban of Szörény in 1439, appointed Voivode of Transylvania , Counts of

7900-515: The title of governor. When he resigned from this office in 1452, the sovereign awarded him with the first hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary, ( perpetual count of Beszterce/Bistrița ). He had by this time become one of the wealthiest landowners in the kingdom, and preserved his influence in the Diet up until his death. This Athleta Christi (Christ's Champion), as Pope Pius II referred to him, died some three weeks after his triumph at Belgrade , falling to an epidemic that had broken out in

8000-502: The town of Baia Mare started to grow both in population and inhabited area. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a new town centre was developed with modern architecture buildings and structures. On 30 January 2000, Baia Mare was the site of what has been considered Europe's worst ecological disaster since Chernobyl , which took place at gold mining company Aurul, a joint-venture of the Australian company Esmeralda Exploration and

8100-460: The two chroniclers' report of the Wallachian origin of John Hunyadi's father. In contrast with them, Ioan-Aurel Pop says that Voyk was a native of the wider region of Hunyad Castle. Antonio Bonfini was the first chronicler to have made a passing remark of an alternative story of John Hunyadi's parentage, soon stating that it was just a "tasteless tale" fabricated by Hunyadi's opponent, Ulrich II, Count of Celje . According to this anecdote, John

8200-463: The two most prominent Albanian leaders—Scanderbeg and his father-in-law, Gjergj Arianiti —to seek their assistance against the Ottomans. Pope Eugenius suggested that the anti-Ottoman campaign should be postponed. However, Hunyadi stated, in a letter dated 8 September 1448, that he "have had enough of our men enslaved, our women raped, wagons loaded with the severed heads of our people" and expressed his determination to expel "the enemy from Europe". In

8300-526: The united forces of Hunyadi and Újlaki, who had in the meantime arrived in Transylvania, forced the Ottomans to lift the siege. The Ottoman forces were annihilated at Gyulafehérvár on 22 March. Pope Eugenius IV , who had been an enthusiastic propagator of a new crusade against the Ottomans, sent his legate , Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini to Hungary. The Cardinal arrived in May 1442 tasked with mediating

8400-473: The very beginning of 1441. Their victory effectively put an end to the civil war. The grateful King appointed Hunyadi and his comrade joint Voivodes of Transylvania and Counts of the Székelys in February. In short, the King also nominated them Ispáns of Temes County and conferred upon them the command of Belgrade and all other castles along the Danube . Since Nicholas of Ilok spent most of his time in

8500-475: The winters, the temperatures may occasionally drop below -20 degrees Celsius. The summers are mild, cooler than in the rest of the country. The precipitations in this area are quite high, due to the mountains in the north and east which do not allow the air masses to pass beyond the region's limits, the average rainfall being almost 1,000 mm/year. The city of Baia Mare is the most populous of northern Romanian cities ( Satu Mare , Suceava , and Botoșani ), with

8600-506: The young King Vladislaus launched a premature attack against the janissaries and was killed. Taking advantage of the crusaders' panic, the Ottomans annihilated their army. Hunyadi narrowly escaped from the battlefield, but was captured and imprisoned by Wallachian soldiers. However, Vlad Dracul set him free before long. At the next Diet of Hungary , which assembled in April 1445, the Estates decided that they would unanimously acknowledge

8700-555: The younger and Voyk) and their uncle Radol, but does not refer to their father. Andreas Pannonius, who served Hunyadi for five years, wrote that the future commander "accustomed himself to tolerate both cold and heat in good time". Like other young noblemen, John Hunyadi spent his youth serving in the court of powerful magnates. However, the exact list of his employers cannot be completed, because 15th-century authors recorded contradictory data on his early life. Filippo Scolari 's biographer, Poggio Bracciolini writes that Scolari—who

8800-804: Was a rebellion by the Karamanids in Anatolia , offered generous terms of peace to King Vladislaus. He even promised to withdraw the Ottoman garrisons from Serbia, thus restoring its semi-autonomous status under Despot Đurađ Branković. He also offered a truce for ten years. The Hungarian envoys accepted the Sultan's offer in Edirne on 12 June 1444. Đurađ Branković, who was grateful for the restoration of his realm, donated his estates at Világos (present-day Șiria, Romania) in Zaránd County to Hunyadi on 3 July. Hunyadi proposed King Vladislaus to confirm

8900-477: Was actually not Voyk's child, but King Sigismund's illegitimate son. The story became especially popular during the reign of John Hunyadi's son, Matthias Corvinus who erected a statue for King Sigismund in Buda . The 16th-century chronicler Gáspár Heltai repeated and further developed the tale, but modern scholars—for instance, Cartledge, and Kubinyi—regard it as an unverifiable gossip. Hunyadi's popularity among

9000-639: Was also Ispán of Csanád County around 1432. Engel says that Hunyadi served in the Ban's retinue for at least one and a half years from around October 1434. A Vlach district of the Banate of Severin was mortgaged to Hunyadi in this period. Sigismund, who entered Prague in the summer of 1436, hired Hunyadi and his 50 lancers for three months in October 1437 for 1,250 gold florins, implying that Hunyadi had accompanied him to Bohemia . Hunyadi seems to have studied

9100-597: Was also an eminent statesman. He actively took part in the civil war between the partisans of Wladislas I and the minor Ladislaus V, two claimants to the throne of Hungary in the early 1440s, on behalf of the former. He was popular among the lesser nobility, and in 1445 the Diet of Hungary appointed him one of the seven " Captains in Chief " responsible for the administration of state affairs until Ladislaus V (by that time unanimously accepted as king) came of age. The next Diet went even further, electing Hunyadi as sole regent with

9200-612: Was called Elisabeth. According to historian László Makkai, John Hunyadi's mother was a member of the Muzsina (or Mușina) kenez family from Demsus (Densuș, Romania), but Pop refuses the identification of the Morzsina and Muzsina families. With regard of John Hunyadi's mother, Bonfini provides an alternative solution as well, stating that she was a distinguished Greek lady, but does not name her. According to Kubinyi, her alleged Greek origin may simply refer to her Orthodox faith. In

9300-465: Was captured by Đurađ Branković who kept him prisoner in the fort of Smederevo. The Despot was initially contemplating to surrender Hunyadi to the Ottomans. However, the Hungarian barons and prelates who assembled at Szeged persuaded him to make peace with Hunyadi. According to the treaty, Hunyadi was obliged to pay a ransom of 100,000 gold florins and to return all the domains that he had acquired from Đurađ Branković. Hunyadi's oldest son, Ladislaus

9400-412: Was fought. A truce with Frederick III was signed on 1 June 1447. Although Frederick renounced of Győr , his position as the minor King's guardian was confirmed. The Estates of the realm were disappointed and the Diet elected Ladislaus Garai —a leader of Hunyadi's opponents—Palatine in September 1447. Hunyadi accelerated his negotiations, which had been commenced in the previous year, with Alfonso

9500-507: Was granted to the city by the Government in the late 1990s, early 2000s, some years after the communist symbols established in 1968 were de facto out of use starting 1989 . The shield is party per pale. In dexter , gules a miner in a mine argent , in sinister , azure a church tower or . The shield is topped by a mural crown with seven towers. The miner refers to the main local economical activity. The church tower refers to

9600-547: Was only born after 1409, and a difference of almost two decades between the two brothers' age is not plausible. The place of his birth is likewise unknown. The 16th-century scholar, Antun Vrančić wrote that John Hunyadi had been "a native" of the Hátszeg region (now Țara Hațegului in Romania). Hunyadi's father died before 12 February 1419. A royal charter issued on this day mentions Hunyadi, Hunyadi's two brothers ( John

9700-630: Was opened in Baia Mare in 1547 by the Reformed Church following the Protestant Reformation . In 1703 Pintea Viteazul and his band managed to free the town for a short period of time from the German Imperial rule, under which it belonged the royal treasury. Since then Pintea is considered an important figure in the town's history, representing the idea of freedom. The Budești Church has Pintea's chain mail shirt and

9800-534: Was responsible for the defense of the southern frontier as Ispán , or head, of Temes County —educated Hunyadi from his very youth, suggesting that Hunyadi was Scolari's page around 1420. On the other hand, John of Capistrano writes, in a letter of 1456, that Hunyadi started his military career serving under Nicholas of Ilok . For Nicholas of Ilok was at least six year younger than Hunyadi, historian Pál Engel writes that Capistrano confused him with his brother, Stephen of Ilok. Finally, Antonio Bonfini says that at

9900-497: Was sent to the Despot as a hostage. Hunyadi was released, and he returned to Hungary in late December 1448. His defeat and his humiliating treaty with the Despot weakened Hunyadi's position. The prelates and the barons confirmed the treaty and assigned Branković to negotiate with the Ottomans, and Hunyadi resigned from the office of Voivode of Transylvania. He invaded the lands controlled by John Jiskra and his Czech mercenaries in

10000-520: Was the Despot's familiaris around 1426. The wedding took place around 1429. While still a young man, Hunyadi entered the retinue of King Sigismund. He accompanied Sigismund to Italy in 1431 and upon Sigismund's order he joined the army of Filippo Maria Visconti , Duke of Milan . Bonfini says that Hunyadi "served two years" in the Duke's army. Modern scholars—for instance, Cartledge, Engel, Mureşanu and Teke—say that Hunyadi familiarized himself with

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