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54-415: Commissariats were created as central organs of state administration when Soviet power was established in the republics in the territory of the former Russian Empire. The number of People's Commissariats changed in accordance with the requirements of the current moment; overall it increased due to the separation of existing ones and the formation of new ones. The first People's Commissariats were created by

108-483: A "free" socialist one with mutual trust, peace and international cooperation and solidarity. The former sought to destroy the latter, but because of the common good that the latter is based on, the former has failed . The declaration goes on and lists three factors as to why this Union is a necessary step. First of all, the aftermath of the Civil War left many of the republics' economies destroyed, and rebuilding in

162-864: A conference of delegations from the Russian SFSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR . The Treaty and the Declaration were confirmed by the First All-Union Congress of Soviets and signed by heads of delegations  – Mikhail Kalinin , Mikhail Tskhakaya , and Grigory Petrovsky , Alexander Chervyakov respectively on December 30, 1922. The treaty provided flexibility to admit new members. Therefore, by 1940

216-646: A decree where the former Bukharan, Khivan People's Republics as well as the RSFSR's Turkestan were re-organized as the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR , both of whom became full Union Republics on 13 May 1925. The borders of the new republics matched to an extent the ethno-social, linguistic, and tribal groups inhabiting the regions in question, and Uzbekistan initially also contained a newly formed Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which would be elevated to

270-652: A different agenda . Lenin himself saw the creation of national republics as a permanent feature in line with his korenizatsiya policies. In spring of 1922, Lenin suffered his first stroke, and Stalin, still being a People's Commissar for Nationalities , gained a new official chair as the General Secretary of the Communist Party . Stalin argued that, because the Russian Civil War had now concluded and war communism had been replaced by

324-741: A full Union Republic on October 16, 1929, to become the Tajik SSR . Meanwhile, in 1924 the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was carved out of the northeastern part of the former Turkestan, to be upgraded to the level of Autonomous SSR (within the RSFSR) and eventually made a union-level republic in the form of the Kirghiz SSR in 1936, along with the " Kirghiz Autonomous SSR " which became the Kazakh SSR . In January 1924,

378-519: A future fifth column . At the same time, it created a new centralised federal government in which key functions would clearly be in the hands of Moscow. The original document included a cover sheet, the declaration, the treaty (containing the preface and 26 articles) and the signatures of the delegations that signed it. In the cover sheet, the title Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was typed in Russian , French , English and German , as well as

432-586: A minority to undermine the standing army (such as the establishment Tatar and Bashkir autonomies) and, where there was no national minority, a government based on geographical locale – Far Eastern Republic , Turkestan . However, the Red Army 's ultimate failure in the Polish–Soviet War placed the Bolshevik world revolution plans on hold. Simultaneously, the growing figure of Joseph Stalin pursued

486-874: A new federal government whose key functions were centralised in Moscow . Its legislative branch consisted of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union and the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union ( TsIK ), while the Council of People's Commissars composed the executive . The Treaty, along with the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR was approved on 30 December 1922 by

540-710: A result of Soviet annexations of other countries. The first was the Karelo-Finnish SSR , ceded by Finland to the USSR after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939, which on 31 March 1940 was elevated to a union republic from the Karelian ASSR , previously part of the Russian SFSR. After the invasion and annexation of the Baltic states in 1940, Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia were transformed into

594-519: A single state that would guarantee prosperity, security and development. Finally the declaration then specifies that the resultant Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is one that is created on free will of the peoples, that its purpose follows the ideals of the October Revolution , that each and every socialist republic has the right to join and leave the Union at its own will, and hinting at

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648-531: Is impossible to liquidate a legal entity by terminating the agreement on its establishment or to liquidate an entire state by simply denouncing the treaty establishing it. At the same time, the treaty was not, in the proper sense, an agreement on the creation of a state, but was only a part of the future Constitution [1924], and, finally, the Treaty on the formation of the USSR in 1922 was originally conceived as part of this constitution being developed, and therefore, it

702-477: Is taken by Dmitry Lukashevich, candidate of legal sciences, who considers the Union Treaty of 1922 to be a constituent act of domestic legal nature. He makes the following arguments: "The treaty on the formation of the USSR in 1922 was not an international legal, but a constituent act of a domestic nature. The function of this treaty is only to establish the state, and not to legitimize its existence. Just as it

756-611: Is vested in the collegium of the chairmen of these commissions, that is, the Council of People's Commissars. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets and its executive body, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , had the right to control the activities of the People's Commissars and to remove them. By the same decree the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was formed, including

810-669: The Lithuanian SSR (July 13), Latvian SSR (July 21) and Estonian SSR (also July 21) and were formally adjoined to the Soviet Union on 3, 5 and 6 August respectively. The final republic was the Moldavian SSR , which merged the large territory of Bessarabia (annexed from Romania) with the Moldavian ASSR , previously part of the Ukrainian SSR. After World War II, no new republics were established. Instead,

864-507: The New Economic Policy , it was necessary to reorganise the Bolshevik state into a single sovereign entity, so that its legal de jure framework would match its de facto condition. That process would require the liquidation of the many splinter Soviet governments and the restoration of supreme rule to Moscow. In January 1922, Georgy Chicherin , the then People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs , sent an official inquiry to

918-690: The People's Commissariat of Food Industry USSR . In 1946, the People's Commissariats of all levels were transformed into ministries of the same name. Second All-Russian Congress of Workers%27 and Soldiers%27 Deputies%27 Soviets Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 541813014 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:40:52 GMT Treaty on

972-488: The Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union , which provided for the formation of the government of the union state. It was called the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union ; it included the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, his deputies, the leaders of the People's Commissariats of the Soviet Union. The Treaty (Article 11) provides the following list of People's Commissariats of

1026-757: The upper house of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (the lower house , the Soviet of the Union , was without a quorum ). The treaty's text was prepared by a commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (at that time the Russian Communist Party, the Bolsheviks). The treaty was a result of many internal political conflicts within the Bolshevik Party and governments inside

1080-523: The "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the 2nd Congress of Soviets on November 9, 1917. The decree was established: The management of certain branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, whose composition should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the Congress, in close union with the mass organizations of workers, women workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and employees. Government power

1134-623: The All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Councils. However, no list of People's Commissariats was provided in the Constitution. Since the formation of the Soviet Union, the Union republics delegated part of their sovereign powers to the newly formed state, only a part of governance issues remained in their jurisdiction. The Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union (Article 18) defines

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1188-670: The All-Union). Although the republics' parties remained, Russia's party retained its primus inter pares position but also officially took over as a supreme authority in the USSR. One area in which the Soviet division of power was not resolved during the treaty's signing was Soviet Central Asia , which contained several problems. A major battleground during the Russian Civil War , the region would remain unstable after it. Turkestan had come under Russian control fairly recently, between 1867 and 1885. Moreover, unlike other ethnic borders of

1242-862: The Central Council of the National Economy, of which the first six are non-united (autonomous), and the last five are combined with the corresponding People's Commissariats of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, implementing the directives of the last, submitting to the Central Executive Committee, its Presidium and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Constitution of

1296-626: The Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1918 provided for the opportunity for "regions differing in special life and national composition" to create autonomous regions with the formation of their regional Congresses of Soviets and their executive bodies, that is, the Councils of People's Commissars. Thus, in the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic , formed in 1926 as part of

1350-618: The Creation of the USSR The Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Russian : Декларация и договор об образовании Союза Советских Социалистических Республик ) officially created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union . It de jure legalised a political union of several Soviet republics that had existed since 1919 and created

1404-467: The Declaration on the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Statement about Principles of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Some experts argue that the original Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, ceased to exist as such, upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, which greatly altered the internal arrangement and reorganised

1458-616: The Karello-Finnish SSR was downgraded into an autonomous republic and re-admitted into the Russian SFSR on July 16, 1956. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the Ukrainian and Byelorussian SSRs, and the Russian SFSR met to agree on the annulment of the 1922 treaty . On 26 December, the Soviet of the Republics , the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union , ratified a relevant resolution, effectively voting

1512-593: The October Revolution), it needed an excuse to cross them. One such method was a creation of an alternative government, a Soviet Republic , which would then take over authority as the Red Army ousted the existing government. That was the case with Ukraine , Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan and failed campaigns such as in the Baltic States and Poland . Alternatively, it would use the presence of

1566-431: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in 1929 the Constitution was adopted, which reads: People's Commissariats are established in the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to directly manage individual branches of government: 1) Internal Affairs, 2) Justice, 3) Education, 4) Health, 5) Social Security, 6) Agriculture, 7) Finance, 8) Labor , 9) Workers' and Dekhkan (Peasant) Inspections, 10) Trade, and 11)

1620-665: The Second Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union , that was called in accordance to the treaty ratified the first 1924 Soviet Constitution . The constitution's text is essentially the rewritten and expanded treaty. It even contains the same declaration. The treaty had 26 articles, but the constitution had eleven chapters and 72 articles. In Ukraine the treaty was approved by the Seventh All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in December 1922 by adopting

1674-406: The Soviet Union from a confederation into a more centralized federal country. Instead of the Congress of Soviets , the new constitution created a permanent parliament, the Supreme Soviet . It also tied together most of the authorities and most significantly affirmed the role of the Communist Party as the "driving force" behind the Soviet Union's working masses. With regard to the original Treaty,

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1728-638: The Soviet Union grew from the founding four (or six, depending on whether 1922 or 1940 definitions are applied) republics to 15 republics . On 8 December 1991, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian presidents signed the Belovezha Accords . The agreement declared the dissolution of the USSR by its remaining founder states (denunciation of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On 10 December,

1782-607: The Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the Soviet of the Union , had been unable to work since 12 December, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum ). The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov, who signed the decree on the denunciation of the Union Treaty, subsequently stated that the treaty ceased to exist as a state legal document with

1836-597: The Soviet Union: As the national economy developed and strengthened, the number of People's Commissariats at all levels increased. So, in 1932, the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the Soviet Union was transformed into three people's commissariat: Further, from 1936 to 1939, the number of People's Commissariats increased to 24. For example, in 1939, the People's Commissariats of Fish Industry and Meat and Dairy Industry were divided off from

1890-400: The Soviet foreign policy of socialist irredentism (see World revolution ), finishes stating that the treaty ...will serve a decisive step on the path of unification of all workers into a "World Socialist Soviet Republic". Following the declaration, is the treaty itself consisting of a preface and 26 articles. Initially, the treaty did little to alter the major political spectrum. Most of

1944-664: The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , adopted in 1919, in article 14 established: Heading individual branches of the country's management is assigned to special departments of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets – the People's Commissariats headed by the Heads elected by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Councils. The number, subjects of department departments and their internal organization are established by

1998-444: The Union. Initially, Vladimir Lenin did not see that Russia's October Revolution would end all foreign borders as such. That view was supported by Leon Trotsky and his followers, who believed that Russia was only a first step in a future world revolution . However, as the Red Army approached the edges of the former Russian Empire and its borders (including the newly created borders of areas that had declared independence after

2052-587: The accord was ratified by the Ukrainian and Belarusian parliaments . On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament , therefore the Russian SFSR renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR. On 26 December 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union ,

2106-468: The actual words Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics also in those four languages. It contained the original state emblem of the Soviet Union . The declaration was written as a reflection on contemporary international relations and why the treaty was necessary. According to the narrative, there are now two distinct camps, an "exploiting" capitalist with colonialism , chauvinism and social and ethnic inequalities and

2160-514: The adoption of the Constitution re-organised the make-up of the Union moving from seven to eleven SSRs. On December 5, 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was broken into Armenian , Georgian and Azerbaijani SSRs. The same day, two of RSFSR's autonomies, the Kazak and the Kirghiz ASSRs , were re-organised as full republics. In a prelude to World War II , several new republics were created as

2214-409: The adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR in 1924. There is no consensus among Russian lawyers about the effect of the Union Treaty of 1922 at the time of the Soviet Union's break-up. Doctor of Law Petr Kremnev believes that the treaty had an international legal character and was in effect from the moment of its adoption until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. A diametrically opposite position

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2268-551: The aspirations of large minorities (the named examples of Georgia and Ukraine) and also to allow for potential expansion, as well. Byelorussia was the smallest republic, but its official languages included Polish and Yiddish in addition to Russian and Belarusian to undermine the authority of the neighbouring Second Polish Republic and to use its sizeable Jewish minority, as well as the Belarusians and Ukrainians in Poland as

2322-458: The authorities of the Russian SFSR about the possibility of representing the legal interests of other republics. Stalin took the position that the Russian SFSR should represent the other republics in the field of foreign policy (including at the Genoa conference in 1922), although there was no legal act that would grant it such powers. The first talks between the authorities of individual republics on

2376-415: The drafting of the treaty began in August 1922. The line went directly in conflict with both proponents of korenizatsiya and some of the local governments, most notably in Ukraine (where it was opposed by Christian Rakovsky ) and Georgia (where the dispute gave rise to the Georgian Affair ). Thus, the treaty can be viewed as a compromise between the different groups within the Bolshevik camp to satisfy

2430-421: The former Russian Empire , which were delimited during the Tsarist days (for example, Transcaucasia lost its feudal administration by the mid-19th century), the Soviet authorities inherited two provinces that were de jure never part of Russia proper, the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva . During the Russian Civil War, they shared the fate of the other republics, but even there, their special status

2484-420: The governing positions of the RSFSR's supreme organs were automatically transferred to those of the USSR. For example, Lenin's position as chairman of RSFSR's Council of People's Commissars (SNK), which he held since the Revolution, would now to be transformed as the Chairman of the Union's SNK. However, as Lenin remained ill from the stroke, both of his chairs would be occupied by Alexei Rykov as acting head of

2538-459: The government. Joseph Stalin 's position as General Secretary of the Communist Party was also unchanged. However, the party's position was. Prior to the treaty, the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) had its own bureaus to oversee activities in distant regions such as the Turkestani Bureau, the Transcaucasian Bureau etc. After the Treaty, the party was reorganised as the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (VKP(b) – V for Vsesoyuznaya,

2592-406: The list of People's Commissariats, whose leaders were members of the Council of People's Commissars of the Republics: The Council of People's Commissars of the Republic with a deliberative vote also included representatives representing those People's Commissariats, whose leadership began to fall within the competence of the Soviet Union: The creation of the Soviet Union was legally formalized by

2646-465: The list of People's Commissariats: Later, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of December 15, 1917, the Supreme Council of National Economy under the Council of People's Commissars, which had the status of People's Commissariat, was established to organize and manage the national economy. When Soviet power was established in other Soviet republics, similar commissariats were established on

2700-404: The new socialist fashion is proving difficult without closer economic cooperation. Secondly, foreign threats continue to loom over the socialist camp, and its sovereignty requires an alliance for defence. Finally, the ideological factor, that the Soviet rule is internationalist in nature and pushes the working masses to unite in a single socialist family. These three factors justify in uniting in

2754-410: The territory of the former Russian Empire. The Council of People's Commissars adopted on December 1, 1917, at the suggestion of Lenin, the decree "On the amount of remuneration of the people's commissars and senior officials" (published on December 6, 1917, in No. 16 of the "Newspapers of the Provisional Worker and Peasant Government"). According to the decree, the remuneration of the people's commissars

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2808-439: Was 500 rubles plus 100 rubles for each disabled family member, which was approximately equal to the average wage of the worker. With minor changes and additions, the same list of people's commissariats of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is also presented in Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1918 adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article 11 of

2862-415: Was preserved, and they were established as the Bukharan and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics . Despite Mikhail Frunze 's victories, the conflict was ongoing, and whole provinces were under control of the Basmachi movement in 1922. To settle the issue, in line with the korenizatsiya policy a massive programme of national delimitation in Central Asia was undertaken. On October 27, 1924, TsIK issued

2916-404: Was simply impossible to denounce "or otherwise terminate it in December 1991." On March 15, 1996, the State Duma of the Russian Federation expressed its legal position in relation to the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in "The denunciation of the Treaty establishing the Soviet Union" as the wrongful, unconstitutional act passed by a grave violation of the Constitution of the RSFSR,

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