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104-576: Croatian–Ottoman Wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Hırvatistan Savaşları , Croatian: Hrvatsko-osmanski ratovi ) can refer to one of the several conflicts between the Kingdom of Croatia (as part of Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia and Habsburg Monarchy ) and the Ottoman Empire : The Kingdom of Croatia-Hungary gradually lost most of its territory on the eastern Adriatic coast to the Ottomans, leaving only

208-479: A campaign against Bosnia to reaffirm his authority, bringing more of its lands under his rule, as Paul referred to himself from 1305 as "lord of all Bosnia" ( Latin : totius Bosniae dominus ). He appointed his second son, Mladen II , Ban of Bosnia, and in 1305 his third son, Paul II , became the Prince of Split. Paul issued his own money and was for all practical purposes an independent ruler. In 1311 Paul triggered

312-455: A charter naming Paul a hereditary Croatian ban. As a result of this bidding for support and the absence of central power in the midst of a civil war, the Šubić family became the most powerful family in Croatia. In Zagreb, the bishop's town, Kaptol, supported Charles Martel, while Gradec supported Andrew, which led to bitter fighting in the area. After Charles Martel died in 1295 his rights to

416-595: A coalition of Croatian noblemen, including his brother Paul II, and coastal towns under the command of John Babonić, the Ban of Slavonia. A council in Knin was convened by the King where John Babonić was named Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, ending the hereditary banship of the Šubić family. Their holdings were reduced and split between Mladen's brothers. Paul II held Bribir and Ostrovica, while George II held Klis, Skradin and Omiš. After

520-642: A constant battleground until 1202 when, during the Fourth Crusade , the Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo and the Crusaders sacked Zadar (Zara) , despite the fact that King Emeric pledged himself to join the Crusade. It was the first attack against a Catholic city by the Crusaders. Venice demanded this as a compensation for their transport further east towards Constantinople, where they later founded

624-690: A few weeks later. Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić was left the strongest nobleman in Bosnia after the death of King Tvrtko. Same year, Ladislaus appointed him as his deputy in Dalmatia, and also granted him a title of Duke of Split , later Herzog of Split , affirming his possessions on the islands of Brač, Hvar and Korčula. At the peak of his power Hrvoje was styled Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Donji Kraji, Hezog of Split . The situation changed in 1393, when Tvrtko's successor, Stephen Dabiša , made peace with Sigismund. He returned Tvrtko's recent acquisitions, but

728-525: A large army commanded by Slavonian Ban Denis Türje , Stjepko Šubić and Daniel Šubić was sent against Split, which immediately surrendered. Peace was signed on 19 July 1244. A second army led by King Béla IV breached into Bosnia and forced Ban Matej Ninoslav to sign a peace treaty on 20 July 1244. To prevent further wars among the Dalmatian coastal cities, King Béla IV transferred the election of their governors, that were previously done by cities themselves, to

832-612: A major threat for centuries. Louis II had held the crown of Croatia among other titles, but left no heir. At the session on 10 November 1526, the majority of the Hungarian Diet chose John Zápolya to be the king, while a separate Hungarian assembly elected Archduke Ferdinand I in the rump diet in Pozsony on 16 December 1526. The Austrian Archduke was interested in the Croatian election in order to oppose Zápolya, promising at

936-509: A privileged landowning nobility; and an assembly of nobles, the Sabor . According to some historians, Croatia became part of Hungary in the late 11th and early 12th century, yet the actual nature of the relationship is difficult to define. Sometimes Croatia acted as an independent agent and at other times as a vassal of Hungary. However, Croatia retained a large degree of internal independence. The degree of Croatian autonomy fluctuated throughout

1040-660: A raid in Carniola through Croatia, forced them to make peace. Croatian nobles gathered around 10,000 men and decided to face them in an open battle, although some insisted that an ambush would be a better option. on 9 September 1493 the Croatian army intercepted Ottoman forces near Udbina in Lika and suffered a huge defeat in the Battle of Krbava Field . Although the defeat was heavy, the Ottoman Empire had no territorial gains as

1144-523: A result of it. Croatian population from the war-affected areas gradually started to move into safer parts of the country, while some refugees fled outside Croatia to Burgenland , Southern Hungary and the Italian coast . On 16 August 1513 Ban Petar Berislavić defeated an Ottoman army of 7,000 men at the battle of Dubica on the Una river. In February 1514 the Ottomans besieged Knin with 10,000 men, burned

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1248-523: A successful rebellion in Zadar against Venetian rule. War with Venice continued after Paul's death on 1 May 1312, who was succeeded by his son Mladen II. With Paul's death began a gradual decline of the Bribir Princes. Venice eventually restored their rule in Zadar in 1313. In 1322 another civil war in Croatia started, culminating in the Battle of Bliska when Mladen II and his allies were defeated by

1352-466: A symbol of his new authority and went back to Hungary. In the midst of the war, Petar Snačić was elected king by Croatian feudal lords in 1093. Petar's seat of power was based in Knin . His rule was marked by a struggle for control of the country with Álmos, who was not able to establish his rule and was forced to withdraw to Hungary in 1095. Ladislaus died in 1095, leaving his nephew Coloman to continue

1456-452: A synonym of Croatia, and was to spread further inland only with the expansion of Venice in the 15th century. In the second half of the 15th and early 16th century borders of Croatia spread north and included the territory of the Zagreb county and its surroundings, that have already been under the same administration. Croatia was ruled by a deputy for the king, a governor called a ban . After

1560-401: A very active role and was able to extend his own authority. The council of Križevci later became known as the " Bloody Sabor of Križevci ". Sigismund had an unsuccessful campaign against the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1398, after which new Bosnian King Stephen Ostoja and Hrvoje moved onto the offensive. Zadar submitted to Hrvoje in 1401 and with the help of Ivaniš Nelipčić , who controlled most of

1664-638: Is for the last station in the country mentioned in the source. The sources of the Drava are located at the drainage divide between the market town of Innichen/San Candido and neighbouring Toblach / Dobbiaco in the west, where the Rienz River rises, a tributary of the Adige / Etsch . At Innichen itself the 16+ km Sextner Bach  [ de ] , originating near the Sextener Rotwand , joins

1768-412: Is navigable for about 90 kilometres (56 mi) from Čađavica in Croatia to its mouth. The hydrological parameters of Drava are regularly monitored in Croatia at Botovo , Terezino Polje , Donji Miholjac and Osijek. The Drava's mean annual discharge (Q) at Drávaszabolcs ( Hungary , 77.7 rkm). Period from 1995 to 2023. (m /s) (m /s) Currently, there are 22 hydroelectric power plants on

1872-716: Is near the market town of Innichen , in the Puster Valley of South Tyrol , Italy . The river flows eastwards through East Tyrol and Carinthia in Austria into the Styria region of Slovenia . It then turns southeast, passing through northern Croatia and, after merging with its main tributary the Mur , forms most of the border between Croatia and Hungary , before it joins the Danube near Osijek , in Croatia. In ancient times

1976-480: Is not an authentic document from 1102, nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way, while the content of the alleged agreement is concordant with the reality of rule in Croatia in more than one respect. The Kingdom of Croatia was bounded to the west by the Dalmatian coast (from the headland of the Kvarner Gulf in

2080-538: The Akıncı ) at the Battle of Una River crossing near modern-day Novi Grad . The same year a peace treaty was signed that spared Croatia from larger Ottoman raids. Local conflicts on the border did continue, but with lesser intensity. The truce ended with the death of Matthias Corvinus in 1490. 10,000 Ottoman light cavalrymen crossed the Una River in 1491 and advanced into Carniola . On their way back they were defeated in

2184-734: The Battle of Mohi on the Sajó River on 11 April 1241 the Mongols wiped out the Hungarian army. Coloman , brother of King Béla, was severely wounded and was taken south to Croatia, where he died of his wounds. Batu Khan sent his cousin Kadan with an army of 10,000–20,000 to pursue King Béla, who fled to Croatia. In 1242 the Mongols crossed the Drava river and started plundering the Slavonian counties of Požega and Križevci . They sacked

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2288-523: The Battle of Vrpile . 2 years later a war started between the new Ban of Croatia, Emerik Derenčin , and the Frankopan family. The Frankopans were initially more successful and started to besiege the town of Senj, but the siege was lifted after an army led by Ban Derenčin was sent against them. However, the incoming Ottoman army led by Hadim Yakup Pasha (bey of the Sanjak of Bosnia ), that was returning from

2392-580: The Dravis or Dravus , is a river in southern Central Europe . With a length of 710 km , or 724 km , if the length of its Sextner Bach source is added, it is the fifth or sixth longest tributary of the Danube , after the Tisza , Sava , Prut , Mureș and likely Siret . The Drava drains an area of about 40,154 square kilometers. Its mean annual discharge is seasonally 500 m³/s to 670 m³/s . Its source

2496-1004: The Isel (contributes 39 m /s), the Möll (25 m /s), the Lieser  [ de ] (22 m /s), the Gurk (30 m /s) and the Lavant (12 m /s) in Austria, and the Mur (166 m /s) near Legrad at the Croatian–Hungarian border. Its main right tributaries (from the south) are the Gail (45 m /s) in Austria, the Meža (12 m /s) and Dravinja (11 m /s) in Slovenia, and the Bednja (? m /s) in Croatia. Mean discharge

2600-632: The Latin Empire . Hostilities with Venice continued until 1216 during the reign of King Andrew II, who used the Venetian fleet to join the Fifth Crusade . In the 12th century, under the influence of the feudal system that flourished in medieval Europe and prevailed in Hungary and Croatia, a layer of powerful noble families was formed in Croatia. Those families were mostly descendants of

2704-744: The Rötspitze , the Isel (ca. 64 km) is also longer than the combined Drava and Sextner Bach (ca. 60 km) to that point. The river then flows east into Carinthia at Oberdrauburg . The river separates the Kreuzeck range of the High Tauern in the north and the Gailtal Alps in the south, passes the Sachsenburg narrows and the site of the ancient city of Teurnia , before it reaches

2808-432: The bishop of Zagreb resided, that was under its own administration) in 1242, Samobor in 1242, Križevci in 1252, and Jastrebarsko in 1257. Free cities elected their own councils, had their own administration and courts, collected their own taxes and managed their economies and trade. However, local nobles continued to strengthen. The weakening of royal authority allowed the Šubić family to restore their former role in

2912-846: The Šubić (or Princes of Bribir), divided among various branches of the family and ruling over inland Dalmatia with their seat in Bribir ; the Babonić in western Slavonia and along the right bank of the Kupa River; the Kačić between the Cetina and Neretva rivers with their seat in Omiš, known for practicing piracy; and the Frankopan (then known as the Princes of Krk), ruling over the island of Krk , Kvarner and

3016-591: The 13th century, unlike the Hungarian nobles that rebelled against King Andrew II. The King was forced to issue a golden bull in 1222 defining the rights of the Hungarian nobility and granting them privileges such as tax exemption and the right to disobey the King. The Croatian nobles already enjoyed most of the privileges that Andrew II granted. During the rule of Béla IV the Mongols (or Tatars ), having conquered Kyiv and south Rus, invaded Hungary in 1241. In

3120-447: The 14th century. The precise terms of this relationship became a matter of dispute in the 19th century; nonetheless, even in dynastic union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the Sabor (an assembly of Croatian nobles) and the Ban (viceroy). In addition, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles. The diplomatic name of the kingdom

3224-516: The Ban of Croatia. The Šubić family was dissatisfied with this decision, as they had previously governed most of the coastal cities. The later kings sought to restore their influence by giving certain privileges to the towns, making them free royal cities , thus separating them from the authority of the local nobles. Varaždin acquired the status of a free city in 1220, Vukovar in 1231 and Virovitica in 1234 from King Andrew II. Petrinja gained that status in 1240, Gradec (excluding Kaptol , where

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3328-546: The Cetina county, Hrvoje gained control over Split in 1403. During these years Sigismund lost support from the Frankopans, but retained the loyalty of Kurjakovići (branch of Gusić's), the Berislavići and the princes of Zrin . However, Ladislaus' passivity and hesitation to move towards Buda distressed his followers, so Sigismund offered an amnesty to all those who had opposed him. Many Hungarian and Croatian nobles, including

3432-867: The Christian orders were given by Bosnian Ban Borić . By the end of the 12th century the Templars had possessions in Vrana , Senj, Nova Ves near Zagreb, etc. In 1221 a war broke out between Domald , who was then Prince of Split and Count of Cetina, and the Šubić family over the ownership of Split. Domald's family ties are unknown, but he was probably from the Snačić or the Kačić family. Domald also held Šibenik and Klis fortress and briefly took Zadar from Venice in 1209. The citizens of Split expelled Domald in 1221 and elected Višan Šubić from Zvonigrad near Knin as their prince. Although

3536-662: The County of Modruš in northern Lika. Besides these main noble families, there were other less powerful ones, such as the families of Gusić , Kukar , Lapčan and Karinjan , Mogorović , and Tugomirić . During this period and as result of the Second Crusade (1145–1149), the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller gained considerable property and assets in Croatia. The first grants in favor of

3640-595: The Croatian feudal lords. It took several more years before the Croatian nobility recognised Coloman as the king. Coloman was crowned in Biograd in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia". Some of the terms of his coronation are summarized in Pacta Conventa by which the Croatian nobles agreed to recognise Coloman as king. In return, the 12 Croatian nobles that signed

3744-463: The Croatian nobles recognized Charles I, a part of the Hungarian nobles refused to do so and opted for Wenceslaus , the son of Wenceslaus II , King of Bohemia , who was in 1301 crowned King of Hungary in Székesfehérvár . Civil war followed in Hungary, but it did not affect Croatia, which was under the firm authority of Paul Šubić. Earlier in 1299 Paul gained control over Bosnia, so his title

3848-518: The Croatian throne. Zvonimir married Helen of Hungary from the Árpád dynasty in 1063. Helen was a Hungarian princess, daughter of Béla I , and sister to King Ladislaus I of Hungary . They had a son, Radovan, who died in his late teens or early twenties. After Zvonimir's death in 1089, he was succeeded by Stephen II , last of the House of Trpimirović. Stephen's rule was relatively ineffectual and lasted less than two years. He spent most of this time in

3952-492: The Frankopans, accepted it and sided with Sigismund. Due to a conflict with Hrvoje Vukčić, Bosnian nobility ousted Stephen Ostoja in 1404 and put on the throne Tvrtko II who reigned as Hrvoje's puppet king. Ostoja fled to Hungary and sided with Sigismund. Hrvoje was able to withstand several Sigismund's military interventions until 1408 when the Bosnian nobility was severely defeated in the Battle of Dobor . In January 1409 it

4056-502: The Hungarian nobles supported Andrew III. The Babonić family was initially on the Anjou side, but soon came out for Andrew III. To retain Croatian support, father of Charles Martel, Charles II of Naples , awarded in the name of his son all lands from the Gvozd Mountain to the Neretva River hereditarily to Paul Šubić. The position of the ban was thus made hereditary for the Šubić family, while the local Croatian nobles became vassals of Paul and his descendants. In response Andrew III also issued

4160-436: The Kačić family and captured Omiš. Paul Šubić used the decline of the Kačići and seized the mainland holdings between the Neretva and Cetina rivers. In 1290 King Ladislaus IV died, leaving no sons, and a war of succession broke out between Andrew III from the Árpád dynasty and Charles Martel of Anjou from the House of Anjou . Croatian Ban Paul Šubić and most of the Croatian nobility supported Charles Martel, while most of

4264-483: The Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia until Venice regained the Dalmatian coast in 1409. The most common Croatian language form of the name was Hrvatska zemlja ("Croatian country" or "Croatian land"). Demetrius Zvonimir was the King of Croatia of the Svetoslavić branch of the House of Trpimirović . He began as a Ban of Slavonia and then as Duke of Croatia in the service of Peter Krešimir IV . Peter declared him his heir and, in 1075, Demetrius Zvonimir succeeded to

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4368-459: The Magnificent left Istanbul with 80,000 regular troops and a crowd of irregular auxiliaries, beginning his invasion of Hungary. He reached the Sava on 2 July, took Petrovaradin on 27 July after a two-week siege, and Ilok on 8 August. By 23 August his troops had crossed the Drava at Osijek without meeting resistance. On the same day King Louis II arrived at Mohács with about 25,000. Count Christopher Frankopan's 5,000 men-strong army did not arrive to

4472-423: The Mongols still held much of Eastern Europe , work began on the construction of defence systems, making new fortifications and reinforcing or repairing existing ones. The fortified town of Medvedgrad was built on the Medvednica mountain above Zagreb, as well as Garić, Lipovac, Okić, Kalnik , etc. On 16 November 1242 the king issued a Golden Bull to the citizens of Gradec (today part of Zagreb), by which it

4576-459: The Ottomans quickly expanded westward and also threatened the Kingdom of Croatia. Following the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, King Matthias Corvinus strengthened the defense system by establishing the Banate of Jajce and Banate of Srebrenik . Although the Ottomans had trouble in breaching the defense lines, they regularly conducted plundering raids into Croatia and southern Hungary. During one such raid in 1463 Croatian Ban Pavao Špirančić

4680-477: The Venetian governors, while Zadar fell after a short siege. As Louis at the same time fought successfully in northern Italy, Venice was forced to sign the Treaty of Zadar on 18 February 1358. With the Treaty King Louis gained power over the entire area of Dalmatia, from the island of Cres to Durrës in Albania, including Dubrovnik (Ragusa), which acted as an independent unit. The Doge of Venice had to renounce its title "Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia". After this

4784-448: The Venetian holdings and regained Biograd, Split, Šibenik and Trogir, but Zadar and the islands remained under Venetian control. However, in 1125 Doge Domenico Michele reconquered those cities and razed Biograd. In 1131 Béla II succeeded to the throne and in 1133 won back the lost cities except Zadar. In 1167 a part of Croatia south of Krka River , as well as Bosnia, was conquered by the Byzantines and remained under their control until

4888-417: The agreement retained their lands and properties and were granted exemption from tax or tributes. The nobles were to send at least ten armed horsemen each beyond the Drava River at the kings expense if his borders were attacked. Despite that Pacta Conventa is not an authentic document from 1102, there was almost certainly some kind of contract or agreement between the Croatian nobles and Coloman which regulated

4992-730: The assistance of a Venetian fleet. They captured the castle on 4 June 1387 and released Mary from captivity. She remained Sigismund's co-ruler until the end of her life, but her influence was minimal. In the meantime King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, an ally of the Horvat brothers, made them governors of Usora . The Horvat brothers were also aided by Grand Duke of Bosnia , Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić . Tvrtko and his allies managed to acquire most of Croatia and Dalmatia between 1387 and 1390, and all efforts of Sigismund to take these back ended in failure. In 1390 Tvrtko began to call himself "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" and awarded Hrvoje with acquired Dalmatian possessions. Tvrtko died in March 1391 and John of Palisna died

5096-402: The battlefield in time. The Hungarian army waited for the Ottomans on the plain south of Mohács on 29 August and was routed in less than two hours. The 1526 Battle of Mohács was a crucial event in which the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty was shattered by the death of King Louis II. The defeat emphasized the overall inability of the Christian feudal military to halt the Ottomans, who would remain

5200-460: The campaign launched by Ladislaus was not purely a foreign aggression nor did he appear on the Croatian throne as a conqueror, but rather as a successor by hereditary rights. In 1091 Ladislaus crossed the Drava river and conquered the entire province of Slavonia without encountering opposition, but his campaign was halted near the Iron Mountains ( Mount Gvozd ). Since the Croatian nobles were divided, Ladislaus had success in his campaign, yet he

5304-481: The campaign. Coloman, as was the case with Ladislaus before him, was not seen as a conqueror but rather as a pretender to the Croatian throne. Coloman assembled a large army to press his claim on the throne and in 1097 defeated King Petar's troops in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain , who was killed in battle. Since the Croatians did not have a leader any more and Dalmatia had numerous fortified towns that would be difficult to defeat, negotiations started between Coloman and

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5408-411: The centuries as did its borders. The alleged agreement called Pacta conventa (English: Agreed accords ) or Qualiter (first word of the text) is today viewed as a 14th-century forgery by most modern Croatian historians. According to the document King Coloman and the twelve heads of the Croatian nobles made an agreement, in which Coloman recognised their autonomy and specific privileges. Although it

5512-414: The coastal cities. In the 1270s they regained Trogir, Split and Šibenik. In 1274 Paul I Šubić of Bribir ( Croatian : Pavao I Šubić Bribirski ) became the head of the family and was soon named the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, while his brothers were princes of the leading Dalmatian cities, Mladen I Šubić of Split, and George I Šubić of Trogir and Šibenik. In 1280 Venice attacked the coastal holdings of

5616-420: The country by the end of 1345. Nicholas Hahót was the first appointed royal official in decades, who styled himself Ban of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia, merging the two positions and extending his influence to the Croatian territories as well to represent the royal authority. In 1345 Zadar again rebelled against Venice, but after a lengthy siege in late 1346 the Venetians regained the city. In retaliation for

5720-520: The crown without resistance in late 1385, but Elizabeth soon had him murdered in February 1386. The Horvat brothers rose up in open rebellion on behalf of the murdered king's son, Ladislaus of Naples . On 25 July 1386 they attacked Queen Mary, Elizabeth and their retinue at Gorjani and captured the queens. Mary and her mother were imprisoned and held in captivity at the bishop of Zagreb's castle of Gomnec. Elizabeth and Mary were soon sent to Novigrad Castle , with John of Palisna as their new jailer. Elizabeth

5824-425: The customary law of Croatia. In Church affairs, Croatia south of the Gvozd mountain was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Split , while Slavonia was under the Archbishop of Kalocsa . By 1107 King Coloman controlled most of former Byzantine coastal cities in Dalmatia . Since those cities were important, Hungarians and Croats often fought with Venice and the Byzantines for the region. In 1116, after

5928-508: The death of Ögedei Khan in Karakorum . To be in on the action of electing a new khan, the Mongols turned back. One group returned east through Zeta , Serbia , and Bulgaria , all of which were looted as they passed through, while the second one plundered the area of Dubrovnik and burned the town of Kotor . After the Mongols left Croatia its land were devastated and a huge famine broke out. The invasion of Mongols showed that only fortified cities could provide protection against them. Since

6032-441: The death of Coloman, Venice attacked the Dalmatian coast, defeated the army of Croatian Ban Cledin and seized Biograd, Split, Trogir, Šibenik, Zadar and several islands. King Stephen II , Coloman's successor, unsuccessfully tried to regain the lost cities in 1117, although the Doge of Venice Ordelafo Faliero was killed in a battle near Zadar. A five-year truce was signed, confirming the status quo . In 1124 Stephen II again attacked

6136-425: The death of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, when the Byzantine Empire relinquished the acquired lands. After 1180 area under the administration of ban increased, but his domain and scope of activities were not yet fully formulated. Following the death of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to maintain its power consistently in Dalmatia. Soon Zadar rebelled against Venice and became

6240-419: The death of Louis I in 1382 his wife Elizabeth of Bosnia acted as regent of the eleven-year-old Queen Mary . Her accession was denied by some noblemen who considered that King Charles III of Naples was the lawful heir to the throne. In Croatia John of Palisna , prior of Vrana, was the first to rise against Elizabeth. He was mainly opposed to the centralizing policy which Elizabeth's husband had enforced. He

6344-443: The decline of the Šubić family, Ivan Nelipić had risen to become the dominant figure in Croatia. He seized the royal city of Knin, which led to the removal of John Babonić from his banship and the appointment of Nicholas Felsőlendvai and later Mikcs Ákos, whose army was defeated in 1326 by Ivan Nelipić. Thus all of Croatia from Lika and Krbava to the Cetina River was in fact outside the king's authority. Nelipić had tense relations with

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6448-472: The entire Croatian territory was integrated under one administration and under the authority of the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia. As a result, the economy of Croatia flourished in the late 14th century, especially in cities on the eastern Adriatic coast. New royal towns were established on trade routes, richer merchants' increased dominance over towns, and new conditions marked the beginning of cultural integration between coastal and continental Croatia. Following

6552-446: The events of 1526. The political situation after the battle of Mohács – the king's death, two elected rulers, Ottoman conquests and, consequently, the splitting of Hungary into three parts, changed the entire medieval relation system. Civil war broke out between the supporters of Ferdinand and Zápolya that ended soon in an agreement to Ferdinand's benefit and both crowns would again be united in Habsburgs' hands. While this technically meant

6656-401: The north to the mouth of the Neretva in the south), bounded to the east by the courses of the Vrbas and Neretva, to the south by the lower Neretva, and to the north by the Gvozd Mountain and river Kupa . The territory between Dalmatia and the Neretva, western Hum , was not always in Croatia's possession. The term "Dalmatia" referred to several coastal cities and islands, at times used as

6760-484: The official in Croatia. It mostly consisted of five rows of five interlocking silver and red squares. It also represented Croatia on the Battle of Mohács as a military flag. Drava The Drava or Drave ( German : Drau , pronounced [ˈdʁaʊ] ; Slovene : Drava [ˈdɾàːʋa] ; Croatian : Drava [drǎːʋa] ; Hungarian : Dráva [ˈdraːvɒ] ; Italian : Drava [ˈdraːva] ), historically known as

6864-399: The original twelve noble Croatian tribes . Nobility created by the monarchs or based upon royal service never existed in Croatia. Those nobles held and administered whole counties, presided over local courts and enforced their decisions, therefore local population was entirely separated from any state organisation. Most prominent Croatian noble families of the 12th and early 13th century were

6968-400: The possessions of the Republic of Venice in Dalmatia , for whom the Croats took part in the Ottoman–Venetian Wars . Of particular note for the history of Dalmatia was the Morean War . Croatia in union with Hungary Some of the terms of Coloman's coronation and the later status of the Croatian nobles are detailed in the Pacta Conventa , a document preserved only in transcript from

7072-423: The rebellion Venice destroyed Zadar's sea walls, confiscated weapons from its citizens and sent a Venetian to be the town's governor. King Louis I signed an eight-year peace treaty with Venice in 1348. In 1356, after the end of the peace treaty, King Louis invaded Venetian territories without a former declaration of war. The Croatian army was led by Ban John Csúz of Ludbreg . Split, Trogir, and Šibenik soon got rid of

7176-403: The rebellious nobility, Sigismund summoned a council at Križevci in Croatia on 27 February 1397 to which Stephen II Lackfi, who was appointed by Ladislaus as his deputy for Croatia, was invited on a safe-conduct. At the gathering Lackfi, his nephew Andrew and the supporting nobility were murdered, which set off a new uprising in the name of Ladislaus. This uprising was led by Hrvoje Vukčić, who took

7280-474: The relations in the same way. In 1102, after a succession crisis, the crown passed into the hands of the Árpád dynasty, with the crowning of King Coloman of Hungary as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in Biograd. The precise terms of the union between the two realms became a matter of dispute in the 19th century. The two kingdoms were united under the Árpád dynasty either by the choice of the Croatian nobility or by Hungarian force. Croatian historians hold that

7384-447: The research of the Library of Congress , Coloman crushed opposition after the death of Ladislaus I and won the crown of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1102, thus forging a link between the Croatian and Hungarian crowns that lasted until the end of World War I. Hungarian culture permeated northern Croatia, the Croatian-Hungarian border shifted often, and at times Hungary treated Croatia as a vassal state. Croatia had its own local governor, or Ban;

7488-449: The restoration of a Croatian-Hungarian union, the relationship between two countries was changed permanently. The first known symbol representing Croatia, dates back to the late 12th century, was a six-pointed star over a crescent moon, found on a Croatian frizatik minted by Andrew II as Duke of Croatia. In 14th and 15th century the modern-day coat of arms of Dalmatia , three crowned Lion heads on blue shield (originally on red shield),

7592-548: The river was known as Dravus or Draus in Latin , and in Greek as Δράος and Δράβος. Medieval attestations of the name include Dravis ( c. AD 670), Drauva (in 799), Drauus (in 811), Trauum (in 1091), and Trah (in 1136). The name is pre-Roman and pre-Celtic, but probably of Indo-European origin, from the root *dreu̯- 'flow'. The river gives its name to the dravite species of tourmaline . The Carpis (Greek: Κάρπίς)

7696-689: The same time to protect Croatia in turbulent period of Ottoman expansion to the west. The Croatian nobles met on 31 December 1526 to discuss their strategy and choose a new leader. The assembly occurred in the Franciscan monastery below the Cetin Castle in the settlement of Cetingrad. The Croatian parliament unanimously elected Ferdinand of the House of Habsburg as King of Croatia at their assembly in Cetin on 1 January 1527 . The charter electing Ferdinand

7800-581: The succession crisis. Some Croatian nobles around Helen, possibly the Gusić family and/or Viniha from Lapčan family , contesting the succession after the death of Zvonimir, asked King Ladislaus I to help Helen and offered him the Croatian throne, which was seen as rightfully his by inheritance rights. According to some sources, several Dalmatian cities also asked King Ladislaus for assistance, and Petar Gusić with Petar de genere Cacautonem presented themselves as "White Croats" ( Creates Albi ), on his court. Thus

7904-554: The succession of Emeric in 1196, his younger brother Andrew II became Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1198, following a brief skirmish between them. Thus from 1198 Croatia and Slavonia were under the Dukes of Croatia, who ran their duchy, still known as the Kingdom of Croatia, as semi-independent rulers. Under the duke there also stood a ban who was usually a major nobleman, sometimes of Croatian origin and sometimes of Hungarian. A single ban governed all Croatian provinces until 1225 when

8008-446: The territory under ban's rule was divided between two bans: the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia and the Ban of Slavonia . The positions were intermittently held by the same person after 1345, and officially merged back into one by 1476. The territory of Croatia was divided into counties ( Croatian : županije ), each under a count ( župan ). The Croatian counts were local nobles in hereditary succession ruling as they had before 1102, under

8112-561: The throne passed to his son, Charles I (also known as Charles Robert). Croatian and Hungarian nobles eventually accepted Andrew III as King, but a new revolt started when in 1299 Andrew named his uncle, Albertino Morosini as heir, since he had no sons. Paul sent his brother, George I Šubić, to Rome to gain papal approval for their requests and bring Charles I to Croatia, where he arrived in August 1300. Andrew III died in January 1301 and brought

8216-503: The town of Spittal an der Drau . Downstream of Villach , it runs along the northern slopes of the Karawanks to Ferlach and Lavamünd . The Drava passes into Slovenia at Gorče near Dravograd , from where it runs for 142 kilometres (88 mi) via Vuzenica , Muta , Ruše , and Maribor to Ptuj and the border with Croatia at Ormož . The river then passes Varaždin , Belišće and Osijek in Croatia, and Barcs in Hungary. It

8320-436: The town's outskirts, but failed to capture it and lost 500 troops. Pope Leo X called Croatia the forefront of Christianity ( Antemurale Christianitatis ) in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Petar Berislavić spent 7 years in constant fighting with the Ottomans, faced with continuous money shortages and an insufficient number of troops, until he

8424-456: The towns of Čazma and Zagreb , whose cathedral was burned. The nobility, together with King Béla, moved south to the fortress of Klis , Split , Trogir and the surrounding islands. In March 1242 the Mongols were near Split and started attacking Klis , since they thought King Béla, who was at the time in Trogir, was hiding there, but failed to capture its fortress. Soon came the news of

8528-467: The tranquility of the monastery of St. Stephen beneath the Pines ( Croatian : Sv. Stjepan pod Borovima ) near Split . Stephen II died peacefully at the beginning of 1091, without leaving an heir. Since there was no living male member of the House of Trpimirović, civil war and unrest broke out in Croatia shortly afterward. The widow of late King Zvonimir , Helen, tried to keep her power in Croatia during

8632-456: The union was a personal one in the form of a shared king, a view also accepted by a number of Hungarian historians, while Serbian and Hungarian nationalist historians preferred to see it as a form of annexation. The claim of a Hungarian occupation was made in the 19th century during the Hungarian national reawakening. Thus in older Hungarian historiography Coloman's coronation in Biograd

8736-489: The ~2 km long source creek. The river than flows eastwards and after 8 kilometres crosses into East Tyrol in Austria. At Lienz it flows into the Isel , sourced from the glaciers of the Venediger and Glockner Groups . The Isel (average discharge 39 m³/s) is almost three times larger than the Drava (14 m³/s) where they meet and, starting from the source of its tributary Schwarzach  [ de ] under

8840-641: The Árpád dynasty to an end. Ban Paul Šubić accompanied Charles I to Zagreb, where he was recognized as king. In March 1301 the Archbishop crowned him with a provisional crown King of Hungary and Croatia in Esztergom . So the act was not performed with the Holy Crown of Hungary in Székesfehérvár as it was required by custom. The privileges that Paul Šubić gained during the succession crisis were confirmed and his family gained hereditary banship. Although

8944-489: The Šubić family was victorious, another war started among its members, Gregory III Šubić of Bribir and Višan. Gregory Šubić won, executed Višan and took his lands, thus securing supremacy in the Šubić family. Domald was still in possession of Klis and had ambitions to retake Split. In the course of the war Domald lost Klis and then allied himself with the Kačić family. In 1229 Domald managed to defeat Gregory's deputy in Split and

9048-519: The Šubići and had frequent conflicts with them. During these conflicts Venice took control over Split in 1327 and Nin in 1329, gaining most of the coast from Zrmanja River to the mouth of the Cetina. At the same time, Stephen II Kotromanić , Ban of Bosnia, annexed the territory between Cetina and Neretva, as well as Imotski, Duvno, Livno i Glamoč. Over the remainder of Croatia Ivan Nelipić ruled independently from Knin until his death in 1344. Following that Louis I restored royal power in Croatia and pacified

9152-589: Was "Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia" ( Latin : Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae ) until 1359 when a plural form "kingdoms" ( Latin : regna ) came into use. The change was a consequence of the victory of Louis I against the Republic of Venice and the Treaty of Zadar , by which the Venetian Republic lost its influence over Dalmatian coastal cities. However, the kingdom was still mostly referred to as

9256-728: Was a river which, according to Herodotus, flowed from the upper country of the Ombricans northward into the Ister (Danube), whence it has been supposed that this river is the same as the Dravus. The Drava (along with one of its tributaries, the Slizza ) and the Spöl are the only two rivers originating in Italy that belong to the Danube drainage basin . Its main left tributaries (from the north) are

9360-483: Was a subject of dispute and their stance was that Croatia was conquered. Although claims of this kind can also be found today, since the Croatian-Hungarian tensions are gone, it has generally been accepted that Coloman was crowned in Biograd for king. Today, Hungarian legal historians hold that the relationship of Hungary with the area of Croatia and Dalmatia in the period till 1526 and the death of Louis II

9464-581: Was accompanied by Tvrtko I of Bosnia , who was crowned as King of Bosnia in 1371. John was ultimately defeated by Elizabeth's army that seized his town of Varna and forced him to flee to Bosnia. After a brief period of peace a new movement against Queen Mary and Elizabeth emerged in 1385 that was led by John Horvat , Ban of Macsó , and his brother Paul Horvat , Bishop of Zagreb. The two brothers were joined by John of Palisna, who had been named Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in 1385 by Charles III. They assisted Charles in deposing Queen Mary who renounced

9568-656: Was allowed to keep the territories in western Bosnia that had been conquered in 1385. Hrvoje Vukčić also submitted in 1393. In July 1394 Sigismund took Dobor in Bosnia and captured John Horvat, thus ending the uprising of the Horvats. On Queen Mary's orders, as a revenge of her mother's death, John was tortured to death in Pécs . After the death of Stephen Dabiša his widow Jelena Gruba was elected as queen. Hrvoje Vukčić again actively opposed to Sigismund and proclaimed his support for Ladislaus of Naples. In an attempt to reconcile with

9672-476: Was announced that Hrvoje had submitted to Sigismund and that Ostoja was restored to the Bosnian throne. By this Sigismund had put an end to the unrest in Hungary, Bosnia and Croatia. Eventually in 1409 Ladislaus sold his rights in Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats in an attempt to gain allies in the upcoming war against the Republic of Florence . After the conquest of the Byzantine Empire in 1453

9776-532: Was captured in Senj. The Ottoman Empire quickly expanded to the southern areas, where they conquered large parts of Herzegovina in 1482 and Croatian strongholds in the Neretva valley. First major Croatian victory over the Ottomans was achieved by Count Petar Zrinski in 1478 near Glina . In 1483 an army led by Croatian Ban Matthias Geréb and the Frankopans defeated a force of around 7,000 Ottoman cavalry (known as

9880-589: Was confirmed with the seals of six Croatian nobles and four representatives of the Archduke. On 6 January 1527 the nobility from Slavonia sided with John Zápolya. The Croatian historical narrative insists that the decision to join the Habsburg Empire was the result of a free choice made by the Sabor. Austrian historians align with this view and there appears to be little reason to doubt Croatian claims about

9984-595: Was from then "Ban of the Croats and Lord of Bosnia" ( Latin : Banus Croatorum Dominus et Bosnae ). He gave his brother Mladen I Šubić the title of Ban of Bosnia. At that time the power of Paul extended from Gvozd to the Neretva, and from the Adriatic coast to the Bosna River , and only the city of Zadar remained outside his realm and under the rule of Venice. In 1304 Ban Mladen I was killed in Bosnia. Paul carried out

10088-426: Was in 1242 confirmed by King Béla IV to Trogir with a special charter. Trogir had the support of the King and the Šubić family, with Stjepko Šubić its leader, while Split found allies among the Kačić family, Andrew of Hum and Bosnian Ban Matej Ninoslav . In 1244 Split elected Ninoslav as its prince, and in the same year Ninoslav launched an attack on Trogir, but failed to take the city. After Ninoslav returned to Bosnia,

10192-476: Was killed in an ambush during the battle of Plješevica on 20 May 1520. After two failed attempts in 1513 and 1514, Ottoman forces led by Gazi Husrev-beg laid the final siege of Knin and captured it on 29 May 1522. They also besieged Klis on several occasions, but the captain of Senj and prince of Klis Petar Kružić defended the Klis Fortress for almost 25 years. On 23 April 1526 Sultan Suleiman

10296-616: Was most similar to a personal union , resembling the relationship of Scotland to England. According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations and the Grand Larousse encyclopédique , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102, which remained the basis of the Hungarian-Croatian relationship until 1918, while Encyclopædia Britannica specified the union as a dynastic one. According to

10400-524: Was not able to establish his control over entire Croatia, although the exact extent of his conquest is not known. At this time the Kingdom of Hungary was attacked by the Cumans , who were likely sent by Byzantium , so Ladislaus was forced to retreat from his campaign in Croatia. Ladislaus appointed his nephew Prince Álmos to administer the controlled area of Croatia , established the Diocese of Zagreb as

10504-432: Was proclaimed a free royal city . Nobles were allowed to build castles on their lands and increase the size of their armies, making them even more independent. The Mongol invasion temporarily stopped internal warfare among the nobles, but right after they left in the early 1240s a civil war broke out in Croatia. The cause of the war was the possession of Ostrog village, that both Split and Trogir claimed as theirs and which

10608-492: Was re-elected as the prince of Split. However, by 1231 Gregory returned to his position in Split. After Gregory died Domald took advantage of the new situation and for the second time reclaimed Split in 1235, but lost it 2 years after to Gregory's son Marko I Šubić of Bribir. War with Domald was finally over when Stjepko Šubić defeated and captured him in Klis. Croatia and Slavonia remained decentralized under local nobles throughout

10712-509: Was tried and found guilty of inciting Charles' murder. In January 1387 Sigismund of Luxemburg , husband of Queen Mary, marched towards Novigrad to rescue the queens. When news of Sigismund's approach reached Novigrad, Elizabeth was strangled in her prison in Mary's presence. As the throne could no longer be left vacant, Sigismund was crowned king on 31 March 1387 at Székesfehérvár. Sigismund's ally Ivan V Frankopan laid siege to Novigrad Castle with

10816-419: Was used to represent the Kingdom of Croatia, as mentioned in numerous armorials of the time ( Gelre Armorial , Constance Council Armorial or Wernigerode Armorial ). It was also located on coins and seals of the kings, like the great seal of Matthias Corvinus and on the great coat of arms of King Louis I . The checkerboard came to use in the late 15th century, and by the early 16th century (1525) it became

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