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119-497: Omišalj is located close to one of the oldest settlements on Krk , dating from the 1st century when it was built by the Romans and named Fulfinum . The town was built on the cliff overlooking the bay of Kvarner , some 80 meters above sea level. It is the site of an early Christian basilica . Omišalj was first mentioned in 1153 and is one of the oldest places on the island of Krk, an important Glagolitic and cultural center. The town

238-467: A Glagolitic script, which was widespread here more than anywhere else. At the beginning of 16th century the inhabitants of inland Croatia began to settle on Krk, as a result of their flight from the Ottoman invasions. Nonetheless, Krk still saw a decline, just like all the other Venetian lands. In year 1527 the town was recorded to have 10,461 inhabitants, while in 1527 it had 8,000. Austrian rule over

357-410: A Liburnian-era shipyard have been found. The name of the municipality of Dubašnica is derived from "Dub", an old Slavic word for oak. Oak forests made the island attractive for ship builders, dating to Liburnian times. Malinska harbor was used as a port due to its protection from bura wind as well as its depth. The harbor of Vrbnik was used for shipbuilding in the 13th century. Krk

476-689: A Lombardic identity after the defeat of the Ostrogoths by the emperor Justinian , and many may therefore have subsequently entered Italy with the Lombards. The region subsequently came under the control of the Pannonian Avars , and it is probably during this period that Slavic languages eventually became dominant in the areas where the Quadi had lived. The record which mentions the Suebi joining

595-580: A Suevian kingdom also existed. As in the case of the Suevi in Hispania, many scholars believe that this group included Suevian peoples such as the Quadi who had previously gone by other names. Herwig Wolfram for example: Writing in the 6th century, Jordanes reported a series of conflicts in the 460s between a Suevian king Hunimund and the Ostrogothic king Thiudimir , whose people had settled within

714-473: A bridge over to the mainland ensures the future of the development of tourism on this island. In Omišalj there has also been industrial development. The bridge is at the north end of Krk island and uses the small island of Otočić Sveti Marko (St. Mark's Islet) as a mid-support. The island has a long history of shipbuilding, dating to the Liburnians . Nearby close to the harbor of Mala Luka , remains of

833-658: A payment of 350 Byzantine gold pieces as tax. In a short time the Krk Counts became so powerful, that at one time from 1244 to 1260, Venice rescinded their authority. This failed to impede their rise, however. They increased economic exploitation, but they also endeavoured to strengthen old traditions and rights with various statutes (the Vinodol Code 1288 and the Vrbnik Statute , 1388). Dujam's youngest son, who died in 1209, succeeded in extending his authority to

952-577: A period of major Roman invasions into both western Germania to the northwest of it, and Pannonia to the south of it. The other three were the Hermunduri , Naristi (also known as Varisti), and the Quadi's powerful western neighbours the Marcomanni . Despite frequent difficulties with the Romans, the Quadi survived to become an important cultural bridge between the peoples of Germania to the north,

1071-517: A refuge." From a Roman point of view he noted that the closest point of access to Bohemia was via Carnuntum . This was between present-day Vienna and Bratislava, and near the Quadi territory where the Morava river enters the Danube. The Quadi leader at the time when Maroboduus moved to Bohemia was apparently named Tudrus . He is mentioned only by Tacitus, who is also the first author to clearly mention

1190-669: A result of the troops in Italy. Tacitus reported in the late first century that the Osi , who spoke a language similar to the Pannonian Aravisci who lived near present day Budapest, and the Cotini , a Celtic -speaking people, mined iron in the mountainous regions north of the Quadi, in present day Slovakia, and paid tribute to the Quadi and their Sarmatian allies in present day Hungary. Also in these mountainous regions Tacitus places

1309-540: A series of attacks which they organized together with their eastern neighbours the Sarmatians. Together they repeatedly attacked Illyricum. There was a Roman campaign against the Quadi in 283-284 AD, and as a result emperor Carinus (co-emperor 283-285) and Numerian (co-emperor 284-285) celebrated this as two personal triumphs in 283 and 284. Nevertheless the Quadi were again mentioned among attacking Germanic tribes in 285 AD. This situation seems to have been pacified in

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1428-568: A statue to be built. . The temple is located within a shop just inside of the small gate. The walls of the town of Krk could not withstand attacks by the Avars (7th century), but in contrast to Salona , Scardona and Aeona , life in Krk quickly returned to normal, and Krk functioned as one of the Dalmatian city-states . The Croats penetrated into the town on several occasions. They retained many of

1547-531: A triumphal arch in Carnuntium, today known as the Heidentor , but raids did not stop. Some years after the death of Constantius, the new emperor Valentinian I (reigned 364-375) reinforced the borders. He fortified the northern and eastern banks of the Danube, and by 373 AD he ordered construction of a garrisoned fort within Quadi territory itself. In 374, when complaints from the Quadi delayed construction

1666-722: A wall at the approach of the Roman commander Stilicho. He says that all the fertile lands between the Black Sea and Adriatic were subsequently like uninhabited deserts, specifically including Dalmatia and Pannonia. At the same time, the Gothic general Alaric I , who had loyally served with his Gothic troops under Theodosius I at the Battle of Frigidus only a few months early, was beginning his rebellion, and started leading his army south, first towards Constantinople, and later towards Greece. This

1785-549: Is Strabo's spelling of Quadi with an "L" unexpected when compared to later references, but also the implication that Maroboduus lived within Quadi territory. Errors are therefore suspected in the surviving text. A contemporary of Strabo, Velleius Paterculus , didn't mention the Quadi by name but described "Boiohaemum", where Maroboduus and the Marcomanni lived, as "plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest", and he said this

1904-542: Is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea , located near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of Primorje-Gorski Kotar county . Krk is tied with Cres as the largest Adriatic island, depending on the methodology used to measure the coastline . Krk is the most populous island in the Adriatic , with multiple towns and villages that contain a total of 19,916 (2021) inhabitants. Archaeological findings indicate that

2023-582: Is an active Krk LNG terminal storage and regasification ship moored in Omišalj , north of Krk, able to receive large LNG carrier ships and then to pump the gas into trans-European pipelines. Krk is a popular tourist destination, due to its proximity to Slovenia , southern Germany, Austria, and northern Italy . Since the collapse of the Eastern Bloc , many tourists have appeared from Slovakia, Hungary , Romania, and other former Eastern Bloc countries. Krk

2142-630: Is an old Roman settlement near the town of Omišalj . Archaeological findings show the first traces of settlement in the area dating back into the 1st century when the Romans settled the area following the Illyrian Wars as a retirement community for soldiers. The Romans constructed the city for the retired Roman soldiers during the Flavian dynasty. The settlement was abandoned in the Late antiquity . Roman ruins can be seen today in some parts of

2261-739: Is based on Krk. The third season of the American TV-series The Witcher was filmed on Krk in April 2022. Quadi The Quadi were a Germanic people during the Roman era , who were prominent in Greek and Roman records from about 20 AD to about 400 AD. By about 20 AD they had a kingdom centred in the area of present-day western Slovakia , north of the Roman border on the Danube river. After probably first settling near

2380-763: Is common. Krk has historically been a center of Croatian culture. Various literature in the Glagolitic alphabet was created and in part preserved on Krk (notably the Baška tablet , one of the oldest preserved texts in Croatian ). A monastery lies on the small island of Košljun in a bay off the coast of Krk. Krk belonged to the Republic of Venice during much of the Middle Ages until its dissolution , when its destinies followed those of Dalmatia . It became part of

2499-554: Is considered likely that Hunimund and at least some of his people escaped this defeat and that he is also the person of that name who was mentioned in the biography of Saint Severinus of Noricum, by Eugippius . This Hunimund attacked Saint Severinus's community at Passau with "barbarians". Passau was also troubled by the Alemanni. It is also likely that some of the Suevi continued to live under Gothic rule in this area. It may also be during this period that some Suevi settled south of

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2618-466: Is in any case clear that the two peoples were always closely connected during the many centuries in which they appear in records. Velleius said that Maroboduus drilled his Bohemian soldiers to almost Roman standards, and that although his policy was to avoid conflict with Rome, the Romans came to be concerned that he could invade Italy. "Races and individuals who revolted from us [the Romans] found in him

2737-581: Is known about the internal organizations of the town of Krk during this time. Near the present day Franciscan monastery, the remains of thermal baths have been found. The defensive walls of Roman Curicum were among the most secure of all the towns on the Eastern Adriatic fortified by the Romans. Work began on their construction during the Civil War in Rome (50 BCE) and they were further strengthened in

2856-732: Is like many Croatian islands, it is rocky and hilly. The rock is mostly karst . The southeast portion of the island is mostly bare as a result of the bora winds. Some prominent features include: The island forms part of the Kvarner Islands Important Bird Area (IBA), designated as such by BirdLife International because it supports significant numbers of many bird species, including breeding populations of several birds of prey . A Eurasian griffon vulture colony lives in protected in an area called Kuntrep on Krk. , There they breed at low elevations, with some nests at 10 m (33 ft). Therefore, contact with people

2975-552: Is located rather near the mainland and has been connected to it via a 1,430 m (4,692 ft) two-arch concrete bridge since 1980, one of the longest concrete bridges in the world. Due to the proximity to the city of Rijeka, Omišalj also hosts the Rijeka International Airport as well as an oil terminal representing a part of the Port of Rijeka and a petrochemical plant. Since January 2021,there

3094-581: Is not perfectly clear, it is most often presumed that the Quadi first settled in Moravia around the same time that the Marcomanni settled in Bohemia. There is however a proposal that the Quadi moved into the Bohemian area before the Marcomanni, based on archaeological evidence of Elbe Germanic peoples in the region already before the Marcomanni defeat. The archaeological evidence left by these two peoples

3213-562: Is similar, making it difficult to define the borders between them, but it confirms their connections with the Elbe Germani , who were living near the central Elbe river and the Saale . The archaeological material culture which unites these groups, and distinguishes them from the previous Celtic inhabitants, is referred to as the "Grossromstedt horizon". It was influenced not only by the older Jastorf culture of this region, but also by

3332-592: Is the Hercynian forest , and within this forest are tribes of Suebi "just as the tribes of the Coldui [καθάπερ τὰ τῶν κολδούων], in whose territory lies Buiaimon [Βουίαιμον, the original " Bohemia "], the royal seat of Maroboduus ". King Maroboduus, he wrote, had led several peoples into this forested region, including his own people the Marcomanni . He therefore became ruler of Suevi peoples in this forested region, and also over other Suevi living outside it. Not only

3451-471: Is uncertain ) crossed the Lower Danube into Roman territory where they were quickly defeated. Dio Cassius reports that these events worried several of the barbarian nations. A group of them selected Ballomarius, king of the Marcomanni, and ten other representatives of the other nations, in a peace mission to the governor of Roman Pannonia. Oaths were sworn and the envoys returned home. Some scholars think

3570-589: The Buri tribe , who Tacitus describes as speaking a similar Suebian language. In the second century the geographer Ptolemy described the position of the Buri as being near the sources of the Vistula river. Despite the occasional tensions, the Quadi and their Suebi neighbours had a relatively stable relationship with the Romans as a client state during this period, but this was interrupted under emperor Domitian during

3689-613: The Drava river in a region more directly under Gothic control and known during this time as Suavia. The alliance of Hunimund with the Allemanni has been interpreted as evidence of a new Alemannic-Suebi ethnogenesis in the second half of the 5th century, which could explain the documented use of the Suevi name to refer to the Alemanni after about 500. Many of the Suevi who remained in the Pannonian region are believed to have taken up

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3808-628: The Equator and the North Pole . The crossing of the 45th parallel is marked with a signpost. The frequency of Haplogroup I , rare elsewhere in Croatia and most of Europe, is high among the population. . This characteristic is also found within Rusyns who are from southern Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine. , The fictional island Everon from the video game Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis

3927-671: The Germanische Altertumskunde Online , the etymologies proposed for the ethnonym are all fraught with difficulties: The Quadi start to appear in contemporary works only after their neighbours the Marcomanni settled in central Bohemia . This happened after their defeat during the Germania campaign of the elder Drusus in about 9 BC. The defeated Marcomanni soon received a new king Maroboduus, who had been brought up in Rome. He proceeded to lead his own people and their Suebian allies into more isolated regions in

4046-492: The Huns , Alans and Goths . In 395 AD however, Saint Jerome listed the Quadi and their neighbours the Sarmatians, Marcomanni, and Vandals , as peoples who had recently been ransacking the nearby Roman provinces together with these newcomers. In 409 he placed the Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Heruli , and even inhabitants of Roman Pannonia, in another list of peoples who had recently moved west and occupied parts of Gaul. These were

4165-649: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later called Yugoslavia) after World War I, in 1920. After that date, the village of Veglia/Krk remained the only predominantly Italian-speaking municipality in Yugoslavia. After World War II, most of the Italians left. The island of Krk is a participant in the 2020 European Capital of Culture project. Through the program "27 neighborhoods", the city of Krk , Malinska and Vrbnik will be involved in different events during

4284-582: The Morava river the Quadi expanded their control eastwards over time until they also stretched into present day Hungary. This was part of the bigger region which had been partly vacated a generation earlier by the Celtic Boii , and their opponents the Dacians . The Quadi were the easternmost of a series of four related Suebian kingdoms that established themselves near the river frontier after 9 BC, during

4403-679: The Parthian campaign in the Middle East, and badly affected by the Antonine plague . However, the Historia Augusta especially blames the Marcomanni and Victohali for throwing everything into confusion while other tribes had been driven on by the more distant barbarians. Although a Roman offensive could not start in 167, two new legions were raised and in 168 the two emperors, Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius, set out to cross

4522-619: The Przeworsk culture from further east in present day Poland. The variant which developed in the old Boii lands is called the Plaňany-Group, and also shows the residual influence of their older Celtic La Tène culture of the Boii, which had itself already come under Przeworsk influence in the generations before the Germanic influx. The evidence indicates that the Quadi initially lived near

4641-566: The Republic of Venice for seven centuries. During the reign of Peter Krešimir IV the Croatian rulers regained their power, but the Venetians took Krk for the second time in 1118. When the Venetians conquered Krk for the second time in 1118, the local noble family, the unknown Dujams, received Krk as part of a pact with Venice , and they became Counts. When Dujam died in 1163, Venice allowed his sons to make their position hereditary, after

4760-735: The Uskoks of Senj, it served as a lookout point, as well as first line of defence against the Uskoks. From that time on, the ruler was a Venetian noble, but the Small and the Large Councils both held a certain autonomy. The city laws were written in Latin and, after 1500, in Italian. Italian was also used for the church registers for births, marriages and deaths; other public documents were written in

4879-431: The Visigoths , and integrated into their kingdom in 585. Meanwhile, until he died in 453, the empire of Attila controlled the Middle Danubian region. Smaller kingdoms were subsequently founded in or near the old Marcomanni and Quadi kingdoms, by the "Danube Suevi", as well as the Rugii , Heruli and Sciri . These "Danube Suevi" are likely to have included descendants of the Quadi, Marcomanni and other Suebian peoples of

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4998-403: The 15th century. They formed a community in the island of Krk that would last until 1875 when the last speaker of the Istro-Romanian dialect of the island died. The Festival pučkog teatra ("Folk Theater Festival") takes place in Omišalj every year, which is "a kind of celebration of folk dramatic expression." The performances take place on Prikešte Square in Omišalj and in the old castle in

5117-437: The 60s of the 2nd century CE, to enable them to withstand attacks by the Quadi and Marcomanni who were at that time threatening the Adriatic. Not far from Krk in 49 BCE there was a decisive sea battle between Caesar and Pompey, which was described impressively by the Roman writer Lucan (39–65 CE) in his work Pharsalia . When the Empire was divided, Krk came under the Eastern Roman Empire . Municipium Flavium Fulfinum

5236-404: The Alemanni is also one of the first records mentioning the early Bavarians , or Baiuvarii , who were also living south of the Danube, to the east of the Alemanni, in what had been Roman territory. It is generally believed that their name is Germanic, and that it indicates an origin in the nearby regions to the east, which were once inhabited by the Boii. It is therefore considered very likely that

5355-406: The Croatian state. It is known that from around 875 the Byzantine town paid the Croatian rulers 110 gold pieces a year to be able peacefully to keep their hold there. While the Croatian state was being established, Krk found itself on the Venetians' route to the Mediterranean. The Venetians conquered the town for the first time in 1001, and from then Krk's history was closely linked with the history of

5474-503: The Danube border and went first to Carnuntum, which was damaged and deserted, and then Aquincum (now part of Budapest). He sent one force north into the Quadi heartlands, and took another force across the Danube near present-day Budapest, where the enemies had settlements, and they slaughtered everyone they could find. He then made his winter quarters on the Roman side of the Danube in Bregetio (present-day Komárom ). Here Quadi envoys came to plead for peace. However, when they maintained that

5593-430: The Elder saw the Quadi area as the edge of Germania , with the Iazyges sitting outside of it, and the kingdom of Vannius within it. In line with this, Ptolemy (2.11.11) mentions a "great nation" of Baimoi (Βαῖμοι) between the Quadi and the Danube, and these are likely to be the subjects of Vannius who originated from Bohemia. Vannius personally benefitted from the new situation and became very wealthy and unpopular. He

5712-453: The Great). Still later during the cold winter of 469/470, Thiudimir attacked the Suevi unexpectedly by crossing the frozen Danube. The Suavi were now together in a confederation with the Alemanni, in an Alpine region with streams that flowed loudly into the Danube, Baiuvarii (early Bavarians) on the east, Franks on the west, Burgundians on the south, and Thuringians on the north. Thiudimir returned as victor to his own home in Pannonia. It

5831-452: The Heruli were already settled on the Danube near the Marcomanni and Quadi for some time. The Gepids had already settled somewhere near their future location in Dacia in the 3rd century, among the Quadi's eastern neighbours. The chain of events which led to large numbers of Middle Danubian people to suddenly move west along the Danube, towards Gaul, are not well understood but several are frequently discussed. Many scholars believe that

5950-490: The Huns and their allies, and Roman power was ineffective in this region. In 427 the chronicle of Marcellinus Comes says that the provinces of Pannonia, "which had been held by the Huns for fifty years, were reclaimed by the Romans". However, in 433 Flavius Aëtius effectively ceded Pannonia to Attila. Although there is no direct contemporary evidence that the Quadi continued to exist as subjects of Attila under their old name, centuries later Paulus Diaconus listed them among

6069-401: The Iazyges on the one hand, and the Suevi and the kingdom of Vannius on the other, was the Morava river or else the "Duria", which is a river that is no longer clearly identifiable. The 2nd-century Greek geographer Ptolemy similarly placed the Quadi on the edge of Germania, making the "Sarmatian mountains" (Σαρματικὰ ὄρη) the border, which he understood to run in a north-easterly direction from

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6188-407: The Marcomanni or Quadi would still have been identified under those names in 451, because more contemporary sources never mention these names anymore in this period. After the death of Attila in 453 some of the smaller peoples who had lived within under his hegemony begin to appear in more records, but instead of the Marcomanni and Quadi, only Suevians appear. After the Battle of Nedao in 454, when

6307-439: The Middle East, and in 176 Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus held a triumph as victors over Germania and Sarmatia . The situation remained disturbed in subsequent years. The Romans declared a new war in 177 and set off in 178, against the Marcomanni, Hermunduri, Sarmatians, and Quadi as specific enemies. Rome executed a successful and decisive battle against them in 179 at Laugaricio (present-day Trenčín in Slovakia) under

6426-425: The Morava river, in southwestern Slovakia, southern Moravia , and north-eastern Lower Austria . However, their population, perhaps divided into two distinct states, was later more concentrated to the east of the Little Carpathians , in what is now Slovakia, and they eventually extended as far as Vác in present-day Hungary. At its height, their kingdom also possibly stretched west into present-day Bohemia. Over time

6545-534: The Ostrogothic king Valamir . Valamir lost his life, but the Sciri and Suevi lost the battle, and the Sciri were almost destroyed. A little later, in 469, at the Battle of Bolia , Hunimund and Alaric, apparently both kings of the Suevi, called upon the Sarmatians, and the remnants of the Sciri, led by Edica and Hunwulf , and also the Gepids and Rugians. However, Thiudimir and his Goths defeated these allies, confirming their position as dominant power in this region (from which they would later invade Italy under Theoderic

6664-533: The Quadi and Romans in the third and fourth centuries. However, while the original Marcomanni settlements in the northern Bohemian forest subsequently shrunk and became less important, the Quadi thrived near the Danube, and became more culturally integrated with both their Roman and Sarmatian neighbours. Around 400 AD the Marcomanni and Quadi names suddenly disappeared from contemporary records. Since about 380 AD their Middle Danubian homelands had been dominated by peoples who had migrated from eastern Europe, most notably

6783-453: The Quadi had rebelled again, and they expelled their Roman-approved king Furtius , replaced by Ariogaisos. In a major battle between 172 and 174, a Roman force was almost defeated, until a sudden rainstorm allowed them to defeat the Quadi. The incident is well-known because of the account given by Dio Cassius , and on the Column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. By 175 the cavalry from the Marcomanni, Naristae, and Quadi were forced to travel to

6902-419: The Quadi in ancient records: To the east of the Quadi Strabo mentioned that the Suevian neighbours of Maroboduus bordered upon the " Getae ", which in this case refers to the Dacians . Later, Pliny the Elder mentioned that the Dacians had been pushed east to the Tisza , into the mountainous country (later referred to as Dacia ) by the Sarmatian Iazyges. Pliny expressed doubt about whether the boundary between

7021-431: The Quadi kingdom itself. Unfortunately the Cusus river has not been identified with certainty. However, Slovak archaeological research locates the core area of the Vannius kingdom in the fertile southwestern Slovakian lowlands around Trnava , east of the Little Carpathians . The swampy zone between the Little Carpathians and Danube provided an obstacle for possible attacks from non-Roman Pannonia. Geographically, Pliny

7140-415: The Quadi listed by Jerome in 409, and perhaps most of those listed, must have previously entered Gaul in a large and coordinated crossing of the Rhine involving Vandals and Alans, which is traditionally dated to 31 December 406 AD. According to this proposal the Quadi changed their name to Suevi, never used the old name anymore, and then coordinated with the Vandals and Alans to conquer Hispania. Because of

7259-455: The Quadi may have been involved in this raid, or at least allowed it to happen. However the Quadi and their neighbours were facing their own problems with raiders from further north, and had been trying for some time to get more support from the empire. On their side, the Romans were apparently planning for a Germania campaign, and knew that Italy itself was threatened by these pressures, but were deliberately diplomatic while they were occupied with

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7378-449: The Quadi". An inferior of his was Usafer, a prominent noble, who led "some of the Sarmatians". In the negotiations the emperor declared that the Sarmatians were Roman dependents and demanded hostages. He then learned that there had been social upheaval among the Sarmatians, and some of the nobility had even fled to other countries. He gave them a new king, Zizais, a young prince who was the first leader to surrender. He then met with Vitrodorus

7497-414: The Roman Empire to the south, and the Sarmatian peoples, most notably the Iyzyges , who settled in the same period to their east in present day Hungary. The Marcomannic wars , during the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius and his co-emperors, involved several rounds of particularly destructive conflict against the Quadi and their neighbours, who at one point even invaded Italy itself. By 180 AD when

7616-409: The Roman authorities rejected these agreements and the Visigoths began to work against the four kingdoms. After many of the Vandals and Alans moved to Carthage, the Suevi were the last of them to hold an independent kingdom, which they succeeded to hold until 585, when the kingdom was absorbed by the Visigothic kingdom. By the early 5th century the Middle Danube region had come under the domination of

7735-415: The Roman empire just to the south. In 467 or 468, Hunimund led a campaign into Dalmatia . After stealing Gothic cattle, the Suevi were attacked near Lake Balaton by Thiudimir, and Hunimund was captured. He was subsequently released from Gothic captivity after he submitted and adopted as Thiudimir's "son by arms" ( filius per arma ). However, in 468 or early 469, Hunimund plotted with the Sciri and attacked

7854-401: The Roman empire, near the Quadi homeland, and expected to do military service for Rome. It is not clear how the Quadi reacted to the changed situation, but their name no longer appears in the records of this region. It is however likely that many crossed into Roman territory while others participated in the large movements of mixed peoples which were happening on both sides of the Danube. After

7973-410: The Roman general charged with getting it done invited their king Gabinius to dinner and then murdered him. As Ammianus wrote "the Quadi, who had long been quiet, were suddenly aroused to an outbreak". Neighbouring tribes including the Sarmatians sprung into action and began raids across the Danube, repulsing the Roman military's first poorly coordinated attempts to confront them. Valentinian moved to

8092-471: The Roman names they found there and so it is said that Krk has a "mosaic dialect". Following the Treaty of Aachen (812) the entire island was ceded to the Byzantine Empire and was governed according to the norms of that Empire. During the reign of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (10th century), Krk was known as Vekla , of which the Romanized variant, also used by the Venetians, was Veglia . There are no extant documents showing when Krk became part of

8211-399: The Romans to an area near the Danube, between the Morava and "Cusus" rivers, and placed under the control of the Quadian king Vannius . There are proposals that the Romans were deliberately trying to create a buffer state with this settlement, but there is no consensus about this. The area where Vannius ruled over the Marcomanni exiles is generally considered to have been a distinct state to

8330-444: The Spanish Suevi were from present-day northern Germany, and could have come by ship. Some modern scholars propose that the Quadi among the Spanish Suevi lost their name because this was a mixed group which included Quadi along with other types of Suevi. There is no record which specifically connects Quadi with the crossing of 406, but there are two near-contemporary records which imply that Suevi were involved. Hydatius says that in

8449-403: The Suevi in Spain were Quadi, then it is inconceivable that they and others writing about them would give up and even forget this famous name after leaving Gaul. He also argued that Hydatius and Orosius are not reliable for the events involved. He noted for example that in disagreement with Hydatius, the Gallic Chronicle of 452 registered the Suevi as arriving in Hispania already in 408, before

8568-502: The a large group of peoples named the Lugii . According to him the Osi and Cotini did not speak Germanic languages and worked the mines, paying the Quadi tribute. In The Annals , Tacitus recounts that Maroboduus was deposed by an exiled noble named Catualda around 18 AD. Catualda was in turn defeated by the Hermunduri king, Vibilius .The subjects of Maroboduus and Catualda were moved by

8687-487: The alps. Either in 167, before the Romans setting, or in 169, after the Romans came to a stop when Verus died, the Marcomanni and Quadi led a crossing of the Danube, and an attack into Italy itself. They destroyed Opitergium (present-day Oderzo ) and put the important town of Aquileia under siege. Whatever the exact sequence of events, the Historia Augusta says that with the Romans in action several kings of

8806-624: The autumn of 409 when the Alans, and the Hasdingi and Silingi Vandals, entered Hispania they were together with Suevi. Orosius specified that they fought at the same crossing when the Franks attempted to defend Gaul against the Vandals. He even believed that the Suevi, Vandals, Alans and Burgundians were all part of a heretical movement driven by the Roman military leader Stilicho , whose father

8925-501: The barbarians retreated, and some of the barbarians put anti-Roman leaders to death. In particular, the Quadi, having lost their king, announced they would not confirm an elected successor without approval from the emperors. Marcus Aurelius returned to Rome but headed north again in the autumn of 169. He established a Danubian headquarters in Carnuntum between present-day Vienna and Bratislava. From here he could receive embassies from

9044-562: The building of a barrier was begun "unjustly and without due occasion", which had roused rude spirits to anger, Valentinian was enraged, became sick, and died. This ended this round of conflict, and the Romans and Quadi were soon preoccupied with bigger problems in the Danubian region. In 380 the Romans suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Adrianople , which was caused by a sudden movement of peoples including Goths , Alans and Huns coming from present-day Ukraine. According to Ammianus,

9163-571: The command of legate and procurator Marcus Valerius Maximianus . By 180 AD the Quadi and Marcomanni were in a state of occupation, with Roman garrisons of 20,000 men each permanently stationed in both countries. The Romans even blocked the mountain passes so that they could not migrate north to live with the Semnones . Marcus Aurelius was considering the creation of a new imperial province called Marcomannia when he died in 180. Around 214/215 AD, Dio Cassius reports that because of raids into Pannonia,

9282-538: The death of emperor Theodosius I in 395, Saint Jerome listed the Marcomanni and Quadi together with several of the eastern peoples causing devastation in the Roman provinces stretching from Constantinople to the Julian Alps , including Dalmatia, and all the provinces of Pannonia: "Goths and Sarmatians, Quadi and Alans, Huns and Vandals and Marcomanni". Claudian describes them crossing the frozen Danube with wagons, and then setting wagons rigged around themselves like

9401-417: The different peoples north of the Danube. Some were given the possibility to settle in the empire, others were recruited to fight on the Roman side. The Quadi were pacified, and in 171 they agreed to leave their coalition, and returned deserters and 13,000 prisoners of war. They supplied horses and cattle as war contributions, and promised not to allow Marcomanni or Jazyges passage through their territory. By 173

9520-470: The eastern Quadi became an important cultural bridge between Romans, Sarmatians and the more distant peoples to the north and east. Strabo , writing about 23 AD, appears to have written the earliest surviving mention of the Quadi, although aspects of the text are somewhat doubtful. Strabo described a mountain range running north of the Danube, like a smaller version of the Alps which runs south of it. Within it

9639-590: The emperor Caracalla invited the Quadi king Gaiobomarus to meet him, and then had him executed. According to this report Caracalla "claimed that he had overcome the recklessness, greed, and treachery of the Germans by deceit, since these qualities could not be conquered by force", and he was proud of the "enmity with the Vandili and the Marcomani, who had been friends, and in having executed Gaïobomarus". During

9758-442: The emperor died on campaign in this region, there were new peace agreements between Rome and the Quadi, but these did not resolve the longer term problems which the region continued to face. Populations from more distant regions periodically disrupted the area, increasing tensions with Rome. Small scale raiding from the neighbouring Sarmatian plain into Roman Pannonia continued, and this played a role in triggering more conflicts between

9877-478: The end that an exchange may keep up the strength of their mounts and that their freshness may be renewed by alternate periods of rest". In 358 the emperor crossed the Danube and resistance quickly fell apart. The leaders who came to negotiate with the emperor represented different parts of the populations who had participated. An important one was prince Araharius, who ruled "a part of the Transiugitani and

9996-471: The entire year. Along with them, the Municipality of Baška participated in the program "Lungomare Art", based on which a permanent art installation "Drops" was set up, which puts emphasis on traditional drywall architecture. Krk is well known for its historical language diversity. The Middle Chakavian dialect of Croatian is the primary dialect used on the island. Five languages used to be spoken on

10115-566: The incomplete records, scholars take different positions about the proposal that significant numbers of Quadi moved to Hispania, but Castritius, for example, believed that the majority of the Quadi became Suevi and finished up in Spain. Not all scholars agree. Others propose that the Hispania Suevi were from other Suevian groups. For example, medieval historians such as Gregory of Tours understood them to be Alemanni. Reynolds proposed that

10234-461: The island by its original inhabitants. There are the remains of prehistoric settlements near Draga Bašćanska , as well as Bronze and Iron Age earthworks near Malinska , Dobrinj , Vrbnik and Baška . Krk came under Roman rule once they defeated the Liburnians. The Town of Krk (Curicum) became a town with Italic law whose status evolved to give it the rights of a municipality. Nothing

10353-488: The island came after the fall of Venice in 1797 and was briefly (1806–1813) interrupted by the existence of Napoleon's Illyrian Provinces . In 1822 the Austrians separated the island from Dalmatia and linked it to Istria , therefore bringing the islands of Krk, Cres and Lošinj under direct rule from Vienna. This switch contributed to the appearance of Croatian National Revival, so along with nearby coastal town Kastav ,

10472-470: The island was inhabited continuously since Neolithic , although very little information about the earliest people is known. In later periods, Greek and Latin sources refer to Κύριστα ( Ancient Greek ) or Curicta ( Latin ) as one of the Apsyrtidian or Electridian islands held by the people known as Liburnians . The Liburnians called the island "Curicum", which is the name assumed to have been given to

10591-403: The island: Venetian , Italian, Croatian, Dalmatian and Istro-Romanian , although the latter two have gone extinct in the island (and everywhere else in the case of Dalmatian). The Croatian dialect of Krk has Istro-Romanian influence. The municipalities and larger settlements on Krk include: The 45th parallel north passes through the island of Krk, making it positioned halfway between

10710-510: The last clear contemporary records of the Quadi doing anything under their old name. Given their presence in Gaul in 409 AD the Quadi are considered likely to have been prominent among the Suevi who moved west into Iberia by 409 AD and founded the Kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia , in present day Spain and Portugal. This Gallaecian kingdom lasted for more than a century, until it was defeated by

10829-414: The letter of Jerome, and before the Vandals and Alans. When the Vandals, Alans and Suevi arrived in Hispania, it was under the control of a rebel Roman general Gerontius who came to agreements with them as military allies in his struggle against Roman forces. The four groups proceeded to divide Hispania between themselves into four kingdoms, with the agreement of Gerontius. After the defeat of Gerontius,

10948-482: The local Croatian dialect and leave several toponyms on the island. The Istro-Romanians of Krk disappeared in 1875 after the death of the last speaker of the local Istro-Romanian dialect, which some Croatian scholars named "Krko-Romanian". Nowadays, this ethnic group only inhabits Istria . The island of Krk was a final Adriatic island to become part of the Venetian Empire . Due to its location, proximity to

11067-613: The mainland, began to serve the Croatian-Hungarian King and received the district of Modruš . Due to his economic strength and social standing, his opponents fought each other for his favour. The Counts became so strong that no power could threaten them (until the Turks ). Members of his family were leaders in Split , Trogir and Senj , and from 1392 one of them ( Ivan V ), became a Croatian-Dalmatian Ban . In 1430 they took

11186-581: The others appear to have been long-term neighbours from the Middle Danube area. The Vandals and Sarmatians listed next after the Quadi are generally understood to include the Hasdingi Vandals and Sarmatians who had been eastern neighbours of the Quadi for centuries. The Pannonians from within the empire were the Quadi's long-term neighbours to the south. The Cosmographia written by Julius Honorius , and Liber Generationis , indicate that

11305-509: The peoples who were occupying Gaul at that time: "Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni and—alas! for the commonweal!—even Pannonians". Scholars note that apart from the Saxons, Burgundians and Alemanni, who were already well-known near the Rhine, and the Alans who were newcomers from Ukraine who had already played an important role in the Roman military,

11424-438: The present day Czech Republic , which was surrounded by forests and mountains. It is possible that the name "Quadi" was new, and that the same group had previously been one of those mentioned in Roman accounts under the more general name "Suebi". This was for example the name given to one of the groups who the Romans defeated in the battle after they defeated the Marcomanni in 9 BC. While the literary and archaeological evidence

11543-411: The region of the Marcomanni and Quadi were among the areas first affected by the "a savage horde of unknown peoples, driven from their abodes by sudden violence". Although there is no consensus about the details, the Romans tried new approaches to settling newcomers in large numbers. One of the armed groups responsible for the defeat, led by Alatheus and Saphrax , were settled into the Pannonian part of

11662-468: The region. Their short-lived independent kingdom was defeated by Ostrogoths at the Battle of Bolia in 469. Many of them apparently moved westwards under their king Hunimund , into present-day western Austria and southern Germany, where they became allies of the Alemanni . Other Quadi are presumed to have remained in the Middle Danube region and adapted to the subsequent waves of conquerors, either among

11781-529: The reign of Philip the Arab (reigned 244-249), who cut off gifts which were being paid to Ukrainian Goths under the rule of Ostrogotha , the 6th century writer Jordanes believed that the Marcomanni were paying tribute to Ostrogotha, and the princes of the Quadi were effectively slaves of the Goths. By the middle of the third century the Quadi seem to have rejected their client relationship with Rome, and they began

11900-664: The remaining settled communities, or among the more mobile groups which were prominent during this " migration period ". Like their neighbours the Heruli, Rugii and Sciri, many probably became followers of the large forces which successfully invaded Italy from the Middle Danube under Odoacer (476), Theoderic the Great (493), and finally the Suebian Langobards (starting in 568), who are believed to have integrated Danubian Suebi into their ranks before moving into Italy. According to

12019-473: The sharp bend in the Danube to the "head of the Vistula" (κεφαλῆς τοῦ Οὐιστούλα ). He names some neighbouring tribes starting from the mountains and forests to the north, and going south to the Danube. To the north of the Marcomanni and Quadi Tacitus names four peoples, the Marsigni , Cotini (or "Gotini"), Osi , and Buri , dwelling in a range of mountains running from west to east which separated them from

12138-524: The son of Viduarius the King of the Quadi. They also gave hostages and they drew their swords "which they venerate as gods" in order to swear loyalty. As a next step he moved to the mouth of the Tisza and slaughtered or enslaved many of the Sarmatians who lived on the other side and had felt themselves protected by the river from the Romans. King Viduarius was probably king of the western Quadi. Constantius erected

12257-590: The sons of Attila and their Ostrogothic allies were defeated, the victors were able to consolidate independent kingdoms north of the Middle Danube. The largest and longest lasting, the Gepids, was based in Dacia. To the west, north of the Danube where the Marcomanni and Quadi had been were the Rugii, Heruli, and Sciri. And on the south of that stretch of the Danube, in what used to be the northern part of Roman Pannonia Valeria,

12376-547: The subject peoples who Attila could call upon. In addition to the better-known Goths and Gepids he listed "Marcomanni, Suebi, Quadi, and alongside them the Herules, Thuringi and Rugii". Taken at face value this implies that the Quadi might for example have been present at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, fighting for Attila. However this is a much later source, and modern scholars especially doubt whether

12495-577: The surname Frankopan (Frangipane), claiming to have Roman origins. That year they adopted a coat of arms showing two lions breaking a piece of bread (Latin: frangere panem, break bread). From 1449, the descendants of Nikola IV founded eight branches of his family, and together with the Zrinski Counts were the ruling feudal family in the whole of Croatia right up to 1671. The Frankopans produced seven Croatian Bans, and many of them were patrons of Croatian artists. Ivan VII Frankopan in particular

12614-440: The time of Diocletian (reigned 284-305). In the first part of the 4th century there is evidence that the Quadi had developed a better relationship with the Romans. Their region of influence spread down the Danube towards present-day Budapest and it seems that their economy support a wealthy Romanised nobility. In 357 a new phase of confrontation began during the reign of Constantius II (reigned 337-361) which gives insight into

12733-485: The time of emperor Nerva . The relationship between the Romans and the Quadi and their neighbours was far more seriously and permanently disrupted during the long series of conflicts called the Marcomannic wars, which were fought mainly during the rule of emperor Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161-180). In the 150s or 160s, 6000 Langobardi ( Lombards originally from present-day north Germany) and Obii (whose identity

12852-547: The town of Grobnik , Primorje-Gorski Kotar County . 45°12′43″N 14°33′15″E  /  45.21194°N 14.55417°E  / 45.21194; 14.55417 This Primorje-Gorski Kotar County geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Krk Krk ( pronounced [kr̩̂k] ; Italian : Veglia ; Istro Romanian : Krk ; Vegliot Dalmatian : Vikla ; archaic German: Vegl , Latin : Curicta ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Κύρικον , translit.   Kyrikon )

12971-413: The town of Krk , for example mosaics in some houses. A temple to the Roman goddess Venus was discovered near the small gate (mala vrata) in the old city. This is the only temple dedicated to the goddess Venus to be found on the eastern side of the Adriatic and it dates back to 1st century BC. It's unique in that approval from the emperor’s family itself was needed before building could commence for such

13090-543: The town of Krk played a major role in spreading of Croatian education and culture in the area. The Italian Occupation (1918–1920) was brief, and Krk was handed over to Croatia, then in Yugoslavia, by the Treaty of Rapallo , Italy took Krk again in the Second World War (1941–1943), and German occupation followed from 1943 to 1945. The post-war development of Krk was led by tourism. The building of an airport and then

13209-635: The way in which the culture of the Quadi had changed. The Quadi and Sarmatians were making raids across the Danube into Roman Pannonia and Moesia. The account given by Ammianus Marcellinus shows that in this period the Quadi had become more accustomed to actions on horseback. He reported that the involved Quadi and Sarmatians "were neighbours and had like customs and armour", "better fitted for brigandage than for open warfare, have very long spears and cuirasses made from smooth and polished pieces of horn, fastened like scales to linen shirts". They had "swift and obedient horses" and they generally had more than one, "to

13328-482: The years 89-97, after the Quadi and Marcomanni refused to assist in a conflict against the Dacians. According to Dio Cassius, Domitian reacted by entering Pannonia to make war, killed the peace envoys sent to him, but was then defeated by the Marcomanni. This campaign was referred to as the war against the Suebi, or the Suebi and Sarmatians, or the Marcomanni, Quadi and Sarmatians. The relationship then stabilized again in

13447-399: Was a Vandal officer in the Roman army, and who wanted to destabilize Gaul for his own benefit. (Such accusations against Stilicho are not accepted by modern scholars.) On this basis many scholars therefore suggest that the Quadi in Gaul must have changed their name to "Suevi". Arguing against the proposal that the Quadi changed name to Suevi and moved to Spain, Reynolds argued in 1957 that if

13566-686: Was defeated and fled with his followers across the Danube, where they were assigned land in Roman Pannonia . This settlement is convincingly associated with Germanic finds from the 1st century AD in Burgenland , west of Lake Neusiedl , within Roman Pannonia. Quadi soldiers subsequently participated second battle of Bedriacum under Sido and Italicus, perhaps the son of Vangio, in 69 AD at Cremona in Italy. An influx of North Italian green-glazed ceramics into southwestern Slovakia might be

13685-521: Was himself eventually also deposed by Vibilius and the Hermunduri, together with the neighbouring Lugii , in 50/51 AD. Vannius's soldiers during this conflict are described here as infantry, but he also called for cavalry from his Sarmatian allies, the Iazyges . This was coordinated with his nephews Vangio and Sido , who then divided his realm between themselves as loyal Roman client kings. Vannius

13804-457: Was referred to in the 12th century as "Castri musculi": this is from the Latin Ad musculi , meaning "the place of shells". The land between the castles of Dobrinj and Omišalj, as well as the areas in and around Dubašnica and Poljica , were settled by Vlachs and Morlachs (originally Romanians who later diverged into Istro-Romanians ) by Ivan VII Frankopan during the second half of

13923-473: Was the only part of Germania which the Romans did not control in the period before the Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. Velleius also remarked that Maroboduus subjugated all his neighbours either by war or treaty. Hofeneder notes that many modern scholars interpret this to mean that the Quadi were also under his overlordship. Although there is no consensus about this, it

14042-418: Was the only prince of the semi-independent Principality of Krk . He also promoted the settlement of Morlachs and Vlachs (originally Romanians who later split into Istro-Romanians ) in the island (specifically in the areas of Dubašnica and Poljica and between the castles of Dobrinj and Omišalj ) to have a bigger manpower. Thus, these Istro-Romanians would form a community in Krk that would influence

14161-443: Was triggered by internal Roman conflicts after the death of Theodosius. Claudian claimed that they were all incited by an Eastern Roman consul and enemy of Stilicho, Rufinus . The exact connection between Alaric and those who crossed the Danube remains unclear. The last contemporary mention of the Quadi as an identifiable people is in another letter by Saint Jerome from 409, but it places them far from home. He lists them first among

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