Misplaced Pages

#171828

28-476: Ikkō-ikki ( 一向一揆 , " Ikkō-shū Uprising") were rebellious or autonomous groups of people that were formed in several regions of Japan in the 15th-16th centuries; backed up by the power of the Jōdo Shinshū sect of Buddhism , they opposed the rule of governors or daimyō . Mainly consisting of priests, peasants, merchants and local lords who followed the sect, they sometimes associated with non-followers of

56-499: A liberation theology (or ideology ) for a wave of uprisings against the feudal system in late-fifteenth and sixteenth century Japan which are known as the Ikkō-ikki revolts. The causes of this phenomenon are disputed, but may have had both religious and sociopolitical causes. As a consequence of the Ikkō-ikki revolts and the growing power of the Jōdo Shinshū , the sect's fortress-temples Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima (built at

84-510: A bell. The priests of the fortress came not only from Osaka and the surrounding areas, but also from the Ikko sect's home provinces of Kaga and Echizen . The priests also had many allies, including the Mōri clan , who supplied the fortress when it was under siege. Both Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen , both of whom were rivals of Oda Nobunaga , simply by keeping Nobunaga and each other occupied, did

112-535: A great number of devotees and followers. The tiny temple Rennyo built for his own personal devotions was expanded, and many homes and other buildings were erected to accommodate the new residents. By the time of Rennyo's death, three years later, the general shape and size of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji was already in place. After the 1532 destruction of Yamashina Mido in Kyoto , the Ishiyama Hongan-ji acted as

140-492: A whole, and from offensive violence in particular. With recent improvements in firearms at the time, the Ikko-ikki movement would be able to rise very suddenly as a menacing force which presented a credible threat to the government, as a peasant or merchant could transform himself into a capable mobile cannoneer in mere days. According to George Sansom , "The Ikko (Single-Minded) sect of Nenbutsu , or Buddha-calling ...

168-554: Is a branch of the worship of Amida developed from the teaching of Shinran into an aggressive doctrine of salvation by faith." In the 13th century, the jizamurai , a new class of small landowners, "formed leagues ( ikki ) for mutual defence", since they came from "good warrior families, long established in their own districts, and they were determined to protect their interests, both economic and social, against newcomers", according to Sansom. The Shirahata-Ikki, "White Flag Uprising", and Mikazuki-Ikki, "Crescent Uprising", were examples of

196-576: The ikki lay across major trade routes and occupied the same areas that Nobunaga saw as his primary territorial objectives. Nearly every road to the capital from this western part of the country was controlled by the ikki or their allies, and the populist roots of the ikki movement gave them significant economic power as well. Nobunaga in particular sought the destruction of the Ikkō-ikki for these reasons, and because they allied themselves with nearly every one of his major enemies or rivals. Ashikaga Yoshiaki

224-516: The "Ikkō-shū". On the whole, the reason the people call us this is that we place our complete reliance, exclusively, on Amida Buddha ... However, the Founder has specifically named this sect "Jōdo Shinshū". Therefore, you must understand that we of our sect did not originate in any manner or form the name of "One-Mind Sect." The Amida pietist movement, and in particular the Jōdo Shinshū, also provided

252-602: The Ikki a great service. The Hongan-ji came under siege from the forces of Oda Nobunaga in 1570, but, due in part to its position on the coast, managed to hold out for 11 years, making this the longest siege in Japanese history. In August 1580, the Abbot Kōsa (Kennyo) was persuaded to surrender, ending the 11-year-long siege . At the time of the surrender, the entire temple complex was set aflame. According to some sources, this

280-442: The area in 1496, initiating the series of events that would end in the formation of Japan's second-largest city. Contemporary documents describing his retirement site as being on a "long slope" (大坂, Ōzaka) are the first to call the area by that name, which has changed only slightly over time to Osaka (大阪), and become Japan's second largest city. Although Rennyo sought isolation in retiring to this quiet place, he very quickly attracted

308-523: The end of the 15th century) were eventually destroyed by Oda Nobunaga 's armies. The fortress at Nagashima was razed to the ground in 1574, taking about 20,000 people with it. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji withstood the longest siege in Japanese history before surrendering in 1580. Upon its ruins, Toyotomi Hideyoshi built Osaka Castle , a replica of which stands on the site today. Following the destruction of Nagashima, Nobunaga ordered his men to search all of Echizen Province and kill every last man and woman of

SECTION 10

#1732772825172

336-465: The first time in Japanese history that a group of commoners ruled a province. The Ikko-ikki fought Asakura Norikage in the Battle of Kuzuryūgawa  [ ja ] of 1506 and defeated Nagao Tamekage in the 1536 Battle of Sendanno . They fought Asakura Norikage again in the 1555 Battle of Daishoji-omote. Rennyo was a pacifist and taught pacifism. He advocated self-defense only as a guard against

364-408: The forces of Oda Nobunaga . After several failed attempts at seizing each emplacement, he eventually succeeded. In the 1580s, the last of the Ikkō-ikki courted Toyotomi Hideyoshi , and fought alongside his forces against warrior monks and priests of other sects. The Ikkō-ikki bands of the 16th century, due largely to their origins as countryside mobs, used quite varied armor and armament. Many wore

392-521: The members of the numerous ikki" occupied the monasteries and shrines, and "would ring the warning bells day and night, hoping to terrify the rich citizens", according to Sansom. The Ikkō-ikki were, at first, disparate and disorganized followers of Rennyo's teachings. His missionary work, and his appointment to the position of abbot of the Kyoto Hongan-ji, was in 1457, allowed him to "express in words and deeds" his unorthodox views. In 1465, Rennyo

420-608: The more powerful Jōdo Shinshū and the name Ikkō-shū ultimately became synonymous with Jōdo Shinshū . Rennyo , the charismatic leader of the Hongan-ji branch of Jōdo Shinshū, responded to this situation by clarifying the positive religious meaning of Ikkō (single-minded) whilst simultaneously distancing himself from the antinomian behaviour of the original Ikkō sect. In his pastoral letters, known as Ofumi or Gobunsho , he therefore wrote: "It has been established with certainty that our Founder did not particularly name our school

448-400: The more traditional priest robes, with varying degrees and types of armor. Some wore various sorts of helmets, while others opted for the straw hat and cloak of a peasant. Naginata remained very common, along with a variety of swords and daggers, and a limited number of arquebuses . Finally, while not truly armor nor armament, a very common item wielded by the mobs of Ikkō-ikki priest warriors

476-522: The numerous risings against the Ashikaga shogunate . An uprising involving an entire province was called a Kuni-Ikki (kuni meaning province). Uprisings took place in 1351, 1353, 1369, 1377, 1384–1386, and 1366–1369. The risings in the 15th century, Tsuchi-Ikki or Do-Ikki, were better organized "and the peasants appear to have played a more prominent part". At the conclusion of the Ōnin War , in 1477, "many of

504-493: The particularly tumultuous times in which he lived. Daimyō , samurai warlords, fought one another for territory nearly constantly, across the entire country. Rennyo thus saw to it that the temples of his sect were fortified and defended from attackers. Though it was his charismatic leadership and populist teachings that inspired the fervor which powered the Ikkō-ikki uprisings, he never advocated or supported them. The uprisings continued nevertheless, past Rennyo's death in 1499, and

532-552: The primary temple for the Ikkō sect, from which the Ikkō-ikki had sprouted. Contributions from devotees were collected through a system of brokers, primarily those based in Sakai in nearby Izumi Province . The temple-fortress was considered impenetrable, due largely to its location and orientation. In addition, roughly a hundred priests were on patrol at any given time, and upwards of ten thousand could be summoned to battle simply by ringing

560-529: The sect. They were at first organized to only a small degree; if any single person could be said to have had any influence over them it was Rennyo , the leader of the Jōdo Shinshū Hongan-ji sect at that time. Whilst he may have used the religious fervour of the Ikkō-ikki in the defence of his temple settlements, he was also careful to distance himself from the wider social rebellion of the Ikkō movement as

588-587: The so-called Ikkō sect. Other Ikkō-shū Buddhists went underground, forming the kakure nenbutsu . Ishiyama Hongan-ji The Ishiyama Hongan-ji ( 石山本願寺 ) was the primary fortress of the Ikkō-ikki , leagues of warrior priests and commoners who opposed samurai rule during the Sengoku period . It was established in 1496, at the mouth of the Yodo River , on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea . At

SECTION 20

#1732772825172

616-544: The sub-sect of Jōdo Shinshū that he had founded spread as well. They established themselves in fortresses at Ishiyama Hongan-ji , just outside Osaka , and in Nagashima , on the borders of Owari and Ise Provinces and in a series of temples in Mikawa Province as well. Towards the end of the 16th century, however, their growing numbers and strength caught the attention and concern of the great samurai leaders of

644-540: The time, this was just outside the remains of the ancient capital of Naniwa , in Settsu Province . In fact, recent archaeological research has determined that the temple was established atop the ruins of the old imperial palace. The city (now called Osaka ) has since grown around the site, incorporating the Ishiyama (stone mountain). Rennyo, the great revivalist abbott of Jōdo Shinshū ( Ikkō-shū ), retired to

672-513: The time. Tokugawa Ieyasu worried that sōhei of Mikawa Province would rise up and seize the province. In 1564, his forces, with the help of Jōdo-shū sōhei, defeated the Mikawa Ikkō-ikki in the Battle of Azukizaka . The ikki attracted the ire of the likes of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga due to the economic and political threat they posed, more so than as a result of their military might. Ishiyama Hongan-ji and other strongholds of

700-491: Was a banner with a Buddhist slogan written upon it. Some of the more common slogans included the nenbutsu chant "Hail to Buddha Amida !" ( Namu Amida Butsu ; 南無阿弥陀仏) and "He who advances is sure of salvation, but he who retreats will go to hell ". Shin Buddhism was persecuted in response to the Ikkō-ikki, which caused the formation of kakure nenbutsu secret societies. Ikk%C5%8D-sh%C5%AB Originally, Ikkō-shū

728-531: Was an "obscure band of Pure Land proponents" founded by Ikkō Shunjō in the fifteenth century. He was a disciple of Ryōchū of the Chinzei branch of Jōdo-shū Buddhism and similar to Ippen 's Ji-shū. However, when the religious and military-political establishment began to crack down on the Nembutsu , little distinction was made between the various factions. Most of Ikkō Shunjo's followers therefore defected to

756-506: Was forced to flee Kyoto , and established a new Hongan-ji branch temple, Yoshizaki-gobō , in Echizen Province in 1471. It was at this temple that he began to attract a significant following among peasants and farmers. About 1486 brought the first violent uprising, the first major organized action on the part of the Ikkō-ikki. They overthrew the governor of Kaga Province , and took control of it for themselves ; this represented

784-717: Was once strongly supported in his claim to become Shōgun by Nobunaga, but turned to the ikki when their relationship soured. The ikki also had powerful allies in the Mōri , Azai , and Asakura clans . In the Asakura stronghold of Echizen province, today's Fukui-prefecture, Nobunaga ordered his generals to kill the people in Ajimano village in August 1575 as noted in The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima fortresses were besieged several times by

#171828