Métis Nation—Saskatchewan ( MN-S or MNS ) is a federally-recognized government that represents Métis people in the province of Saskatchewan , Canada . It is affiliated with the Métis National Council . Glen McCallum was elected as president in 2017 and reelected in 2021.
122-480: The government is led by an elected executive council called the Provincial Métis Council. The government has divided the province into 12 regions, and members within each region vote for their regional representative to the Provincial Métis Council. Within the 12 regions exist Métis locals, which are smaller governmental structures, each with an elected president. All of the above meet biannually at
244-659: A Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on
366-578: A cautious French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to
488-657: A collective unit that represents, serves, and protects the best interests of the Métis people and the Constitution of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. They operate through consensus, and senators are to devote time, thoughts, and study to their work. It was established to honour the central role of elder in traditional Métis communities. When the Senate had been originally established, they had much more authority over
610-406: A community). Locals were originally modelled on the labour movement, and were established as collective representative bodies for their members to assert their rights. The Constitution of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan allows for the establishment of urban councils. In the major cities of Saskatchewan, there are often more than one local, dividing either on geography or on mandate. The urban locals in
732-705: A constitution and codify laws that are known as the Laws of St. Laurent , using the Laws of the Buffalo Hunt as their foundation. This council set the precedent for all future Métis political activities in Saskatchewan. The Métis of the Southbranch Settlement, concerned with the arrival of settlers and the need to secure title to their lands, petitioned the Government of Canada for title to
854-427: A given city are allowed to establish an urban council if they choose to help move towards self-government. The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan has divided the province of Saskatchewan into 12 regions: Each region is governed by a regional council that consists of the local presidents in that region and the area director who serves as the chairperson of the regional council and sits as the regionally elected representative on
976-492: A governance institution, though it stops short of recognizing the Nation—Saskatchewan as a government. Traditional Métis governance practices of participatory governance and community councils are the basis for the governance structures and practices of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. Métis Locals in Saskatchewan are vital community anchors in serving as representatives, advocates, and cultural preservers. Métis locals are
1098-415: A local establishes for their own governance that are consistent with the Constitution of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. Locals may also incorporate with the appropriate government. Locals have the responsibility of preparing communities for self-government, and they may seek the necessary finances and resources for their programs, services, and other objectives that they have established. To be an active local,
1220-399: A local must have a minimum of nine members, and they must hold local leadership elections every one to three years. A Métis citizen can belong to only one local at a time, and they must ordinarily reside in the area of the local for a minimum of six months before they are allowed to join a local (exceptions can be made for educational or medical purposes, or where there a local does not exist in
1342-538: A non-profit corporation that provides programs and services. The Métis Act is the first legislation in Canada to recognize the political aspirations of the Métis. It established a bilateral process that empowers the elected leadership of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan to negotiate as an equal partner with the Government of Saskatchewan on matters of interest to the Métis. This is an unprecedented de facto recognition in Canada of Métis aspirations of Métis Nation—Saskatchewan as
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#17327732474821464-524: A pretext to initiate the invasion. The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of
1586-781: A pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as
1708-475: A secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of
1830-573: A sense of identity and community. Through these efforts, Métis locals foster connections within their community among individuals and families by providing a platform for social interactions. To accomplish these goals and advance shared objectives, Métis locals collaborate with educational institutions, organizations, companies, and government bodies to ensure accurate representation, advocacy for Métis rights, and awareness of Métis history and identity. Each local has an elected leadership that may include executive, board of directors, and other structures that
1952-774: A similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . In June 1940,
2074-531: A two-front war, as it had in World War I. Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as
2196-604: The Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. This pact had
2318-689: The British Empire , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and naval Battle of the Atlantic . Through a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany took control of much of continental Europe and formed the Axis alliance with Italy , Japan , and other countries. In June 1941, Germany led the European Axis in an invasion of
2440-581: The German Revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into
2562-853: The German invasion of Poland and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later on 3 September 1939. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor , who stated that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and
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#17327732474822684-576: The Italian mainland , and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France at Normandy , while the Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and pushed Germany and its allies westward. At the same time, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled
2806-553: The Japanese Navy and captured key islands . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories ; the invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops; Hitler's suicide ; and the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the refusal of Japan to surrender on the terms of the Potsdam Declaration ,
2928-695: The League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to
3050-668: The Métis Nation of Ontario . In 2000, Métis Nation—Saskatchewan formally adopted the National Definition of Métis: To ensure that the citizenship review process was in accordance with this definition, the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan ratified the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan Citizenship Act , which outlines the establishment of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan Registry, appointment of the Registrar,
3172-545: The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan in 2000. Past leaders of these organizations include Joe LaRocque, Jim Brady, Malcolm Norris, Howard Adams, Jim Sinclair, Clifford LaRocque, Jimmy Durocher, Clément Chartier, Gerald Morin, and Robert Doucette. The Métis of Saskatchewan met to establish the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan (later renamed to Métis Nation—Saskatchewan in 2000), adopt a constitution in 1993, and declare
3294-731: The Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against
3416-553: The North-West Resistance . The Government of Canada responded with a military force, culminating at the Battle of Batoche where the Métis government was defeated. The North-West Resistance resulted in the displacement of many Métis, leading to the loss of community. Trying to make the best of new opportunities, the Métis looked to farming and other ways to earn a living, but the Dust Bowl and Great Depression of
3538-690: The Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. The Kuomintang (KMT) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as
3660-619: The Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all the world's countries —including all the great powers —participated, with many investing all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities in pursuit of total war , blurring the distinction between military and civilian resources. Tanks and aircraft played major roles , with
3782-609: The South Saskatchewan River , growing from the original La Petite Ville mission. Each community had between 40 and 60 families, representing a considerable population. The communities of the Southbranch Settlement gathered on December 10, 1872 outside of the church at St. Laurent to form the Council of St. Laurent with Gabriel Dumont as their president. This council served as the administrative, judicial, and military body for these settlements. This council would adopt
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3904-590: The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later. On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that
4026-598: The Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact
4148-709: The Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed
4270-707: The Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with
4392-579: The Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded
4514-558: The Treaty of Craiova . The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. Meanwhile, German-Soviet political relations and economic co-operation gradually stalled, and both states began preparations for war. In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which
4636-749: The United Kingdom and France to declare war on Germany. Poland was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , in which they had agreed on " spheres of influence " in Eastern Europe. In 1940, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany and
4758-426: The Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and
4880-451: The aftermath of World War I and the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events leading up to the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria , the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War , and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , prompting
5002-404: The reunification of East and West Germany to take place and resolved most post–World War II issues. No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. World War I had radically altered
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5124-531: The 12 regions of the province. The goals of Les Filles de Madeleine The objectives of Les Filles de Madeleine Secretariat Inc. are: The Provincial Métis Youth Council provides an opportunity to ensure that the voice of youth is always heard as a part of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan government. Intricately incorporating youth within the governance structures of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan helps to ensure that issues that youth are dealing with are not overlooked; it provides opportunities for mentoring and supporting
5246-528: The 1930s left many Métis destitute. Métis community councils began to form around this time, organizing themselves along the model of labour unions and using the name "locals" for their representative structure. This led to growing political awareness and social activism among Métis, demanding recognition of Métis rights. Recognizing the need to establish a formal governance structure for their voice to be heard, Métis in Saskatchewan began to organize. The first Métis provincial political organization established after
5368-438: The 1960s. In 1964, the Métis Association of Saskatchewan was established to focus on issues for Northern Métis people, and in 1965, the Métis Society of Saskatchewan was established to focus on issues for Southern Métis people. Recognizing the benefits of working together, the Métis Association of Saskatchewan and the Métis Society of Saskatchewan amalgamated in 1967 under the banner of Métis Society of Saskatchewan. The organization
5490-409: The Allies were attempting to cut off . Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent
5612-482: The Annual General Assembly. The speaker and deputy speaker serve for a two-year term, subject to reappointment. To assist in keeping the decorum of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly, Dumont's Scouts are appointed by the Provincial Métis Council, and ratified by the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly. The Dumont's Scouts are generally Métis veterans. Sitting members of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly are eligible to be appointed to hold portfolios. Originally, this
5734-400: The Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack
5856-421: The Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . In November 1939,
5978-513: The Constitution of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan Secretariat Inc. serves as the administrative body for the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan, through which the policies and programs directed by the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan are administered and carried out. This is because the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan is recognized as the government democratically elected by the Métis citizens of Saskatchewan to advance their Aboriginal rights, including self-government and self-determination, but
6100-405: The European Axis declaring war on the US. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in mid-1942 after its defeat in the naval Battle of Midway ; Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including German defeats on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasions of Sicily and
6222-410: The French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed
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#17327732474826344-426: The Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of
6466-406: The Government of Saskatchewan nor Government of Canada wanted to hold responsibility of negotiating with the Métis. After the Daniels v Canada decision, the Government of Canada and the Métis Nation (represented by the Métis National Council and give members of its board of governors) signed the Canada–Métis Nation Accord on April 13, 2017 to start to repair the relationship between The Crown and
6588-428: The Métis Nation Legislative Assembly with representatives from the government's youth and women departments to discuss matters affecting the Métis Nation in the province. The Métis Nation Legislative Assembly serves as the governing authority of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. Past presidents of Métis Nation—Saskatchewan include Lorna Docken , Clément Chartier , Jim "Jimmy D" Durocher, and Robert Doucette. The government
6710-487: The Métis Nation of Saskatchewan to be a self-governing body for the Métis of Saskatchewan. The first sitting of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly was in 1994. Recognizing their distinct identity as Métis, the pursuit of Métis rights and self-determination, and seeking to be a third order of government, the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan was established as the government of the Métis of Saskatchewan. MN—S has been operating through legislation for non-profit organizations. Though
6832-548: The Métis Nation, Métis Nation—Saskatchewan, along with Métis Nation of Ontario and Métis Nation of Alberta, signed the Métis Government Recognition and Self-Government Agreement with Canada on June 27, 2019. MN—S previously supported Bill C-53, a federal bill tabled in 2023 that would establish a framework to "advance the recognition of the right to self-determination" by MN–S, the Manitoba Métis Federation , and Métis Nation of Ontario . In April 2024, MN—S withdrew its support, stating that "the one-size-fits-all approach proposed by
6954-483: The Métis Nation, to address the legacy of the wrongs committed against Métis people and the Métis Nation, to move forward on recognition of Métis rights, and to address the needs and issues facing Métis people. On July 20, 2018, Métis Nation—Saskatchewan and Canada signed the Framework Agreement for Advancing Reconciliation , which established the mechanism by which the negotiations on the shared objectives would be conducted. As negotiations have progressed between Canada and
7076-582: The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan has pushed the limits of what is possible within the legislation to move forward in shaping their governance and moving forward their political aspirations, the legislation has limited what MN—S is able to accomplish in terms of being self-governing and independent from the authority of the provincial and federal governments. The Métis of Canada have been fighting for recognition of their Indigenous rights and their inherent right to practice them. Until Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development) , 2016 SCC 12 , neither
7198-618: The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan has to operate through non-profit structures until formally recognized and legislated as a third order of government. The Government of Saskatchewan enacted The Métis Act (Chapter M-14.01 of the Statutes of Saskatchewan, 2001 ) to promote and strengthen Métis governance of their institutions and communities through partnership between the Government of Canada, Government of Saskatchewan, and Métis Nation—Saskatchewan, and established Métis Nation—Saskatchewan Secretariat Inc. pursuant to The Métis Act . Métis Nation—Saskatchewan has established several affiliates that support
7320-402: The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. The Métis Nation Legislative Assembly is composed of the Provincial Métis Council (including the members of the Executive), four representatives of the Métis Women of Saskatchewan (Les Filles de Madeleine), four representatives of the Provincial Métis Youth Council, and all presidents of locals across the province (or the vice president of the local as the alternate if
7442-446: The Métis in the Northern part of Saskatchewan. This organization echoed, and often rivalled the efforts in the South by the Saskatchewan Métis Society. Despite strong growth in these organizations in the early years, internal divisions and turmoil as well as the start of the Second World War lead to the dissolution of these early Métis political organizations during the years of the War. The Métis political movement would be restarted in
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#17327732474827564-409: The Métis"), which it plans to present to the federal government in 2025 after ratification by its citizens. In 2002, the Government of Saskatchewan passed The Métis Act . The Constitution of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan establishes the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan as a self-governing entity, and distinguishes the difference between the political existence as a Métis government from the existence as
7686-450: The Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . In July 1937, Japan captured
7808-415: The Provincial Métis Council is responsible for ensuring that the affiliates, departments, programs, and services within their portfolio have the necessary finances and resources to operate effectively. They also sit at the chairperson of the affiliate(s) which are part of their portfolio. Terms for the regional representatives are four years. The Métis Nation Legislative Assembly is the governing authority of
7930-408: The Provincial Métis Council. The regional councils have the authority to make appointments to the institutions and affiliates at the regional and provincial level. The regional council is responsible for supporting the locals to assume self-government, including helping to provide the necessary finances and resources for programs and services in accordance with the objectives and duties of the locals and
8052-452: The Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged
8174-423: The Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to
8296-421: The Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains. Japan aimed to dominate East Asia and the Asia-Pacific , and by 1937 was at war with the Republic of China . In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , which resulted in the US and the UK declaring war against Japan, and
8418-418: The Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed
8540-575: The Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued
8662-402: The US dropped the first atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August. Faced with an imminent invasion of the Japanese archipelago , the possibility of further atomic bombings, and the Soviet declaration of war against Japan and its invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 , marking
8784-581: The United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced
8906-542: The United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. The air Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in
9028-461: The United Kingdom. The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which
9150-660: The United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow "cash and carry" purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in
9272-606: The Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October. Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with
9394-481: The activities of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. They served as the judicial arm for the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan with the power to resolve disputes that occurred between regions and locals, they formed the Métis Elections Commission to oversee elections and by-elections of Executive and Provincial Métis Council, and they oversaw the operations of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan from the period when
9516-502: The affairs of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan (including approving the budget of Métis Nation—Saskatchewan) and the conduct of citizens of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. To oversee the sitting of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly, the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly selects a speaker and deputy speaker. They are responsible for overseeing the setting of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly, including
9638-546: The affiliate sits as the chairperson of that affiliate. However, under non-profit legislation, the affiliates are independent to the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. Métis Nation—Saskatchewan was a founding member of the Métis National Council (MNC), a representative body of Métis governments in multiple provinces. In September 2024, MN—S left the Council, primarily due to conflicts with the MNC's continued admittance of
9760-408: The basic unit of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan, they operate at the community level, and have parallels to constituencies in other forms of government. Each Métis local serves as an essential community hub and have a multitude of purposes. Métis locals are both a voice of the citizens through their elected representative in the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan government and political processes while also being
9882-517: The capital Nanking in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens or hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by the Japanese in May. In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding
10004-414: The chief political spokesperson for the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan, and is responsible for assigning portfolios, subject to the approval of the Provincial Métis Council and ratification by the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly. The Provincial Métis Council is responsible for ensuring the operations of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan are running smoothly. The members of the Provincial Métis Council also serve as
10126-403: The conflict well into 1941. In December 1940, Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it
10248-526: The creation of a " New Roman Empire ". Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 when Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of
10370-564: The directors for the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan Secretariat Inc. The Provincial Métis Council ordinarily consists of 18 members: The Provincial Métis Council forms the cabinet of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan government, and hold portfolios assigned to them by the President of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan, subject to approval by the Provincial Métis Council and the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly. Each member of
10492-757: The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires. To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of
10614-662: The end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied
10736-511: The end of the war. World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world, and it set the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming
10858-419: The federal government was fundamentally flawed". The bill has also faced criticism over its recognition of the Métis Nation of Ontario, which has been accused of recognizing communities that do not have a sufficient population of Métis citizens as defined by the MNC's definition. In May 2024, MN—S announced its own proposed self-determination treaty, Kishchi Mashinaayikun Ooshchi Michif ( " The sacred document of
10980-575: The first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until
11102-864: The former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China. The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , and fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing
11224-418: The future leaders of the Métis Nation; and it brings together the different segments of the Métis population to work as a united front. The Senate of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan have a mostly ceremonial role. They provide opening and closing prayers at the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly, and they provide advice, guidance, and recommendations to the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly. The Senate operates as
11346-474: The general election was called and to when candidates were elected. The authority of the Senate was removed in 2008. The General Assembly is the political forum for Métis citizens in Saskatchewan. The General Assembly meets annually, and provides a forum where Métis citizens receive information from their government, review documents and provide guidance to the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly, and where they discuss, amend, and vote on ratification of amendments to
11468-525: The invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI); in addition it exposed the weakness of
11590-646: The land that they had been living on for years. They grew frustrated with the stalling and general lack of response from the government, so the Council of St. Laurent decided to ask Louis Riel to return from exile in Montana to lead the Métis again. Riel would establish the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan led by the Exovedate council established in Batoche on March 19, 1885, that started
11712-735: The latter enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was the deadliest conflict in history, resulting in 70 to 85 million deaths , more than half being civilians. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust of European Jews, as well as from massacres, starvation, and disease. Following the Allied powers' victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in
11834-557: The means through which some programs and services are provided to the community, including facilitating support for various services like education, healthcare, and housing assistance where available. As the representative voice of the community, Métis locals advocate on behalf of their members about matters of community interest and addressing local issues. In these roles, Métis locals play a pivotal role in preserving and promoting Métis culture through organizing activities and events to transmit Métis culture, values, and language while fostering
11956-402: The needs of Métis citizens in Saskatchewan. These affiliates include: The Métis Nation Legislative Assembly, on behalf of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan, exercises all voting rights, power, and duties of ownership of the affiliates, in accordance with the recommendations provided by the Provincial Métis Council. The member of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly with the portfolio responsible for
12078-502: The permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War . In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and Asia . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939 with
12200-589: The political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of
12322-599: The port of Tobruk . By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at
12444-542: The president is unable to attend). Quorum for sittings of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly is 75 members. The Métis Nation Legislative Assembly is to sit at least twice a year, though this has rarely been observed (often due to the lack of sufficient resources to hold the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly). The Métis Nation Legislative Assembly has the power to enact legislation, regulations, rules, and resolutions that are necessary to govern
12566-461: The procedures, rules, and debates, and maintaining the decorum of the sitting. They also have the authority to have the Dumont's Scouts expel members or attendees from the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly if they do not follow the ruling of the speaker or otherwise disrupt the decorum on the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly. The speaker and deputy speaker serve as the chairperson and co-chairperson for
12688-688: The process of citizenship registration, and other matters relevant to operation of the Registry. Lorna Docken Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 535835420 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:54:07 GMT World War II Asia-Pacific Mediterranean and Middle East Other campaigns Coups World War II or
12810-649: The province of Saskatchewan was established was in 1935 under Joe Ross, and was called Half-breeds of Saskatchewan . The organization was created to help with issues that Métis people were dealing with as a result of the Great Depression. The organization drafted their first constitution in 1937 and was renamed the Saskatchewan Métis Society . In 1943, the Saskatchewan Métis Association was formed to represent
12932-486: The regional council. The regional council is responsible for providing direction to their area director with respect to the aims, objectives, and aspirations for the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan with respect to their respective region. There are four executive members of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan: These executive positions are elected province wide, and the terms are four years. The president serves as
13054-722: The remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig ,
13176-410: The significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in
13298-498: The start or prelude to World War II. The exact date of the war's end also is not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed
13420-593: The strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics,
13542-585: The two wars became World War II in 1941. Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. Others view the Spanish Civil War as
13664-513: The war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising
13786-475: The war. Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland ; small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, which
13908-512: The west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to
14030-707: The world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed
14152-614: Was invaded by Germany. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to
14274-422: Was limited to only members of the Provincial Métis Council, but this was expanded to members of the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly to provide more options for appointing people to hold portfolios. Les Filles de Madeleine is the provincial organization in Saskatchewan that is mandated to provide a voice for Métis Nation women. The board of directors for Les Filles de Madeleine has one director elected from each of
14396-432: Was originally named Métis Nation of Saskatchewan, but this was changed to Métis Nation—Saskatchewan at the Métis Nation Legislative Assembly on November 18, 2000. The earliest Métis governments in what is now Saskatchewan began prior to the 1870 Red River Resistance , but grew rapidly after that event. Southbranch Settlement communities such as Duck Lake , St. Laurent , St. Louis , Fish Creek , and Batoche grew along
14518-456: Was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. Finland refused to sign
14640-549: Was renamed to the Association of Métis and Non-Status Indians of Saskatchewan (AMNSIS) in 1975 under the leadership of Jim Sinclair and included Non-status Indians within the membership of the organization, the Métis Society of Saskatchewan in 1988 following a referendum that decided that the organization would be Métis specific, the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan in 1993 in declaring a Métis government, and finally
14762-772: Was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with
14884-557: Was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed
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