The Quadi were a Germanic people during the Roman era , who were prominent in Greek and Roman records from about 20 AD to about 400 AD. By about 20 AD they had a kingdom centred in the area of present-day western Slovakia , north of the Roman border on the Danube river. After probably first settling near the Morava river the Quadi expanded their control eastwards over time until they also stretched into present day Hungary. This was part of the bigger region which had been partly vacated a generation earlier by the Celtic Boii , and their opponents the Dacians . The Quadi were the easternmost of a series of four related Suebian kingdoms that established themselves near the river frontier after 9 BC, during a period of major Roman invasions into both western Germania to the northwest of it, and Pannonia to the south of it. The other three were the Hermunduri , Naristi (also known as Varisti), and the Quadi's powerful western neighbours the Marcomanni . Despite frequent difficulties with the Romans, the Quadi survived to become an important cultural bridge between the peoples of Germania to the north, the Roman Empire to the south, and the Sarmatian peoples, most notably the Iyzyges , who settled in the same period to their east in present day Hungary.
173-468: The Marcomannic wars , during the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius and his co-emperors, involved several rounds of particularly destructive conflict against the Quadi and their neighbours, who at one point even invaded Italy itself. By 180 AD when the emperor died on campaign in this region, there were new peace agreements between Rome and the Quadi, but these did not resolve the longer term problems which
346-611: A "great nation" of Baimoi (Βαῖμοι) between the Quadi and the Danube, and these are likely to be the subjects of Vannius who originated from Bohemia. Vannius personally benefitted from the new situation and became very wealthy and unpopular. He was himself eventually also deposed by Vibilius and the Hermunduri, together with the neighbouring Lugii , in 50/51 AD. Vannius's soldiers during this conflict are described here as infantry, but he also called for cavalry from his Sarmatian allies,
519-636: A Lombardic identity after the defeat of the Ostrogoths by the emperor Justinian , and many may therefore have subsequently entered Italy with the Lombards. The region subsequently came under the control of the Pannonian Avars , and it is probably during this period that Slavic languages eventually became dominant in the areas where the Quadi had lived. The record which mentions the Suebi joining
692-579: A Suevian kingdom also existed. As in the case of the Suevi in Hispania, many scholars believe that this group included Suevian peoples such as the Quadi who had previously gone by other names. Herwig Wolfram for example: Writing in the 6th century, Jordanes reported a series of conflicts in the 460s between a Suevian king Hunimund and the Ostrogothic king Thiudimir , whose people had settled within
865-524: A brief respite for in 177 A.D. the Quadi rebelled, followed soon by their neighbours, the Marcomanni. Marcus Aurelius once again headed north to begin his second Germanic campaign ( secunda expeditio germanica ). He arrived at Carnuntum in August 178 and set out to quell the rebellion in a repeat of his first campaign, moving first against the Marcomanni and against the Quadi between 179 and 180 A.D. Under
1038-469: A comfortable connection between the Danubian and Polish regions , and this area is thus of great importance in terms of the possible migration routes of large mammals – both as regards periodically recurring seasonal migrations triggered by climatic oscillations in the prehistory , when permanent settlement started. Moravia borders Bohemia in the west, Lower Austria in the southwest, Slovakia in
1211-744: A crossing of the Danube. A peace treaty was signed with the Quadi and the Iazyges, while the tribes of the Hasdingi Vandals and the Lacringi became Roman allies. In 172, the Romans crossed the Danube into Marcomannic territory. Although few details are known, the Romans achieved success, subjugating the Marcomanni and their allies, the Varistae or Naristi and the Cotini. This fact is evident from
1384-492: A famous incident, the so-called "miracle of the rain", occurred, which was later depicted on the column of Marcus Aurelius and on coins. According to Cassius Dio, the legio XII Fulminata was hemmed in by a superior Quadi force and almost forced to surrender because of the heat and thirst. They were saved, however, by a sudden shower, which refreshed the Romans, while lightning struck the Quadi. Contemporaries and historians attributed it to divine intervention: Dio stated that it
1557-680: A frontier (cf. English march ). In Latin, the name Moravia was used. Moravia occupies most of the eastern part of the Czech Republic . Moravian territory is naturally strongly determined, in fact, as the Morava river basin , with strong effect of mountains in the west ( de facto main European continental divide ) and partly in the east, where all the rivers rise . Moravia occupies an exceptional position in Central Europe. All
1730-488: A separate crown land of Austria again in 1849, and then became part of Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2.622.000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%. Following the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Moravia became part of Czechoslovakia . As one of
1903-540: A series of attacks which they organized together with their eastern neighbours the Sarmatians. Together they repeatedly attacked Illyricum. There was a Roman campaign against the Quadi in 283-284 AD, and as a result emperor Carinus (co-emperor 283-285) and Numerian (co-emperor 284-285) celebrated this as two personal triumphs in 283 and 284. Nevertheless the Quadi were again mentioned among attacking Germanic tribes in 285 AD. This situation seems to have been pacified in
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#17327657760392076-886: A transitive area between the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians (from northwest to southeast), and between the Danube basin and the North European Plain (from south to northeast). Its core geomorphological features are three wide valleys, namely the Dyje-Svratka Valley ( Dyjsko-svratecký úval ), the Upper Morava Valley ( Hornomoravský úval ) and the Lower Morava Valley ( Dolnomoravský úval ). The first two form
2249-530: A triumphal arch in Carnuntium, today known as the Heidentor , but raids did not stop. Some years after the death of Constantius, the new emperor Valentinian I (reigned 364-375) reinforced the borders. He fortified the northern and eastern banks of the Danube, and by 373 AD he ordered construction of a garrisoned fort within Quadi territory itself. In 374, when complaints from the Quadi delayed construction
2422-722: A wall at the approach of the Roman commander Stilicho. He says that all the fertile lands between the Black Sea and Adriatic were subsequently like uninhabited deserts, specifically including Dalmatia and Pannonia. At the same time, the Gothic general Alaric I , who had loyally served with his Gothic troops under Theodosius I at the Battle of Frigidus only a few months early, was beginning his rebellion, and started leading his army south, first towards Constantinople, and later towards Greece. This
2595-699: Is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands , with Bohemia and Czech Silesia . The medieval and early modern Margraviate of Moravia was a crown land of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 1348 to 1918, an imperial state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1004 to 1806, a crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867, and a part of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. Moravia
2768-538: Is a language distinct from Czech ; however, their position is not widely supported by academics and the public. Some Moravians identify as an ethnically distinct group; the majority consider themselves to be ethnically Czech. In the census of 1991 (the first census in history in which respondents were allowed to claim Moravian nationality), 1,362,000 (13.2%) of the Czech population identified as being of Moravian nationality (or ethnicity). In some parts of Moravia (mostly in
2941-474: Is also the centre of the Czech firearm industry, as the vast majority of Czech firearms manufacturers (e.g. CZUB , Zbrojovka Brno , Czech Small Arms , Czech Weapons , ZVI , Great Gun ) are found in Moravia. Almost all the well-known Czech sporting, self-defence, military, and hunting firearms are made in Moravia. Meopta rifle scopes are of Moravian origin. The original Bren gun was conceived here, as were
3114-552: Is considered likely that Hunimund and at least some of his people escaped this defeat and that he is also the person of that name who was mentioned in the biography of Saint Severinus of Noricum, by Eugippius . This Hunimund attacked Saint Severinus's community at Passau with "barbarians". Passau was also troubled by the Alemanni. It is also likely that some of the Suevi continued to live under Gothic rule in this area. It may also be during this period that some Suevi settled south of
3287-547: Is inconceivable that they and others writing about them would give up and even forget this famous name after leaving Gaul. He also argued that Hydatius and Orosius are not reliable for the events involved. He noted for example that in disagreement with Hydatius, the Gallic Chronicle of 452 registered the Suevi as arriving in Hispania already in 408, before the letter of Jerome, and before the Vandals and Alans. When
3460-457: Is named after its principal river Morava . It is theorized that the river's name is derived from Proto-Indo-European *mori : "waters", or indeed any word denoting water or a marsh . The German name for Moravia is Mähren , from the river's German name March . This could have a different etymology, as march is a term used in the Medieval times for an outlying territory, a border or
3633-578: Is not perfectly clear, it is most often presumed that the Quadi first settled in Moravia around the same time that the Marcomanni settled in Bohemia. There is however a proposal that the Quadi moved into the Bohemian area before the Marcomanni, based on archaeological evidence of Elbe Germanic peoples in the region already before the Marcomanni defeat. The archaeological evidence left by these two peoples
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#17327657760393806-569: Is part of the European Watershed . For centuries, there have been plans to build a waterway across Moravia to join the Danube and Oder river systems, using the natural route through the Moravian Gate . Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus, Homo , dates back more than 600,000 years in the paleontological area of Stránská skála . Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans settled in
3979-437: Is proposed by other authors is that too much weight is given to Lucian 's testimony regarding the influence of Alexander of Abonoteichos as a scapegoat for the disaster whereas it is uncertain whether Alexander was still alive by 170 and Lucian's chronology is at certain points suspect. This disaster forced Marcus to re-evaluate his priorities. Forces from the various frontiers were dispatched against Ballomar. They came under
4152-560: Is similar, making it difficult to define the borders between them, but it confirms their connections with the Elbe Germani , who were living near the central Elbe river and the Saale . The archaeological material culture which unites these groups, and distinguishes them from the previous Celtic inhabitants, is referred to as the "Grossromstedt horizon". It was influenced not only by the older Jastorf culture of this region, but also by
4325-471: Is sometimes known the Battle of Carnuntum . Ballomar then led the larger part of his host southwards towards Italy, while the remainder ravaged Noricum . The Marcomanni razed Opitergium ( Oderzo ) and besieged Aquileia . This was the first time that hostile forces had entered Italy since 101 BC, when Gaius Marius defeated the Cimbri . The army of praetorian prefect Titus Furius Victorinus tried to relieve
4498-879: The Austrian Silesia (when Frederick the Great annexed most of ancient Silesia (the land of upper and middle Oder river) to Prussia , Silesia's southernmost part remained with the Habsburgs ). Today Moravia includes the South Moravian and Zlín regions, vast majority of the Olomouc Region , southeastern half of the Vysočina Region and parts of the Moravian-Silesian , Pardubice and South Bohemian regions. Geologically, Moravia covers
4671-593: The Battle of Bolia in 469. Many of them apparently moved westwards under their king Hunimund , into present-day western Austria and southern Germany, where they became allies of the Alemanni . Other Quadi are presumed to have remained in the Middle Danube region and adapted to the subsequent waves of conquerors, either among the remaining settled communities, or among the more mobile groups which were prominent during this " migration period ". Like their neighbours
4844-688: The Byzantine emperor Michael . The result was the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius who translated liturgical books into Slavonic , which had lately been elevated by the Pope to the same level as Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop, the first archbishop in Slavic world, but after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to flee. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in
5017-610: The Drava river in a region more directly under Gothic control and known during this time as Suavia. The alliance of Hunimund with the Allemanni has been interpreted as evidence of a new Alemannic-Suebi ethnogenesis in the second half of the 5th century, which could explain the documented use of the Suevi name to refer to the Alemanni after about 500. Many of the Suevi who remained in the Pannonian region are believed to have taken up
5190-760: The Iazyges . This was coordinated with his nephews Vangio and Sido , who then divided his realm between themselves as loyal Roman client kings. Vannius was defeated and fled with his followers across the Danube, where they were assigned land in Roman Pannonia . This settlement is convincingly associated with Germanic finds from the 1st century AD in Burgenland , west of Lake Neusiedl , within Roman Pannonia. Quadi soldiers subsequently participated second battle of Bedriacum under Sido and Italicus, perhaps
5363-704: The Morava river, which runs from its north to south, being its principal watercourse. Moravia's largest city and historical capital is Brno . Before being sacked by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War , Olomouc served as the Moravian capital, and it is still the seat of the Archdiocese of Olomouc . Until the expulsions after 1945 , significant parts of Moravia were German speaking . The region and former margraviate of Moravia, Morava in Czech,
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5536-838: The Przeworsk culture from further east in present day Poland. The variant which developed in the old Boii lands is called the Plaňany-Group, and also shows the residual influence of their older Celtic La Tène culture of the Boii, which had itself already come under Przeworsk influence in the generations before the Germanic influx. The evidence indicates that the Quadi initially lived near the Morava river, in southwestern Slovakia, southern Moravia , and north-eastern Lower Austria . However, their population, perhaps divided into two distinct states,
5709-541: The Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310 John of Luxembourg became Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia. In 1333, he made his son Charles the next Margrave of Moravia (later in 1346, Charles also became the King of Bohemia). In 1349, Charles gave Moravia to his younger brother John Henry who ruled in the margraviate until his death in 1375, after him Moravia was ruled by his oldest son Jobst of Moravia who
5882-633: The Reduta Theatre , was established in 17th-century Moravia. From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania ). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed. In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under Frederick the Great , and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later
6055-753: The Roman Empire against principally the Germanic Marcomanni and Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges ; there were related conflicts with several other Germanic, Sarmatian, and Gothic peoples along both sides of the whole length of the Roman Empire's northeastern European border, the river Danube . The struggle against the Germans and Sarmatians occupied the major part of the reign of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius , and it
6228-654: The Roman legions (16 out of 33) would be stationed along the Danube and the Rhine. Numerous Germans settled in frontier regions like Dacia , Pannonia , Germany and Italy itself. This was not a new occurrence, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia , including today's Czech Republic and Slovakia . Some Germans who settled in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of
6401-625: The Victuali had crossed the Danube into the province, but, at least according to the Historia Augusta , the approach of the imperial army to Carnuntum was apparently sufficient to persuade them to withdraw and offer assurances of good conduct. The two emperors returned to Aquileia for the winter, but on the way, in January 169, Lucius Verus had a stroke and died. Marcus returned to Rome to oversee his co-emperor's funeral, deifying him in
6574-415: The highlands in the west and east of this part of Europe run west–east, and therefore form a kind of filter, making north–south or south–north movement more difficult. Only Moravia with the depression of the westernmost Outer Subcarpathia , 14–40 kilometers (8.7–24.9 mi) wide, between the Bohemian Massif and the Outer Western Carpathians (gripping the meridian at a constant angle of 30°), provides
6747-401: The " Getae ", which in this case refers to the Dacians . Later, Pliny the Elder mentioned that the Dacians had been pushed east to the Tisza , into the mountainous country (later referred to as Dacia ) by the Sarmatian Iazyges. Pliny expressed doubt about whether the boundary between the Iazyges on the one hand, and the Suevi and the kingdom of Vannius on the other, was the Morava river or else
6920-419: The "Duria", which is a river that is no longer clearly identifiable. The 2nd-century Greek geographer Ptolemy similarly placed the Quadi on the edge of Germania, making the "Sarmatian mountains" (Σαρματικὰ ὄρη) the border, which he understood to run in a north-easterly direction from the sharp bend in the Danube to the "head of the Vistula" (κεφαλῆς τοῦ Οὐιστούλα ). He names some neighbouring tribes starting from
7093-578: The "right hand" of Prague dukes and kings, while Dukes of Brno and especially those of Znojmo were much more insubordinate. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in 1182, when Emperor Frederick I elevated Conrad II Otto of Znojmo to the status of a margrave , immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1186, Conrad Otto was forced to obey the supreme rule of Bohemian duke Frederick . Three years later, Conrad Otto succeeded to Frederick as Duke of Bohemia and subsequently canceled his margrave title. Nevertheless,
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7266-401: The 2nd century AD, a Roman fortress stood on the vineyards hill known as German: Burgstall and Czech : Hradisko (" hillfort "), situated above the former village Mušov and above today's beach resort at Pasohlávky . During the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius , the 10th Legion was assigned to control the Germanic tribes who had been defeated in the Marcomannic Wars. In 1927,
7439-428: The 890s under Svatopluk I . At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia , the western part of present Hungary ( Pannonia ), as well as Lusatia in present-day Germany and Silesia and the upper Vistula basin in southern Poland . After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler Arnulf of Carinthia , and
7612-404: The Alemanni is also one of the first records mentioning the early Bavarians , or Baiuvarii , who were also living south of the Danube, to the east of the Alemanni, in what had been Roman territory. It is generally believed that their name is Germanic, and that it indicates an origin in the nearby regions to the east, which were once inhabited by the Boii. It is therefore considered very likely that
7785-422: The Baiuvarii included Marcomanni and Quadi. Marcomannic wars Status quo ante bellum Principal Belligerents: Gallic Wars (58 BC – 57 BC) Clades Lolliana (16 BC) Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) Marcomannic Wars (166–180) ( participating Roman units ) Roman campaigns in Germania during the 230s Gothic invasion of the Balkans (250–251) Gothic invasion of
7958-432: The Balkans (254) Gothic invasion of the Balkans (267–268) Roman–Alemannic Wars Gothic War (367–369) Gothic War (376–382) Visigothic Wars Vandalic Wars Anglo-Saxon Wars Vandalic War (533–534) Gothic War (535–554) The Marcomannic Wars ( Latin : bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum German and Sarmatian war ) were a series of wars lasting from about AD 166 until 180. These wars pitted
8131-528: The Bronze Age, people of various cultures have settled in Moravia. Notably the Nitra culture which emerged from the tradition of the Neolithic Corded Ware culture and was spread in western Slovakia (hence the name, derived from Slovak river Nitra ), eastern Moravia and southern Poland. The largest burial site (400 graves) of Nitra culture in Moravia was discovered in Holešov in 1960's. The most recent discovery unearthed 2 settlements and two burial grounds (with total 130 graves) near Olomouc , one of them of
8304-439: The Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the federalist or separatist movement in Moravia is completely marginal. The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the Czech Roman Catholic Administration , as the Ecclesiastical Province of Moravia corresponds with
8477-503: The Danube border and went first to Carnuntum, which was damaged and deserted, and then Aquincum (now part of Budapest). He sent one force north into the Quadi heartlands, and took another force across the Danube near present-day Budapest, where the enemies had settlements, and they slaughtered everyone they could find. He then made his winter quarters on the Roman side of the Danube in Bregetio (present-day Komárom ). Here Quadi envoys came to plead for peace. However, when they maintained that
8650-432: The Danube, ravaged Thrace and descended into the Balkans, reaching Eleusis , near Athens , where they destroyed the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries . The most important and dangerous invasion, however, was that of the Marcomanni in the west. Their leader, Ballomar, had formed a coalition of Germanic tribes. They crossed the Danube and won a decisive victory over a force of 20,000 Roman soldiers near Carnuntum, in what
8823-509: The Empire's reach, the Romans aimed for a combination of military-territorial dominance, while at the same time, engaging in mutually beneficial commerce. By the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 161 AD, the pressures along the Roman frontier had reached a critical point as the Germanic tribes along its borders at the Rhine and Danube came to the conclusion that their survival meant breaking into Rome's territories. Beginning in 162 and continuing until 165, an invasion of Chatti and Chauci in
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#17327657760398996-449: The Great). Still later during the cold winter of 469/470, Thiudimir attacked the Suevi unexpectedly by crossing the frozen Danube. The Suavi were now together in a confederation with the Alemanni, in an Alpine region with streams that flowed loudly into the Danube, Baiuvarii (early Bavarians) on the east, Franks on the west, Burgundians on the south, and Thuringians on the north. Thiudimir returned as victor to his own home in Pannonia. It
9169-431: The Habsburg Ferdinand I was elected as his successor. After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526, Ferdinand I of Austria was elected King of Bohemia and thus ruler of the Crown of Bohemia (including Moravia). The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and the Protestant Moravian nobility (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia, like Bohemia,
9342-450: The Heruli were already settled on the Danube near the Marcomanni and Quadi for some time. The Gepids had already settled somewhere near their future location in Dacia in the 3rd century, among the Quadi's eastern neighbours. The chain of events which led to large numbers of Middle Danubian people to suddenly move west along the Danube, towards Gaul, are not well understood but several are frequently discussed. Many scholars believe that
9515-416: The Heruli, Rugii and Sciri, many probably became followers of the large forces which successfully invaded Italy from the Middle Danube under Odoacer (476), Theoderic the Great (493), and finally the Suebian Langobards (starting in 568), who are believed to have integrated Danubian Suebi into their ranks before moving into Italy. According to the Germanische Altertumskunde Online , the etymologies proposed for
9688-406: The Marcomanni or Quadi would still have been identified under those names in 451, because more contemporary sources never mention these names anymore in this period. After the death of Attila in 453 some of the smaller peoples who had lived within under his hegemony begin to appear in more records, but instead of the Marcomanni and Quadi, only Suevians appear. After the Battle of Nedao in 454, when
9861-431: The Marcomanni, and ten other representatives of the other nations, in a peace mission to the governor of Roman Pannonia. Oaths were sworn and the envoys returned home. Some scholars think the Quadi may have been involved in this raid, or at least allowed it to happen. However the Quadi and their neighbours were facing their own problems with raiders from further north, and had been trying for some time to get more support from
10034-450: The Marcomannic wars, which were fought mainly during the rule of emperor Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161-180). In the 150s or 160s, 6000 Langobardi ( Lombards originally from present-day north Germany) and Obii (whose identity is uncertain) crossed the Lower Danube into Roman territory where they were quickly defeated. Dio Cassius reports that these events worried several of the barbarian nations. A group of them selected Ballomarius, king of
10207-437: The Middle East, and in 176 Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus held a triumph as victors over Germania and Sarmatia . The situation remained disturbed in subsequent years. The Romans declared a new war in 177 and set off in 178, against the Marcomanni, Hermunduri, Sarmatians, and Quadi as specific enemies. Rome executed a successful and decisive battle against them in 179 at Laugaricio (present-day Trenčín in Slovakia) under
10380-456: The Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by invading Magyars in 907. Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, Otto's ally Boleslaus I , the Přemyslid ruler of Bohemia , took control over Moravia. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until 1019, when the Přemyslid prince Bretislaus recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1034, Bretislaus became
10553-495: The Moravian–Silesian border. As well as agriculture in general, Moravia is noted for its viticulture ; it contains 94% of the Czech Republic's vineyards and is at the centre of the country's wine industry . Wallachia has at least a 400-year-old tradition of slivovitz making. The Czech automotive industry also played a significant role in Moravia's economy in the 20th century; the factories of Wikov in Prostějov and Tatra in Kopřivnice produced many automobiles. Moravia
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#173276577603910726-459: The Nitra culture dating between the years 2100-1800 BC and was published in October 2024. This discovery adds up to other Bronze Age discoveries such as a sword found near the city of Přerov, the sword was called ‘the Excalibur of the Late Bronze Age’. Around 60 BC, the Celtic Volcae people withdrew from the region and were succeeded by the Germanic Quadi . Some of the events of the Marcomannic Wars took place in Moravia in AD 169–180. After
10899-534: The Ostrogothic king Valamir . Valamir lost his life, but the Sciri and Suevi lost the battle, and the Sciri were almost destroyed. A little later, in 469, at the Battle of Bolia , Hunimund and Alaric, apparently both kings of the Suevi, called upon the Sarmatians, and the remnants of the Sciri, led by Edica and Hunwulf , and also the Gepids and Rugians. However, Thiudimir and his Goths defeated these allies, confirming their position as dominant power in this region (from which they would later invade Italy under Theoderic
11072-494: The Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was besieged by Prussians again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the Battle of Domstadtl . In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric. In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with Austrian Silesia into Moravia-Silesia , with Brno as its capital. Moravia became
11245-405: The Quadi and their Suebi neighbours had a relatively stable relationship with the Romans as a client state during this period, but this was interrupted under emperor Domitian during the years 89-97, after the Quadi and Marcomanni refused to assist in a conflict against the Dacians. According to Dio Cassius, Domitian reacted by entering Pannonia to make war, killed the peace envoys sent to him, but
11418-407: The Quadi and their neighbours the Sarmatians, Marcomanni, and Vandals , as peoples who had recently been ransacking the nearby Roman provinces together with these newcomers. In 409 he placed the Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Heruli , and even inhabitants of Roman Pannonia, in another list of peoples who had recently moved west and occupied parts of Gaul. These were the last clear contemporary records of
11591-460: The Quadi deposed their pro-Roman king, Furtius , and installed his rival, Ariogaesus , in his place. Marcus Aurelius refused to recognize him, and turning back, deposed and exiled him to Alexandria . Thus, by late 174, the subjugation of the Quadi was complete. In typical Roman fashion, they were forced to surrender hostages and provide auxiliary contingents for the Roman army, while garrisons were installed throughout their territory. After this,
11764-459: The Quadi doing anything under their old name. Given their presence in Gaul in 409 AD the Quadi are considered likely to have been prominent among the Suevi who moved west into Iberia by 409 AD and founded the Kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia , in present day Spain and Portugal. This Gallaecian kingdom lasted for more than a century, until it was defeated by the Visigoths , and integrated into their kingdom in 585. Meanwhile, until he died in 453,
11937-448: The Quadi had rebelled again, and they expelled their Roman-approved king Furtius , replaced by Ariogaisos. In a major battle between 172 and 174, a Roman force was almost defeated, until a sudden rainstorm allowed them to defeat the Quadi. The incident is well-known because of the account given by Dio Cassius , and on the Column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. By 175 the cavalry from the Marcomanni, Naristae, and Quadi were forced to travel to
12110-414: The Quadi listed by Jerome in 409, and perhaps most of those listed, must have previously entered Gaul in a large and coordinated crossing of the Rhine involving Vandals and Alans, which is traditionally dated to 31 December 406 AD. According to this proposal the Quadi changed their name to Suevi, never used the old name anymore, and then coordinated with the Vandals and Alans to conquer Hispania. Because of
12283-421: The Quadi thrived near the Danube, and became more culturally integrated with both their Roman and Sarmatian neighbours. Around 400 AD the Marcomanni and Quadi names suddenly disappeared from contemporary records. Since about 380 AD their Middle Danubian homelands had been dominated by peoples who had migrated from eastern Europe, most notably the Huns , Alans and Goths . In 395 AD however, Saint Jerome listed
12456-449: The Quadi". An inferior of his was Usafer, a prominent noble, who led "some of the Sarmatians". In the negotiations the emperor declared that the Sarmatians were Roman dependents and demanded hostages. He then learned that there had been social upheaval among the Sarmatians, and some of the nobility had even fled to other countries. He gave them a new king, Zizais, a young prince who was the first leader to surrender. He then met with Vitrodorus
12629-566: The Quadi, in present day Slovakia, and paid tribute to the Quadi and their Sarmatian allies in present day Hungary. Also in these mountainous regions Tacitus places the Buri tribe , who Tacitus describes as speaking a similar Suebian language. In the second century the geographer Ptolemy described the position of the Buri as being near the sources of the Vistula river. Despite the occasional tensions,
12802-465: The Roman empire just to the south. In 467 or 468, Hunimund led a campaign into Dalmatia . After stealing Gothic cattle, the Suevi were attacked near Lake Balaton by Thiudimir, and Hunimund was captured. He was subsequently released from Gothic captivity after he submitted and adopted as Thiudimir's "son by arms" ( filius per arma ). However, in 468 or early 469, Hunimund plotted with the Sciri and attacked
12975-401: The Roman empire, near the Quadi homeland, and expected to do military service for Rome. It is not clear how the Quadi reacted to the changed situation, but their name no longer appears in the records of this region. It is however likely that many crossed into Roman territory while others participated in the large movements of mixed peoples which were happening on both sides of the Danube. After
13148-409: The Roman general charged with getting it done invited their king Gabinius to dinner and then murdered him. As Ammianus wrote "the Quadi, who had long been quiet, were suddenly aroused to an outbreak". Neighbouring tribes including the Sarmatians sprung into action and began raids across the Danube, repulsing the Roman military's first poorly coordinated attempts to confront them. Valentinian moved to
13321-512: The Roman generals included Marcus Valerius Maximianus , Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus . At any rate, the victories they achieved were deemed sufficient for Emperor Commodus to claim the victory title " Germanicus Maximus " in mid-182. An inscription ( CIL III 5937) describes a campaign against the Germanic tribe of the Lugii or Burii ( Expeditio Burica ). The wars had exposed the weakness of Rome's northern frontier, and henceforth, half of
13494-543: The Romans focused their attention on the Iazyges living in the plain of the river Tisza ( expeditio sarmatica ). After a few victories, in 175, a treaty was signed. According to its terms, the Iazyges King Zanticus delivered 100,000 Roman prisoners and, in addition, provided 8,000 auxiliary cavalrymen , most of whom (5,500) were sent to Britain . Upon this, Marcus assumed the victory title " Sarmaticus ". Marcus Aurelius may have intended to campaign against
13667-524: The Romans were deliberately trying to create a buffer state with this settlement, but there is no consensus about this. The area where Vannius ruled over the Marcomanni exiles is generally considered to have been a distinct state to the Quadi kingdom itself. Unfortunately the Cusus river has not been identified with certainty. However, Slovak archaeological research locates the core area of the Vannius kingdom in
13840-505: The Spanish Suevi were from present-day northern Germany, and could have come by ship. Some modern scholars propose that the Quadi among the Spanish Suevi lost their name because this was a mixed group which included Quadi along with other types of Suevi. There is no record which specifically connects Quadi with the crossing of 406, but there are two near-contemporary records which imply that Suevi were involved. Hydatius says that in
14013-401: The Vandals, Alans and Suevi arrived in Hispania, it was under the control of a rebel Roman general Gerontius who came to agreements with them as military allies in his struggle against Roman forces. The four groups proceeded to divide Hispania between themselves into four kingdoms, with the agreement of Gerontius. After the defeat of Gerontius, the Roman authorities rejected these agreements and
14186-604: The Visigoths began to work against the four kingdoms. After many of the Vandals and Alans moved to Carthage, the Suevi were the last of them to hold an independent kingdom, which they succeeded to hold until 585, when the kingdom was absorbed by the Visigothic kingdom. By the early 5th century the Middle Danube region had come under the domination of the Huns and their allies, and Roman power was ineffective in this region. In 427
14359-576: The adoption of the title " Germanicus " by Marcus Aurelius, and the minting of coins with the inscription " Germania capta " ("subjugated Germania"). During this campaign, Valao, the chief of the Naristi was killed by the Roman General Marcus Valerius Maximianus . In 173, the Romans campaigned against the Quadi, who had broken their treaty and assisted their kin, and defeated and subdued them. During this campaign,
14532-455: The archeologist Gnirs, with the support of president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , began research on the site, located 80 km from Vindobona and 22 km to the south of Brno. The researchers found remnants of two masonry buildings, a praetorium and a balneum ("bath"), including a hypocaustum . The discovery of bricks with the stamp of the Legio X Gemina and coins from the period of
14705-623: The assault rifles the CZ-805 BREN and Sa vz. 58 , and the handguns CZ 75 and ZVI Kevin (also known as the "Micro Desert Eagle "). The Zlín Region hosts several aircraft manufacturers, namely Let Kunovice (also known as Aircraft Industries, a.s.), ZLIN AIRCRAFT a.s. Otrokovice (formerly known under the name Moravan Otrokovice), Evektor-Aerotechnik , and Czech Sport Aircraft . Sport aircraft are also manufactured in Jihlava by Jihlavan Airplanes / Skyleader . Aircraft production in
14878-631: The autumn of 169. He established a Danubian headquarters in Carnuntum between present-day Vienna and Bratislava. From here he could receive embassies from the different peoples north of the Danube. Some were given the possibility to settle in the empire, others were recruited to fight on the Roman side. The Quadi were pacified, and in 171 they agreed to leave their coalition, and returned deserters and 13,000 prisoners of war. They supplied horses and cattle as war contributions, and promised not to allow Marcomanni or Jazyges passage through their territory. By 173
15051-569: The autumn of 409 when the Alans, and the Hasdingi and Silingi Vandals, entered Hispania they were together with Suevi. Orosius specified that they fought at the same crossing when the Franks attempted to defend Gaul against the Vandals. He even believed that the Suevi, Vandals, Alans and Burgundians were all part of a heretical movement driven by the Roman military leader Stilicho , whose father
15224-496: The beginning of what was to come. In their aftermath, the military governor of Pannonia, Marcus Iallius Bassus , initiated negotiations with 11 tribes. In these negotiations, the Marcomannic king Ballomar , a Roman client, acted as a mediator and dismissed the actions of these invading Germanic tribes as an aberration. In the event, a truce was agreed upon and the tribes withdrew from Roman territory, but no permanent agreement
15397-729: The behest of the Přemyslid dynasty . Germans continued to come to Moravia in waves, culminating in the 18th century. They lived in the main city centres and in the countryside along the border with Austria (stretching up to Brno) and along the border with Silesia at Jeseníky, and also in two language islands , around Jihlava and around Moravská Třebová . After the World War II , the Czechoslovak government almost fully expelled them in retaliation for their support of Nazi Germany 's invasion and dismemberment of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939) and subsequent German war crimes (1938–1945) towards
15570-561: The building of a barrier was begun "unjustly and without due occasion", which had roused rude spirits to anger, Valentinian was enraged, became sick, and died. This ended this round of conflict, and the Romans and Quadi were soon preoccupied with bigger problems in the Danubian region. In 380 the Romans suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Adrianople , which was caused by a sudden movement of peoples including Goths , Alans and Huns coming from present-day Ukraine. According to Ammianus,
15743-410: The centre and south), majority of the population identified as Moravians, rather than Czechs. In the census of 2001, the number of Moravians had decreased to 380,000 (3.7% of the country's population). In the census of 2011, this number rose to 522,474 (4.9% of the Czech population). Moravia historically had a large minority of ethnic Germans , some of whom had arrived as early as the 13th century at
15916-407: The chronicle of Marcellinus Comes says that the provinces of Pannonia, "which had been held by the Huns for fifty years, were reclaimed by the Romans". However, in 433 Flavius Aëtius effectively ceded Pannonia to Attila. Although there is no direct contemporary evidence that the Quadi continued to exist as subjects of Attila under their old name, centuries later Paulus Diaconus listed them among
16089-450: The city, but was defeated and possibly killed during the battle (other sources have him die of the plague). There is no consensus amongst scholars as to the year that the great Germanic invasion towards Aquileia took place. Several authors, like Marcus Aurelius' biographer Frank McLynn , accepting the date of defeat near Carnuntum as 170, place the great Germanic invasion itself three years earlier. They maintain it happened in 167 because by
16262-739: The city. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius decided not to bring more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there. The Germanic tribes were temporarily checked, but the Marcomannic Wars were only the prelude of the invasions that would eventually disassemble and end the Western Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries. Key: Red arrows: Romans. Green arrows: Marcomanns. Italy and Adriatic Sea at bottom left corner. Moravia Moravia ( Czech : Morava [ˈmorava] ; German : Mähren [ˈmɛːʁən] )
16435-486: The command of Marcus Valerius Maximianus , the Romans fought and prevailed against the Quadi in a decisive battle at Laugaricio (near modern Trenčín , Slovakia). The Quadi were chased deeper into Greater Germania westwards, where the praetorian prefect Publius Tarrutenius Paternus later achieved another decisive victory against them, but on 17 March 180, Marcus Aurelius died at Vindobona (modern Vienna ). His son and successor, Commodus , had little interest in pursuing
16608-463: The command of Claudius Pompeianus, with the future emperor Pertinax as one of his lieutenants. A new military command, the praetentura Italiae et Alpium was established to safeguard the roads into Italy, and the Danubian fleet was strengthened. Aquileia was relieved, and by the end of 171, the invaders had been evicted from Roman territory. Intense diplomatic activity followed, as the Romans tried to win over various barbarian tribes in preparation for
16781-568: The command of legate and procurator Marcus Valerius Maximianus . By 180 AD the Quadi and Marcomanni were in a state of occupation, with Roman garrisons of 20,000 men each permanently stationed in both countries. The Romans even blocked the mountain passes so that they could not migrate north to live with the Semnones . Marcus Aurelius was considering the creation of a new imperial province called Marcomannia when he died in 180. Around 214/215 AD, Dio Cassius reports that because of raids into Pannonia,
16954-537: The death of emperor Theodosius I in 395, Saint Jerome listed the Marcomanni and Quadi together with several of the eastern peoples causing devastation in the Roman provinces stretching from Constantinople to the Julian Alps , including Dalmatia, and all the provinces of Pannonia: "Goths and Sarmatians, Quadi and Alans, Huns and Vandals and Marcomanni". Claudian describes them crossing the frozen Danube with wagons, and then setting wagons rigged around themselves like
17127-569: The earliest surviving mention of the Quadi, although aspects of the text are somewhat doubtful. Strabo described a mountain range running north of the Danube, like a smaller version of the Alps which runs south of it. Within it is the Hercynian forest , and within this forest are tribes of Suebi "just as the tribes of the Coldui [καθάπερ τὰ τῶν κολδούων], in whose territory lies Buiaimon [Βουίαιμον,
17300-633: The electrical industry in Moravia date back to 1918. The biggest centres of electrical production are Brno ( VUES , ZPA Brno , EM Brno ), Drásov , Frenštát pod Radhoštěm , and Mohelnice (currently Siemens). The Moravians are generally a Slavic ethnic group who speak various (generally more archaic) dialects of Czech . Before the expulsion of Germans from Moravia the Moravian German minority also referred to themselves as "Moravians" ( Mährer ). Those expelled and their descendants continue to identify as Moravian. Some Moravians assert that Moravian
17473-534: The emperor Caracalla invited the Quadi king Gaiobomarus to meet him, and then had him executed. According to this report Caracalla "claimed that he had overcome the recklessness, greed, and treachery of the Germans by deceit, since these qualities could not be conquered by force", and he was proud of the "enmity with the Vandili and the Marcomani, who had been friends, and in having executed Gaïobomarus". During
17646-459: The emperor being near the front when the disaster occurred, whereas by 170 Marcus Aurelius had settled there. McLynn maintains that Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus went to Aquileia in 168 to restore morale after the disaster as Aquileia makes no geographical, logistical or military sense as a base of operations for launching a campaign on the Danube in Pannonia. The reason McLynn maintains that 170
17819-601: The emperors Antoninus Pius , Marcus Aurelius and Commodus facilitated dating of the locality. A variety of Germanic and major Slavic tribes crossed through Moravia during the Migration Period before Slavs established themselves in the 6th century AD. At the end of the 8th century, the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, Záhorie in south-western Slovakia and parts of Lower Austria . In 833 AD, this became
17992-534: The empire of Attila controlled the Middle Danubian region. Smaller kingdoms were subsequently founded in or near the old Marcomanni and Quadi kingdoms, by the "Danube Suevi", as well as the Rugii , Heruli and Sciri . These "Danube Suevi" are likely to have included descendants of the Quadi, Marcomanni and other Suebian peoples of the region. Their short-lived independent kingdom was defeated by Ostrogoths at
18165-699: The empire. On their side, the Romans were apparently planning for a Germania campaign, and knew that Italy itself was threatened by these pressures, but were deliberately diplomatic while they were occupied with the Parthian campaign in the Middle East, and badly affected by the Antonine plague . However, the Historia Augusta especially blames the Marcomanni and Victohali for throwing everything into confusion while other tribes had been driven on by
18338-477: The end that an exchange may keep up the strength of their mounts and that their freshness may be renewed by alternate periods of rest". In 358 the emperor crossed the Danube and resistance quickly fell apart. The leaders who came to negotiate with the emperor represented different parts of the populations who had participated. An important one was prince Araharius, who ruled "a part of the Transiugitani and
18511-434: The entire area is drained exclusively by a single stream. Morava's far biggest tributaries are Thaya (Dyje) from the right (or west) and Bečva (east). Morava and Thaya meet at the southernmost and lowest (148 m) point of Moravia. Small peripheral parts of Moravia belong to the catchment area of Elbe , Váh and especially Oder (the northeast). The watershed line running along Moravia's border from west to north and east
18684-621: The ethnonym are all fraught with difficulties: The Quadi start to appear in contemporary works only after their neighbours the Marcomanni settled in central Bohemia . This happened after their defeat during the Germania campaign of the elder Drusus in about 9 BC. The defeated Marcomanni soon received a new king Maroboduus, who had been brought up in Rome. He proceeded to lead his own people and their Suebian allies into more isolated regions in
18857-591: The event should not be treated as a fatal blow to the Empire. Instead, Rome's resilience was demonstrated since the Empire remained intact and Roman birth rates in the decade following the plague subsequently increased. At the same time, in Central Europe during the second-century AD, the first movements of the Great Migrations were occurring, as the Goths began moving south-east from their ancestral lands at
19030-615: The fertile southwestern Slovakian lowlands around Trnava , east of the Little Carpathians . The swampy zone between the Little Carpathians and Danube provided an obstacle for possible attacks from non-Roman Pannonia. Geographically, Pliny the Elder saw the Quadi area as the edge of Germania , with the Iazyges sitting outside of it, and the kingdom of Vannius within it. In line with this, Ptolemy (2.11.11) mentions
19203-594: The five lands of Czechoslovakia, it had restricted autonomy. In 1928 Moravia ceased to exist as a territorial unity and was merged with Czech Silesia into the Moravian-Silesian Land (yet with the natural dominance of Moravia). By the Munich Agreement (1938), the southwestern and northern peripheries of Moravia, which had a German-speaking majority, were annexed by Nazi Germany , and during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1939–1945),
19376-633: The former Moravian-Silesian Land. The popular perception of the Bohemian-Moravian border's location is distorted by the memory of the 1960 regions (whose boundaries are still partly in use). An area in South Moravia , around Hodonín and Břeclav , is part of the Viennese Basin . Petroleum and lignite are found there in abundance. The main economic centres of Moravia are Brno , Olomouc , Zlín , and Ostrava lying directly on
19549-460: The implication that Maroboduus lived within Quadi territory. Errors are therefore suspected in the surviving text. A contemporary of Strabo, Velleius Paterculus , didn't mention the Quadi by name but described "Boiohaemum", where Maroboduus and the Marcomanni lived, as "plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest", and he said this was the only part of Germania which the Romans did not control in
19722-447: The important town of Aquileia under siege. Whatever the exact sequence of events, the Historia Augusta says that with the Romans in action several kings of the barbarians retreated, and some of the barbarians put anti-Roman leaders to death. In particular, the Quadi, having lost their king, announced they would not confirm an elected successor without approval from the emperors. Marcus Aurelius returned to Rome but headed north again in
19895-565: The incomplete records, scholars take different positions about the proposal that significant numbers of Quadi moved to Hispania, but Castritius, for example, believed that the majority of the Quadi became Suevi and finished up in Spain. Not all scholars agree. Others propose that the Hispania Suevi were from other Suevian groups. For example, medieval historians such as Gregory of Tours understood them to be Alemanni. Reynolds proposed that
20068-466: The independent tribes (especially the Iazyges ), who lived between the Danube and the Roman province of Dacia. The Iazyges defeated and killed Marcus Claudius Fronto , Roman governor of Lower Moesia. However, while the Roman army was entangled in this campaign, making little headway, several tribes used the opportunity to cross the frontier and raid Roman territory. To the east, the Costoboci crossed
20241-406: The joint rule of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus ) and, although it ended successfully, its unforeseen consequences for the Empire were great. The returning troops brought with them a plague (the so-called Antonine Plague ), which would eventually kill an estimated 7 to 8 million people, severely weakening the Empire. Despite the consequences of the plague, historian Kyle Harper contends that
20414-480: The king of Bohemia. The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when Vladislaus Jagiellon , king of Bohemia, also became king of Hungary, some attachment to Moravian "freedoms" and resistance to government by Prague continued until the end of independence in 1620. In 1526, Vladislaus' son Louis died in battle and
20587-477: The many centuries in which they appear in records. Velleius said that Maroboduus drilled his Bohemian soldiers to almost Roman standards, and that although his policy was to avoid conflict with Rome, the Romans came to be concerned that he could invade Italy. "Races and individuals who revolted from us [the Romans] found in him a refuge." From a Roman point of view he noted that the closest point of access to Bohemia
20760-518: The margrave title was restored in 1197 when Vladislaus III of Bohemia resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother Ottokar by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting Moravia as a vassal land of Bohemian (i.e., Prague) rulers. Vladislaus gradually established this land as Margraviate , slightly administratively different from Bohemia. After the Battle of Legnica , the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia. The main line of
20933-551: The mines, paying the Quadi tribute. In The Annals , Tacitus recounts that Maroboduus was deposed by an exiled noble named Catualda around 18 AD. Catualda was in turn defeated by the Hermunduri king, Vibilius .The subjects of Maroboduus and Catualda were moved by the Romans to an area near the Danube, between the Morava and "Cusus" rivers, and placed under the control of the Quadian king Vannius . There are proposals that
21106-452: The more distant barbarians. Although a Roman offensive could not start in 167, two new legions were raised and in 168 the two emperors, Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius, set out to cross the alps. Either in 167, before the Romans setting, or in 169, after the Romans came to a stop when Verus died, the Marcomanni and Quadi led a crossing of the Danube, and an attack into Italy itself. They destroyed Opitergium (present-day Oderzo ) and put
21279-517: The mountains and forests to the north, and going south to the Danube. To the north of the Marcomanni and Quadi Tacitus names four peoples, the Marsigni , Cotini (or "Gotini"), Osi , and Buri , dwelling in a range of mountains running from west to east which separated them from the a large group of peoples named the Lugii . According to him the Osi and Cotini did not speak Germanic languages and worked
21452-457: The mouth of River Vistula (see Wielbark culture ), putting pressure on the Germanic tribes from the north and east. As a result, Germanic tribes and other nomadic peoples launched raids south and west across Rome's northern border , particularly into Gaul and across the Danube . Whether this sudden influx of peoples with which Marcus Aurelius had to contend was the result of climate change or overpopulation remains unknown. Theories exist that
21625-590: The only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own Diet, or parliament , zemský sněm ( Landtag in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe,
21798-399: The original " Bohemia "], the royal seat of Maroboduus ". King Maroboduus, he wrote, had led several peoples into this forested region, including his own people the Marcomanni . He therefore became ruler of Suevi peoples in this forested region, and also over other Suevi living outside it. Not only is Strabo's spelling of Quadi with an "L" unexpected when compared to later references, but also
21971-450: The others appear to have been long-term neighbours from the Middle Danube area. The Vandals and Sarmatians listed next after the Quadi are generally understood to include the Hasdingi Vandals and Sarmatians who had been eastern neighbours of the Quadi for centuries. The Pannonians from within the empire were the Quadi's long-term neighbours to the south. The Cosmographia written by Julius Honorius , and Liber Generationis , indicate that
22144-456: The peoples who were occupying Gaul at that time: "Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni and—alas! for the commonweal!—even Pannonians". Scholars note that apart from the Saxons, Burgundians and Alemanni, who were already well-known near the Rhine, and the Alans who were newcomers from Ukraine who had already played an important role in the Roman military,
22317-483: The period before the Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. Velleius also remarked that Maroboduus subjugated all his neighbours either by war or treaty. Hofeneder notes that many modern scholars interpret this to mean that the Quadi were also under his overlordship. Although there is no consensus about this, it is in any case clear that the two peoples were always closely connected during
22490-437: The present day Czech Republic , which was surrounded by forests and mountains. It is possible that the name "Quadi" was new, and that the same group had previously been one of those mentioned in Roman accounts under the more general name "Suebi". This was for example the name given to one of the groups who the Romans defeated in the battle after they defeated the Marcomanni in 9 BC. While the literary and archaeological evidence
22663-493: The process. In the autumn of 169, Marcus set out from Rome, together with his son-in-law Claudius Pompeianus , who became his chief counselor during the war. To raise money for the campaign, Marcus was forced to auctioned off property that belonged to the imperial household, a move that was "the only way" to generate revenue instead of increasing taxes on an already burdened populace, so quips historian Michael Kulikowski. The Romans had gathered their forces and intended to subdue
22836-639: The provinces of Raetia and Germania Superior was repulsed. In late 166 or early 167, several thousand Langobardi and Lacringi (or Obii) invaded Pannonia . These tribes exerted pressure on those that had already been established along the Roman border. This invasion was defeated by local forces ( vexillations of the Legio I Adiutrix commanded by a certain Candidus and the Ala Ulpia contariorum commanded by Vindex ) with relative ease, but they marked
23009-806: The quaternary sector, focusing on science, research, and education. Notable projects include AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures, and Technologies) and CETOCOEN (Center for Research on Toxic Substances in the Environment). The machinery industry has been the most important industrial sector in the region, especially in South Moravia , for many decades. The main centres of machinery production are Brno ( Zbrojovka Brno , Zetor , První brněnská strojírna , Siemens ), Blansko ( ČKD Blansko , Metra), Kuřim ( TOS Kuřim ), Boskovice (Minerva, Novibra ) and Břeclav ( Otis Elevator Company ). A number of other, smaller machinery and machine parts factories, companies, and workshops are spread over Moravia. The beginnings of
23182-672: The region by the Paleolithic period. The Předmostí archeological ( Cro-magnon ) site in Moravia is dated to between 24,000 and 27,000 years old. Caves in Moravian Karst were used by mammoth hunters . Venus of Dolní Věstonice , the oldest ceramic figure in the world, was found in the excavation of Dolní Věstonice by Karel Absolon . In November 2024 a new discovery was made on the outskirts of Brno, where bones of at least three mammoths were found along with other animals and human stone tools dating back 15,000 years. During
23355-466: The region continued to face. Populations from more distant regions periodically disrupted the area, increasing tensions with Rome. Small scale raiding from the neighbouring Sarmatian plain into Roman Pannonia continued, and this played a role in triggering more conflicts between the Quadi and Romans in the third and fourth centuries. However, while the original Marcomanni settlements in the northern Bohemian forest subsequently shrunk and became less important,
23528-408: The region of the Marcomanni and Quadi were among the areas first affected by the "a savage horde of unknown peoples, driven from their abodes by sudden violence". Although there is no consensus about the details, the Romans tried new approaches to settling newcomers in large numbers. One of the armed groups responsible for the defeat, led by Alatheus and Saphrax , were settled into the Pannonian part of
23701-663: The region started in the 1930s; after a period of low production post-1989, there have been signs of recovery post-2010, and production is expected to grow from 2013 onwards. Companies with operations in Brno include Gen Digital , which maintains one of its headquarters there and continues to use the brand AVG Technologies , as well as Kyndryl (Client Innovation Centre), AT&T , and Honeywell (Global Design Center). Other significant companies include Siemens , Red Hat (Czech headquarters), and an office of Zebra Technologies . In recent years, Brno's economy has seen growth in
23874-555: The region. In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was expelled to Germany and Austria in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . The Moravian-Silesian Land was restored with Moravia as part of it and towns and villages that were left by the former German inhabitants, were re-settled by Czechs, Slovaks and reemigrants. In 1949 the territorial division of Czechoslovakia
24047-529: The reign of Philip the Arab (reigned 244-249), who cut off gifts which were being paid to Ukrainian Goths under the rule of Ostrogotha , the 6th century writer Jordanes believed that the Marcomanni were paying tribute to Ostrogotha, and the princes of the Quadi were effectively slaves of the Goths. By the middle of the third century the Quadi seem to have rejected their client relationship with Rome, and they began
24220-455: The remaining tribes, and together with his recent conquests establish two new Roman provinces , Marcomannia and Sarmatia , but whatever his plans, they were cut short by the rebellion of Avidius Cassius in the East. Marcus Aurelius marched eastwards with his army, accompanied by auxiliary detachments of Marcomanni, Quadi and Naristi under the command of Marcus Valerius Maximianus . After
24393-981: The remnant of Moravia was an administrative unit within the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . During World War II , the Germans operated multiple forced labour camps in the region, including several subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs, a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Brno for mostly Polish prisoners, and a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Bílá Voda for Jewish women. The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, Oflag VIII-F and Oflag VIII-H, for French , British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in
24566-858: The rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the landfriedens ( landfrýdy ). The rule of young Ladislaus the Posthumous subsisted only less than five years and subsequently (1458) the Hussite George of Poděbrady was elected as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, Pope Paul II excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. about 15% of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian crusade followed and in 1469 Matthias Corvinus conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling Bohemian nobility ) as
24739-496: The ruler of Bohemia. In 1055, he decreed that Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited together by primogeniture , although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts (quarters) of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son. Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from Olomouc , Brno or Znojmo , with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Dukes of Olomouc often acted as
24912-636: The son of Vangio, in 69 AD at Cremona in Italy. An influx of North Italian green-glazed ceramics into southwestern Slovakia might be a result of the troops in Italy. Tacitus reported in the late first century that the Osi , who spoke a language similar to the Pannonian Aravisci who lived near present day Budapest, and the Cotini , a Celtic -speaking people, mined iron in the mountainous regions north of
25085-421: The son of Viduarius the King of the Quadi. They also gave hostages and they drew their swords "which they venerate as gods" in order to swear loyalty. As a next step he moved to the mouth of the Tisza and slaughtered or enslaved many of the Sarmatians who lived on the other side and had felt themselves protected by the river from the Romans. King Viduarius was probably king of the western Quadi. Constantius erected
25258-433: The sons of Attila and their Ostrogothic allies were defeated, the victors were able to consolidate independent kingdoms north of the Middle Danube. The largest and longest lasting, the Gepids, was based in Dacia. To the west, north of the Danube where the Marcomanni and Quadi had been were the Rugii, Heruli, and Sciri. And on the south of that stretch of the Danube, in what used to be the northern part of Roman Pannonia Valeria,
25431-418: The south). The Thaya river meanders along the border with Austria and the tripoint of Moravia, Austria and Slovakia is at the confluence of the Thaya and Morava rivers. The northeast border with Silesia runs partly along the Moravice , Oder and Ostravice rivers. Between 1782 and 1850, Moravia (also thus known as Moravia-Silesia ) also included a small portion of the former province of Silesia –
25604-408: The southeast, Poland very shortly in the north, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Its natural boundary is formed by the Sudetes mountains in the north, the Carpathians in the east and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in the west (the border runs from Králický Sněžník in the north, over Suchý vrch , across Upper Svratka Highlands and Javořice Highlands to tripoint nearby Slavonice in
25777-454: The state of Great Moravia with the conquest of the Principality of Nitra (present-day Slovakia). Their first king was Mojmír I (ruled 830–846). Louis the German invaded Moravia and replaced Mojmír I with his nephew Rastiz who became St. Rastislav. St. Rastislav (846–870) tried to emancipate his land from the Carolingian influence , so he sent envoys to Rome to get missionaries to come. When Rome refused he turned to Constantinople to
25950-423: The subject peoples who Attila could call upon. In addition to the better-known Goths and Gepids he listed "Marcomanni, Suebi, Quadi, and alongside them the Herules, Thuringi and Rugii". Taken at face value this implies that the Quadi might for example have been present at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, fighting for Attila. However this is a much later source, and modern scholars especially doubt whether
26123-416: The successful suppression of Cassius' revolt, the emperor returned to Rome for the first time in nearly 8 years. On 23 December 176, together with his son Commodus , he celebrated a joint triumph for his German victories (" de Germanis " and " de Sarmatis "). In commemoration of this, the Aurelian Column was erected, in imitation of Trajan's Column . The victory celebrations of the previous year were but
26296-438: The time of Diocletian (reigned 284-305). In the first part of the 4th century there is evidence that the Quadi had developed a better relationship with the Romans. Their region of influence spread down the Danube towards present-day Budapest and it seems that their economy support a wealthy Romanised nobility. In 357 a new phase of confrontation began during the reign of Constantius II (reigned 337-361) which gives insight into
26469-458: The various Germanic tribes along the periphery of the Empire may have conspired to test Roman resolve as part of an attempt to bring to possible fruition Arminius 's dream of a future united Germanic empire. Up until these subsequent wars, the Marcomanni and Quadi generally enjoyed amicable relations and access to the Empire's wares—archaeological evidence of Roman household goods and practices illustrate such contact. As with almost all areas within
26642-420: The very east, with Smrk (1278 m), and then south from here Javorníky (1072). The White Carpathians along the southeastern border rise up to 970 m at Velká Javořina . The spacious, but moderate Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the west reach 837 m at Javořice . The fluvial system of Moravia is very cohesive, as the region border is similar to the watershed of the Morava river, and thus almost
26815-420: The war after his father's death. Against the advice of his senior generals, Commodus negotiated a peace treaty with the Marcomanni and the Quadi. He then left for Rome in early autumn 180 A.D., where he celebrated a triumph on October 22. Operations continued against the Iazyges, the Buri and the so-called " free Dacians " living between the Danube and Roman Dacia . Not much is known about this war, except that
26988-402: The war exposed the weakness of Rome's northern frontier , half of the Roman legions (16 out of 33) were stationed along the Danube . In response to increasing numbers of Germanic settlers in frontier regions like Pannonia , Dacia , Rome established two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Marcomannia and Sarmatia , including today's Moravia and western Slovakia . In
27161-634: The way in which the culture of the Quadi had changed. The Quadi and Sarmatians were making raids across the Danube into Roman Pannonia and Moesia. The account given by Ammianus Marcellinus shows that in this period the Quadi had become more accustomed to actions on horseback. He reported that the involved Quadi and Sarmatians "were neighbours and had like customs and armour", "better fitted for brigandage than for open warfare, have very long spears and cuirasses made from smooth and polished pieces of horn, fastened like scales to linen shirts". They had "swift and obedient horses" and they generally had more than one, "to
27334-423: The westernmost part of the Outer Subcarpathia , the last is the northernmost part of the Vienna Basin . The valleys surround the low range of Central Moravian Carpathians . The highest mountains of Moravia are situated on its northern border in Hrubý Jeseník , the highest peak is Praděd (1491 m). Second highest is the massive of Králický Sněžník (1424 m) the third are the Moravian-Silesian Beskids at
27507-430: The year 170 the Germans would have been checked by the Praetentura Italiae et Alpium —the fortifications which were erected in 168–169 to block a breakthrough of the Alps to Northern Italy—whereas all sources confirm it to be a military walkover. A further argument is that the panic which gripped Rome in 167–168 would make no sense if the Germanic tribes were still on the opposite side of the Danube. Also, no source mentions
27680-475: Was a Habsburg possession until the end of World War I . In 1573 the Jesuit University of Olomouc was established; this was the first university in Moravia. The establishment of a special papal seminary, Collegium Nordicum, made the University a centre of the Catholic Reformation and effort to revive Catholicism in Central and Northern Europe. The second largest group of students were from Scandinavia . Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As
27853-437: Was a Vandal officer in the Roman army, and who wanted to destabilize Gaul for his own benefit. (Such accusations against Stilicho are not accepted by modern scholars.) On this basis many scholars therefore suggest that the Quadi in Gaul must have changed their name to "Suevi". Arguing against the proposal that the Quadi changed name to Suevi and moved to Spain, Reynolds argued in 1957 that if the Suevi in Spain were Quadi, then it
28026-415: Was called by an Egyptian magician praying to Mercury , while Christian writers such as Tertullian attributed it to a prayer by Christians. In the same year, Didius Iulianus , the commander of the Rhine frontier, repelled another invasion of the Chatti and the Hermunduri , while the Chauci raided the shoreline of Gallia Belgica . In the next year, the Romans marched against the Quadi, whereupon
28199-593: Was during his campaigns against them that he started writing his philosophical work Meditations . Secure for many years following his ascension to power, the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius never left Italy; neither did he embark on substantial conquests, all the while allowing his provincial legates to command his legions entirely. Historian Adrian Goldsworthy posits that Pius's reluctance to take aggressive military action throughout his reign may have contributed to Parthian territorial ambitions. The resulting war between Parthia and Rome lasted from 161 to 166 AD (under
28372-424: Was in 1410 elected the Holy Roman King but died in 1411 (he is buried with his father in the Church of St. Thomas in Brno – the Moravian capital from which they both ruled). Moravia and Bohemia remained within the Luxembourg dynasty of Holy Roman kings and emperors (except during the Hussite wars ), until inherited by Albert II of Habsburg in 1437. After his death followed the interregnum until 1453; land (as
28545-444: Was later more concentrated to the east of the Little Carpathians , in what is now Slovakia, and they eventually extended as far as Vác in present-day Hungary. At its height, their kingdom also possibly stretched west into present-day Bohemia. Over time the eastern Quadi became an important cultural bridge between Romans, Sarmatians and the more distant peoples to the north and east. Strabo , writing about 23 AD, appears to have written
28718-470: Was one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia founded in 1918. In 1928 it was merged with Czech Silesia , and then dissolved in 1948 during the abolition of the land system following the communist coup d'état . Its area of 22,623.41 km is home to about 3.0 million of the Czech Republic's 10.9 million inhabitants. The people are historically named Moravians , a subgroup of Czechs , the other group being called Bohemians . The land takes its name from
28891-478: Was only roughly alike the historical state and, chiefly, there was no land or federal autonomy, unlike Slovakia. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the whole Eastern Bloc , the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to
29064-418: Was planning to lead in person was postponed until 168. In the spring of that year, Marcus Aurelius, together with Lucius Verus , set forth from Rome, and established their headquarters at Aquileia . The two emperors supervised a reorganization of the defences of Italy and the Illyricum, raised two new legions, Legio II Italica and Legio III Italica , and crossed the Alps into Pannonia. The Marcomanni and
29237-521: Was radically changed, as the Moravian-Silesian Land was abolished and Lands were replaced by " kraje " (regions), whose borders substantially differ from the historical Bohemian-Moravian border, so Moravia politically ceased to exist after more than 1100 years (833–1949) of its history. Although another administrative reform in 1960 implemented (among others) the North Moravian and the South Moravian regions ( Severomoravský and Jihomoravský kraj ), with capitals in Ostrava and Brno respectively, their joint area
29410-407: Was reached. Since the Romans were already fighting the Parthians at this time, the diplomatic measures ( bellum suspensum ) in ending this conflict were considered a success, but it remains unclear which tribes had even participated in the original incursions. During that time, as the Antonine plague was ravaging the empire, Marcus Aurelius was unable to do more, and the punitive expedition he
29583-402: Was then defeated by the Marcomanni. This campaign was referred to as the war against the Suebi, or the Suebi and Sarmatians, or the Marcomanni, Quadi and Sarmatians. The relationship then stabilized again in the time of emperor Nerva . The relationship between the Romans and the Quadi and their neighbours was far more seriously and permanently disrupted during the long series of conflicts called
29756-441: Was triggered by internal Roman conflicts after the death of Theodosius. Claudian claimed that they were all incited by an Eastern Roman consul and enemy of Stilicho, Rufinus . The exact connection between Alaric and those who crossed the Danube remains unclear. The last contemporary mention of the Quadi as an identifiable people is in another letter by Saint Jerome from 409, but it places them far from home. He lists them first among
29929-449: Was via Carnuntum . This was between present-day Vienna and Bratislava, and near the Quadi territory where the Morava river enters the Danube. The Quadi leader at the time when Maroboduus moved to Bohemia was apparently named Tudrus . He is mentioned only by Tacitus, who is also the first author to clearly mention the Quadi in ancient records: To the east of the Quadi Strabo mentioned that the Suevian neighbours of Maroboduus bordered upon
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