80-484: Yüksek Hızlı Tren or YHT (English: High Speed Train ) are the high speed train services on high-speed rail in Turkey . They are operated by TCDD Transport and are the country's only high-speed services and the railway's premier intercity train service. As of 2022, the network spans 1,385 km (860.6 mi) and services major cities like Istanbul , Ankara , Eskişehir , İzmit , Konya , and Sivas . Expansion of
160-686: A Spaniard who had participated in Columbus's voyages , and likely possessed an early map of the Americas that Piri Reis would use as a source for his maps. When his uncle died in a 1511 shipwreck in the Mediterranean, Piri Reis returned to Gallipoli to work on his navigational studies. The finished manuscript of his first world map was dated to the month of Muharram in the Islamic year 919 AH, equivalent to March 1513 AD. This work included
240-478: A compass, navigating by the stars, reading portolan charts , and the oceans . It includes information on recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages including the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas and Vasco da Gama 's discovery of a sea route to India . It offers the first detailed Ottoman description of the Indian Ocean , and gives special attention to Hormuz Island at the strait leading into
320-507: A fleet of 40 ships led by his nephew Antão de Noronha that reached Hormuz in November 1552. In his 80s, Piri Reis was executed following his retreat at Hormuz. After the expedition's failure, Kubad Pasha denied Piri Reis rowers for his galleys. Piri Reis returned to Egypt in 1553 with only two ships, loaded with gold. The sultan had him beheaded in Cairo ; the exact date of his execution
400-628: A lost map of the Caribbean from Christopher Columbus . This sparked greater interest in the Kitab-ı Bahriye , and facsimiles of both were published. Piri Reis and his cartography have since become a point of national pride for Turkey . Little is known about Piri Reis' background and early life. He was likely born around 1470 in Gallipoli on the Dardanelles . At the time, Gallipoli was
480-623: A major naval base for the Ottoman Empire . He was born Muhiddin Piri; Reis was a military rank equivalent to captain. His uncle was Kemal Reis . Little is known about his parents. Piri Reis gives his father's name as Hacı Mehmed. It is not clear from historical records whether Piri was the son of Kemal Reis' brother or sister. Kemal Reis had a brother-in-law from Nafpaktos who was arrested and tortured in Venice for alleged spying during
560-550: A million pieces of gold. The fleet arrived at Basra by 1553. A letter from the Portuguese governor inside the fortress, dated 31 October 1552, said that the walls had been near collapsing, but that the Ottomans had run low on "munitions, gunpowder, and other war materials" much of which they had lost when a galleon sank on the way to Hormuz. The Portuguese governor of India , Afonso de Noronha [ es ] organized
640-602: A partial copy of an otherwise lost map by Christopher Columbus . The map is a portolan chart with compass roses from which lines of bearing radiate. Designed for navigation via dead reckoning , portolan charts use a windrose network rather than a longitude and latitude grid . It contains extensive notes primarily in Ottoman Turkish . The colophon in Arabic is written in a different handwriting, likely that of Piri Reis himself. The depiction of South America
720-694: A rail transport network around Istanbul and the world's deepest immersed tube railway tunnel under the Bosphorus strait, is also under construction. The Marmaray tunnel will connect the railway lines on the European and Asian parts of Istanbul and Turkey. In 2013 the Marmaray tunnel was opened and passenger transportation is started partially in 13.5 km of total 76.5 km. The rest was expected to be completed by 2015, but it now looks like this will not happen until some time in 2016. The project connecting
800-571: A row (1 on one side, 2 on the other side) in first class and 4 seats in a row (2 on each side) in economy class. Automatic sliding doors provide passage between cars. Baggage may be stowed in the overhead compartments above the seats, or underneath the seats. Wi-Fi service is available with power inputs for laptops in first and business classes and all sets are wheelchair-accessible (with places in economy class only). In economy class, seats are fabric-coated and have audio connectors and foldable tables. In first class, there are leather-coated seats and
880-602: A second world map in 1528. Only a fragment of the map—the northwest corner—remains. The parchment fragment is approximately 70 centimeters square. As with the 1513 map, the 1528 map has calligraphic inscriptions in Ottoman-Turkish written in the Arabic alphabet. The colophon is in Arabic, likely handwritten by Piri Reis himself. According to the colophon, Piri Reis compiled the map in 1528 in Gallipoli. However, he may not have completed it until 1529. The 1528 map
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#1732790871627960-582: A single-track line, and trains usually were delayed 30 minutes to 2 hours plus the average 7 hours, 30 minutes travel time. Rail transport in Turkey was already at its lowest point, so in 2003 the State Railways and the Turkish Ministry of Transport made an agreement to build a 533 km (331 mi) line between the two cities. The line would be an electrified double trackline . Construction began in 2004 from Esenkent to Eskişehir. The line
1040-415: A visual and audio broadcasting system that can broadcast at least 4 hours on 4 different channels. Train services This article lists the longest passenger rail services that are currently scheduled and running directly between two cities. This list is not complete due to the complexity of various railway systems, their timetables and difference in schedule administration between countries. To keep
1120-618: Is also underway which consist of the renewal of railways in the urban section of Ankara . The YHT operates at a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) on high-speed tracks. But the YHT also runs on non-high-speed and renewed tracks like the Köseköy-Gebze section of the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway where its top speed is 160 km/h (99 mph). Naturally, some speed restrictions also apply in urban sections while accessing
1200-544: Is between the first and last station in Liechtenstein. Only services within geographical Europe (i.e. not into Siberia) are listed in this subcategory. All services operated by Renfe 00625/00626 00697/00694 All services are operated by Via Rail . All services are run by Amtrak . The China Railway G403/4, G405/6 and D939/40 Beijing–Kunming high-speed train (2,653 km, 10 hours 43 minutes to 14 hours 54 minutes), which began service on January 1, 2017,
1280-553: Is detailed and accurate for its time. Scholars attribute the peculiar arrangement of the Caribbean to a now-lost map from Columbus that depicted Cuba as part of the Asian mainland and Hispaniola according to Marco Polo 's description of Japan. This reflects Columbus's erroneous claim that he had found a new route to Asia. The southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean is most likely a version of Terra Australis . The map
1360-587: Is expected with new trainsets becoming operational and the opening of the Istanbul terminals Halkali and Haydarpasa. As of 2024, there are four lines in operation: Ankara-Istanbul , Polatlı-Konya , Konya-Karaman , and Ankara-Sivas . Turkey's high-speed rail network is expanding, with three more high-speed railways under construction and several more planned. The Turkish State Railways plans to increase its network of high-speed rail to 3,500 km (2,200 mi) by 2023. The Marmaray project , which consists of
1440-655: Is the [harbor] fortress of Modon . Her right eye is that of Corfu ." Piri Reis took part in the Ottoman–Venetian wars , including the First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio) , Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon) , and 1501 conquest of Navarino . During the First Battle of Lepanto, Piri Reis was one of many corsairs in a fleet of about 270 ships that fought through the Venetian fleet and entered
1520-416: Is the longest high-speed rail service in the world. The previous record-holder was the likewise Chinese Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway at 2,230 km. Eurostar previously held the record for its London to Cannes route, which set a record of 1,421 km non-stop high-speed service in 2006 (prior to the opening of High Speed One ) – this was however not a regularly scheduled service. Currently,
1600-588: Is unknown. A letter—dated 15 November 1553—written from diplomats in Constantinople to Venice said that he had been "charged with having raised the siege of the fortress of Hormuz". He was possibly survived by a son, Mehmed Reis, who is known only from a single portolan map of the Aegean. Three of his cartographic works survive in some form to the present day. Fragments of his 1513 world map and his 1528 world map are kept in museums in Istanbul. Copies of
1680-484: Is visually distinct from European portolan charts , influenced by the Islamic miniature tradition. It was unusual in the Islamic cartographic tradition for incorporating many non-Muslim sources. Historian Karen Pinto has described the positive portrayal of legendary creatures from the edge of the known world in the Americas as breaking away from the medieval Islamic idea of an impassible "Encircling Ocean" surrounding
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#17327908716271760-669: The Kitab-ı Bahriye ( Book of the Sea ), a book with detailed information on early navigational techniques as well as relatively accurate charts for their time, describing the ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea . He was born in Gallipoli —a major Ottoman naval base—and sailed from an early age with his uncle Kemal Reis . They fought as corsairs in the Western Mediterranean until they were brought into
1840-512: The Kitab-ı Bahriye , a navigational atlas, are kept in many libraries and museums around the world, although the two created by Piri Reis himself are lost. The Piri Reis map of 1513 is a world map compiled from a range of contemporary and classical sources. Approximately one third of the map survives, housed in the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul . The finished manuscript was dated to
1920-584: The Padrón Real , included this type of ambiguous Florida until 1520, and it influenced Italian cartography like the Freducci map . During his own life, there was limited appreciation for Piri Reis' cartography. Historian Svat Soucek said of the cartographic works of Piri Reis, "They show that although the Ottoman Empire had the potential to participate in the discoveries, its ruling elite spurned
2000-565: The Central Station in Ankara, using the completed portion of the high-speed line between Hasanbey and Esenkent. On 14 September 2007 the ETR 500 Y2 set a speed record in Turkey, reaching 303 km/h (188.3 mph). This test received extensive media coverage in Turkey. On 20 November 2007 the first TCDD HT65000 high-speed train sets purchased from CAF of Spain entered Turkey from
2080-547: The Dardanelles and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean. The Kitab-ı Bahriye combines information from a range of sources and Piri Reis' personal experience. The coast of North Africa relies little on outside sources. Its maps have compass roses indicating North for each page. Scale is indicated only in the textual descriptions, not with scale bars. Standard portolan symbols indicate hazards, like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks. Written when Ottoman sailors relied on oar-driven galleys and galiots ,
2160-828: The European and Asian suburban railway lines, will also connect the Thracian and Anatolian high-speed railway lines in Turkey via the world's deepest immersed-tube railway tunnel under the Bosporus . A new high-speed rail terminus station is to be built in Ankara (2009–2010), which is to be funded as a public–private partnership , using the Build-Operate-Transfer model. Additionally, new stations are to be constructed in İstanbul, Izmir, Edirne, Trabzon, Erzurum, Erzincan, Sivas, Kayseri, Antalya, Afyon, and Polatlı. Furthermore, an additional project called Başkentray
2240-761: The Gulf of Corinth , forcing the governor to surrender. Kemal Reis led the Ottomans in the battles to take the fortresses at Modon and Navarino. After the Ottoman navy defeated the Venetian fleet at the Peloponnese, they began to take control of the Eastern Mediterranean. In the early 1500s, Kemal Reis led raids on the Balearic Islands , Sardinia , and Pianosa in the western Mediterranean. In one naval battle, Piri Reis and his uncle captured
2320-408: The Islamic year 919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD. After the empire's 1517 conquest of Egypt , Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Ottoman Sultan Selim I ( r. 1512–1520 ). It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later. When rediscovered in 1929, the remaining fragment garnered international attention for including
2400-504: The Kapıkule border station in Edirne , and tests were subsequently made with these trains prior to the commencement of services on 13 March 2009. In 2010 one of the YHT trains was converted into a test train in order to test and measure the new lines. The Transportation Ministry spent 14 million TL (around 7 million Euros at that time) for the installation of testing and measuring equipment on
2480-435: The Kitab-ı Bahriye reflects their needs and capabilities. It gives information on coastal waters, safe harbors, hazards, and sources of fresh water. The known surviving manuscripts are all copies created beginning in the later 1500s. The book achieved fame only after Piri Reis' death. At least some portion of the book has been translated into English, modern Turkish, Greek, French, German, and Italian. Piri Reis compiled
Yüksek Hızlı Tren - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-602: The Kitab-ı Bahriye , completed after the conquest of Rhodes, only discusses the events in terms of the practical concerns of acquiring drinking water from Karabağ in Bodrum prior to the siege. The longer second version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye resulted from a conversation with the empire's grand vizier . Suleiman's reign was the beginning of a shift towards power concentrating in a group of viziers , advisers, governors, and royal family members, including Suleiman's childhood friend Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha who rose to grand vizier of
2640-579: The Marmaray Tunnel to traverse the Bosphorus Strait and reach the European side of the city. YHT trains run on both dedicated high-speed railways, as well as existing conventional railways that have been upgraded to allow speeds of 200 km/h (124 mph) and 160 km/h (99 mph) respectively. The latest expansion of the network happened on 26 April 2023, with a 406 km (252 mi) expansion from Ankara to Sivas, along
2720-583: The Old World . Piri Reis adapted the elements of iconography from the traditional maps —which illustrated well-known routes, cities, and peoples—to the portolan portrayals of newly discovered coasts. There are conflicting interpretations of the map. Scholarly debate exists over the specific sources used in the map's creation and the number of source maps. Many areas on the map have not been conclusively identified with real or mythical places . Some authors have noted visual similarities to parts of
2800-885: The Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean , as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt. He expanded the Indian Ocean fleet, retook several ports, and pushed the Portuguese out of the Red Sea. In the 1550s, he began a campaign to capture the Portuguese-controlled Hormuz Island at the mouth of the Persian Gulf . He abandoned the siege of Hormuz after several weeks, sacked the city, and looted the nearby Qeshm Island , where wealthy residents of Hormuz had evacuated. For failing to capture Hormuz, he
2880-544: The Ottoman Navy . Piri Reis fought alongside Kemal Reis in the Ottoman–Venetian wars . When his uncle died in 1511, Piri Reis returned to Gallipoli to begin his cartographic works. He created his first world map and likely began drafting the charts and notes that would form the basis of the Kitab-ı Bahriye . By 1516, he returned to the navy and took part in the Ottoman conquest of Egypt . After their victory, he presented
2960-529: The Ottoman–Venetian wars . He was possibly Piri Reis' father. By age 12, he began sailing with his uncle Kemal Reis . Kemal was a notable corsair , a type of pirate who acted with the approval of a sovereign state . Led by Kemal Reis, the Barbary pirates threatened European maritime traffic. Piri Reis wrote of his early years, "We sailed on the Mediterranean and fought the enemies of our religion mercilessly." He sailed with his uncle on raids, mainly on
3040-616: The Portuguese . Piri Reis subdued the local Bedouin rulers of Basra in 1547 and began building a Persian Gulf fleet. The fleet conducted annual expansions in the Indian Ocean, and some local rulers began to ally with the Portuguese. The sultan instructed Piri Reis to take the Portuguese-controlled Hormuz Island at the mouth of the Persian Gulf . Taking Bahrain Island was a secondary objective. In April 1552, Piri Reis left Suez with 25 galleys, 5 ships, and 850 soldiers. In 1552,
3120-583: The RV K. Piri Reis and TCG Pirireis . The Piri Reis University for maritime studies was founded in 2008. In the Turkish TV series Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean , he is portrayed by actor Emir Benderlioğlu. Piri Reis' 1513 world map is the target of various pseudoscientific claims and is sometimes invoked in broader pop culture as an unsolved mystery. Civil engineer Arlington Mallery , professor Charles Hapgood , and Hapgood's students developed
3200-529: The Turkish State Railways inaugurated its second high-speed railway to Konya and on 25 July 2014, the railway was opened to Istanbul. The State Railways have integrated the YHT network with other projects done in major urban areas. In Ankara, the route was expanded from three tracks to five tracks to allow for frequent Başkentray commuter rail service, along with a new high-speed rail concourse at Ankara station . In Istanbul, YHT trains use
3280-512: The 1513 world map. Cuba, labeled " Isla di Vana ", is now correctly positioned as an island in the Caribbean. In contrast to the 1513 map, Piri Reis leaves areas that have not been explored blank. Only the explored southern coasts of the Florida peninsula are on the map. The geography of Florida is left ambiguous as potentially an island or peninsula . The Spanish Empire 's master map,
Yüksek Hızlı Tren - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-406: The Americas not officially discovered by 1513, but there is no textual or historical evidence that the map represents land south of present-day Cananéia . A disproven 20th-century hypothesis identified the southern landmass with an ice-free Antarctic coast. The Kitab-ı Bahriye (كتاب بحرية), or Book of the Sea , is a navigational atlas. Piri Reis compiled navigational charts and notes into
3440-520: The Great when explaining the discoveries of Columbus. According to the Quran and Turkish literary tradition, Dhu al-Qarnayn —believed to be a Quranic reference to Alexander the Great —traveled to every corner of the world, thereby defining its limits. Marginal inscriptions on the world map mention "charts drawn in the days of Alexander" and a book that "fell into the hands" of Columbus describing lands "at
3520-495: The Ottoman Navy. To bolster the empire's navy, Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II recruited Barbary and Aegean corsairs, including Piri and Kemal. Before Barbarossa reorganized the navy, sultans commonly employed former pirates. The addition of experienced corsairs raised the Ottoman Navy's competence in open-sea combat and knowledge of the Mediterranean. In 1495, Kemal Reis was imprisoned on Euboea for piracy and brought to
3600-457: The Ottoman navy relied mainly on galleys , which were more effective along the coasts. This limited Ottoman naval warfare to the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and narrow straits around Arabia. The empire focused on using its navy to continue land-based expansion into new areas for tax revenue and agriculture. Using his fleet based out of Suez , Egypt, Piri Reis led campaigns in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. On 26 February 1548, he recaptured Aden from
3680-501: The Persian Gulf . The main part of both versions is a nautical guide to the Mediterranean Sea . Separate chapters cover different locations with corresponding portolan charts. There are 130 chapters in the first version and 210 in the second. Piri Reis says he composed an atlas because any single map has limited space for written details, and some "knowledge cannot be known from maps; it must be explained." The chapters start at
3760-567: The Turkish fleet took Muscat after a one-month siege. The expedition took control of coastal lands in Yemen, Oman, and Arabia. The Portuguese prepared for the attack on Hormuz by evacuating most of the island. Wealthy residents took refuge on the nearby island of Qeshm , and the soldiers and royal family retreated to the fortress. The Turkish soldiers took the City of Hormuz , but could not take
3840-406: The attempt to blaze a trail in this direction". The 1513 world map disappeared from the historical record until its rediscovery centuries later. There is no evidence that either version of his atlas circulated outside the royal palace prior to 1550. The copies produced in the following centuries were often created for their aesthetic or artistic value. No Turkish school of cartography or navigation
3920-670: The book also did not account for post-glacial rebound , and the 1949 survey initially cited by Mallery could not measure even one percent of the area drawn in the Piri Reis map. Subsequent studies have shown no significant similarities to Antarctica's coast. Hapgood's claims have been uncritically repeated by Erich von Däniken in support of ancient astronauts and by Graham Hancock in support of an advanced lost civilization. The map and polar shift were key plot elements in Allan W. Eckert 's science fiction novel The HAB Theory . Piri Reis
4000-437: The book. Piri Reis completed a second world map in 1528 or 1529. According to Sevim Tekeli , the changes from the first world map demonstrate that Piri Reis was actively following European voyages of discovery. In both the 1513 world map and the Kitab-ı Bahriye preface, Piri Reis rhetorically undermines the significance of European discoveries by reframing them as the rediscovery of ancient knowledge. He invokes Alexander
4080-608: The capital, Constantinople . Rather than being sentenced, he was given an official position in the navy. Piri Reis was with his uncle through this and later documented it in the Kitab-ı Bahriye . In the empire's navy, Kemal and Piri advocated taking the Venetian coastal fortresses of the Peloponnese and the small but strategically valuable island of Rhodes . In his Kitab-ı Bahriye , Piri Reis reports that his uncle had told Sultan Bayezid II , "Venice has two eyes: Her left eye
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#17327908716274160-578: The central station, especially in Ankara and Istanbul thus increasing journey times. The speed on these sections is expected to increase once renewal projects in urban areas (like Başkentray and second phase of Marmaray ) are completed. On YHT service, there is usually one train engineer (two on some trains), a train manager (absent in some trips), two train attendants and a café car attendant. Business-class passengers are served meals at their seats if they applied for while buying their tickets. When accessing
4240-634: The coasts of Italy and Spain. By 1490, they were operating out of Béjaïa , Algeria . As a corsair, Piri Reis captured many ships, a fortress near Mallorca , and Pianosa near Corsica. During the Granada War , Piri Reis transported Muslims and Jews from Spain to North Africa. During the winters, he and his uncle took shelter in favorable harbors on the Barbary Coast . Piri Reis sailed under his uncle and later Hayreddin Barbarossa in
4320-425: The eastern Mediterranean. After Sinan Reis died in 1546, Piri Reis took his position as Hind Kapudan-ı Derya , or grand admiral of the Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean , as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt. Portuguese ships had raided the Red Sea as far as Suez and taken the port city of Aden in Yemen. The Portuguese navy employed sailing ships capable of navigation and combat in open seas, while
4400-613: The empire's capital and Mediterranean ports. The Knights of St. John controlled the island, took Muslim captives, and provided shelter to Christian pirates. During the siege, the Knights' fleet of ten ships remained in the harbor rather than confront the larger Ottoman force. The Ottoman Navy conducted an amphibious operation, transporting many troops to the small island, and the island surrendered in December 1522. The Knights of St. John later relocated to Malta . The second version of
4480-471: The empire. When putting down Hain Ahmed Pasha 's 1524 rebellion in Egypt, Ibrahim rode aboard the navy's flagship, commanded by Piri Reis. Piri Reis said they discussed cartography after Ibrahim asked him about the maps and charts being consulted aboard the ship. Ibrahim commissioned Piri Reis to create an expanded version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye . He finished it and gifted it to the sultan by 1526. In later centuries, many copies were made of both versions of
4560-404: The end of the Western Sea". In the 1526 version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye , he explicitly credits European discoveries to lost works created during legendary voyages of Alexander, "My friend, the Franks both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time,
4640-446: The famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person." Venice saw Piri Reis as an adversary and obstacle to their aims in the Middle East during the 1530s. In 1532, he fought back Dalmatian pirates in the Adriatic. He attacked the Venetian-held castle at Coron in 1533, captured a Venetian galley in 1536, and chased Venetian ships out of
4720-445: The first phase of the YHT service running between Ankara and Eskişehir . Until 2015, ridership had grown at the expense of TCDD's regular train services and has not dented air traffic demand. Total TCDD services including HSR remain flat. Traffic was affected since 2012 when all services to Istanbul were suspended. A sharp increase in ridership occurred after extra high speed trains started operation. A further increase in 2018 and 2019
4800-401: The fortress. They besieged and bombarded the fortress for several weeks, but Piri Reis grew concerned about the Portuguese fleet attacking them during the siege. The Ottoman forces ran low on gunpowder, and Kubad Pasha the governor of Basra did not send supplies to the siege. On 9 October 1552, the Ottomans retreated. They sacked the city, looted Qeshm, and retreated into the gulf with over
4880-436: The highest votes were: Türk Yıldızı (Turkish Star), Turkuaz (Turquoise), Yüksek Hızlı Tren (High Speed Train), Çelik Kanat (Steel Wing) and Yıldırım (Lightning). TCDD chose Yüksek Hızlı Tren to be the name of the service. On 13 March 2009, the inauguration ceremony took place in Ankara; attended by President Abdullah Gül , Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , and Minister of Transport Binali Yıldırım , who started
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#17327908716274960-502: The hypothesis that the 1513 world map contained cartographic information, notably from an ice-free Antarctic coast, that exceeded the map-making abilities of the sixteenth century. In his 1966 book Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings , Hapgood claims islands along the map's southern Atlantic shore to be ice-covered mountains in Antarctica's Queen Maud Land region. Hapgood's book was met with skepticism due to its lack of evidence and reliance on polar shift . According to geologist Paul Heinrich,
5040-911: The list simple, only services that are point-to-point direct between two cities are listed. Services that require railcar exchanges, coach changes, shunting or station transfers are not listed. Table below lists trains operating nationally, within a country. All services are operated by China Railway . For simplicity, only train trips with milage over 850 km are shown Including international trains through Petropavlovsk in Kazakhstan . Correct as of November 2024. See main table for sourcing of all these services. All services are operated by Korail . (Belgium) (Czech Republic) in spring and summer All services operated by Hekurudha Shqiptare All services operated by Iarnród Éireann All services are operated by Trenitalia . These services are actually international, as they go between Feldkirch , Austria and Buchs , Switzerland. The indicated distance
5120-466: The map and initiated projects to publish facsimiles and conduct research. Discovered during Atatürk's reforms , the map was a point of national pride. Its rediscovery also sparked interest in the Kitab-ı Bahriye . A facsimile of the book's second version was published by the Turkish Historical Society in 1935, and a four-volume facsimile with photographic quality was published in 1988. Several ships and submarines have been named after him, including
5200-442: The map are two caravels and a carrack . The scale bars indicate 50 miles between the sections of the scales. Based on the design of recently explored geographical features like Greenland, Newfoundland, and Florida, the map likely relied on Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian maps from the 1520s. Notes on the map cite recent Portuguese voyages to Labrador and Newfoundland . Hispaniola and Cuba are much more accurate compared to
5280-422: The most detailed portolan atlas of the sixteenth century. There are two versions of the book. The first version was composed between 1511 and 1521. Both versions begin with a preface and were dedicated to the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520–1566 ). The second version—completed by 1526—includes a longer introduction written in verse. It offers information on storms, winds, navigating with
5360-457: The navy as captain of a galley in the Ottoman fleet and took part in the 1516–17 Ottoman conquest of Egypt . He was the commander of the Turkish fleet that blockaded Alexandria. After the Ottoman victory, Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Sultan Selim I ( r. 1512–1520 ). It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later. According to Venetian documents, Piri Reis
5440-424: The newly built Ankara-Sivas high-speed railway . Istanbul and Ankara are Turkey's largest two cities, having a combined population over 20 million. Transportation demand between the two cities is expectedly high. The Otoyol 4 motorway is a major highway between the two cities, and the Ankara–Istanbul route is the busiest domestic air route in the country. The route between Istanbul and Ankara by rail has been
5520-498: The open oceans. Ottoman scholar Kâtip Çelebi built on the Kitab-i Bahriye in his seventeenth-century work, Müntehab-ı Bahriyye . By the eighteenth century, major works of cartography from Western Europe were being translated into Turkish. When Piri Reis' world map was unearthed in 1929, it received international media attention for containing the surviving piece of an otherwise lost map of Christopher Columbus. Turkey's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , took an interest in
5600-415: The recently explored shores of the Americas and Africa. Although he had never sailed the Atlantic, he compiled over twenty maps of Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Indian and older Greek origins into a comprehensive representation of the known world of his era. At least by 1513, Piri Reis was sailing again for the Ottomans under Hayreddin Barbarossa along the coast of North Africa. By 1516, Piri Reis returned to
5680-480: The record holders outside China are the Thalys service from Amsterdam to Marseille, at 1,265 km in 7 hrs, 15 mins, and the Eurostar from London to Marseille, at 1,215 km in 6 hrs, 26 mins. Piri Reis Muhiddin Piri ( c. 1470 – 1553), better known as Piri Reis ( Turkish : Pîrî Reis ), was an Ottoman corsair , navigator , geographer , and cartographer . He is primarily known today for his cartographic works, including his 1513 world map and
5760-540: The system is underway and the network is expected to reach Edirne , Afyonkarahisar , Adana , and İzmir in the 2020s. High-speed rail in Turkey was originally planned to be built as early as 1975, but it wasn't until 2003 that the construction of the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway began. The first section was completed in 2007, between Eskişehir and Esenkent with passenger operations beginning on 13 March 2009 between Eskişehir and Ankara. On 23 August 2011,
5840-403: The train, which it named – because it is a tradition to give a name to test trains – as " Piri Reis " after the renowned Turkish admiral and cartographer who drew some of the most accurate and detailed maps of the Mediterranean Sea and the Americas in the early 16th century. TCDD requested bids for the name of the high-speed service. Out of over 100 entries, the ones with
5920-535: The trains, passengers must pass a security check like in airports. Maintenance of the sets is done at the Eryaman Yard in Ankara. Currently, there are several series of high-speed trains that run the YHT service: Every set has railroad cars with cabins in the front and rear car, cars for economy class passengers and car(s) for first class passengers. Additionally, some HT80000 sets have business class cabins with 4 seats. The seating arrangements are 3 seats in
6000-651: The world map to Sultan Selim I . When Suleiman the Magnificent became sultan, Piri Reis completed the first version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye , which he dedicated and gifted to the sultan by 1521. Several years later, he created a more elaborate version at the urging of Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha . His final surviving work is a 1528 world map, of which only the northwest corner remains (showing Greenland , Labrador , Newfoundland , Florida , Cuba , Hispaniola , Jamaica , and Central America ). In 1546, Piri Reis became Hind Kapudan-ı Derya , or grand admiral of
6080-512: Was a portolan chart like his earlier works. It uses a windrose network radiating out from compass roses . The map does include one line of latitude, the Tropic of Cancer ; it is slightly south of the correct position for Cuba and the Yucatan. The map uses standard portolan colors and symbols. Dots indicate shallow waters and sand banks . Crosses indicate rocks and reefs . The ships painted on
6160-400: Was completed on 23 April 2007. On 28 February 2007 TCDD requested bids for high-speed train sets from other networks to be tested on the completed portion of the high-speed line. On 30 March 2007, TCDD signed an agreement with Trenitalia of Ferrovie dello Stato to rent an ETR 500 train set for 4 months for testing the system. The first run was from Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul to
6240-617: Was established to build on his work. Murat Reis the Elder 's expedition to the Canary Islands and the 1586 Sack of Lanzarote were some of the few times when Piri Reis' Atlantic cartography was likely used by the Ottoman Navy. The empire's navy—even during the Canary Islands expedition—remained largely composed of oar-driven galleys after the point where other naval powers were moving to sailing ships that were more suited to
6320-478: Was executed in 1553 in Cairo . His cartographic work received little appreciation during his own life. There's no evidence that the Kitab-ı Bahriye circulated outside the royal palace before 1550. After his death, hundreds of copies of the book were likely made. Over 40 copies survive today, spanning several centuries. When his 1513 world map was unearthed at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul , it drew international attention. The map relies on many sources, including
6400-599: Was no longer with the Ottoman navy in 1518 and was engaging in piracy in the Aegean Sea. Piri Reis advocated for and took part in Suleiman the Magnificent 's 1522 Siege of Rhodes . The first version of his Kitab-ı Bahriye —a nautical atlas gifted and dedicated to Suleiman—included advice on conquering Rhodes. The island of Rhodes had a secure harbor and was 20 km off the coast of Anatolia. Controlled by an adversary, it could threaten maritime communication between
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