100-597: The SCMaglev (superconducting maglev, formerly called the MLU ) is a magnetic levitation ( maglev ) railway system developed by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) and the Railway Technical Research Institute . The SCMaglev uses an electrodynamic suspension (EDS) system for levitation, guidance, and propulsion. In development since the 1960s, the SCMaglev system will be used in
200-404: A linear synchronous motor (LSM) propulsion system, which powers a second set of coils in the guideway. Japanese National Railways (JNR) began research on a linear propulsion railway system in 1962 with the goal of developing a train that could travel between Tokyo and Osaka in one hour. Shortly after Brookhaven National Laboratory patented superconducting magnetic levitation technology in
300-500: A maglev train accident occurred in Lathen, killing 23 people. It was found to have been caused by human error in implementing safety checks. From 2006 no passengers were carried. At the end of 2011 the operation licence expired and was not renewed, and in early 2012 demolition permission was given for its facilities, including the track and factory. In March 2021 it was reported the CRRC
400-443: A "Maglev Proponent" by Nikkei Asia. The mayor of Nagoya , a city on the maglev, also said "Mr. Suzuki has a deep understanding of industry, so I think he will get the project done quickly." Since the election, preliminary work has been approved and is apparently been proceeding well as of October 2024. The government of Osaka Prefecture , as well as local corporations such as Suntory and Nippon Life , have raised concerns about
500-868: A 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) operating speed. Two more stages are planned of 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) and 37.4 kilometres (23.2 mi). Once completed it will become a circular line. It was shut down in September 2023. Transport System Bögl (TSB) is a driverless maglev system developed by the German construction company Max Bögl since 2010. Its primary intended use is for short to medium distances (up to 30 km) and speeds up to 150 km/h for uses such as airport shuttles . The company has been doing test runs on an 820-meter-long test track at their headquarters in Sengenthal , Upper Palatinate , Germany , since 2012 clocking over 100,000 tests covering
600-541: A 30 percent increase in traction efficiency and a 60 percent increase in speed over the stock in use on the line since. The vehicles entered service in July 2021 with a top speed of 140 km/h (87 mph). CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive said in April 2020 it is developing a model capable of 200 km/h (120 mph). There are two competing efforts for high-speed maglev systems, i.e., 300–620 km/h (190–390 mph). In
700-502: A 60-metre ramp which was later extended to 980 metres. From the late 1970s to the 1980s five prototypes of cars were built that received designations from TP-01 (ТП-01) to TP-05 (ТП-05). The early cars were supposed to reach the speed up to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The construction of a maglev track using the technology from Ramenskoye started in Armenian SSR in 1987 and was planned to be completed in 1991. The track
800-471: A 90-foot test track in Johnson's basement "absolutely noiseless[ly] and without the least vibration." A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to Hermann Kemper between 1937 and 1941. An early maglev train was described in U.S. patent 3,158,765 , "Magnetic system of transportation", by G. R. Polgreen on 25 August 1959. The first use of "maglev" in
900-640: A 908 metres (2,979 ft) track was opened in Hamburg for the first International Transportation Exhibition (IVA 79). Interest was sufficient that operations were extended three months after the exhibition finished, having carried more than 50,000 passengers. It was reassembled in Kassel in 1980. In 1979 the USSR town of Ramenskoye ( Moscow oblast ) built an experimental test site for running experiments with cars on magnetic suspension. The test site consisted of
1000-473: A German maglev company, had a test track in Emsland with a total length of 31.5 kilometres (19.6 mi). The single-track line ran between Dörpen and Lathen with turning loops at each end. The trains regularly ran at up to 420 kilometres per hour (260 mph). Paying passengers were carried as part of the testing process. The construction of the test facility began in 1980 and finished in 1984. In 2006,
1100-472: A United States patent was in "Magnetic levitation guidance system" by Canadian Patents and Development Limited . In 1912 French-American inventor Émile Bachelet demonstrated a model train with electromagnetic levitation and propulsion in Mount Vernon, New York. Bachelet's first related patent, U.S. patent 1,020,942 was granted in 1912. The electromagnetic propulsion was by attraction of iron in
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#17327804291501200-582: A concern at low speeds, and is one of the reasons why JR abandoned a purely repulsive system and adopted the sidewall levitation system. At higher speeds other modes of drag dominate. The drag force can be used to the electrodynamic system's advantage, however, as it creates a varying force in the rails that can be used as a reactionary system to drive the train, without the need for a separate reaction plate, as in most linear motor systems. Laithwaite led development of such "traverse-flux" systems at his Imperial College laboratory. Alternatively, propulsion coils on
1300-452: A distance of 1,900 km. This figure would presumably be even higher for very short flights such as Tokyo-Nagoya, with much less time spent cruising. Moreover, the operation of the L0 series maglev train is completely electric, making it easier to transition to low-carbon energy sources. On 2 December 2003, MLX01 , a three-car train set a world record speed of 581 km/h (361 mph) in
1400-589: A distance of over 65,000 km as of 2018. In 2018 Max Bögl signed a joint venture with the Chinese company Chengdu Xinzhu Road & Bridge Machinery Co. with the Chinese partner given exclusive rights of production and marketing for the system in China. The joint venture constructed a 3.5 km (2.2 mi) demonstration line near Chengdu , China, and two vehicles were airlifted there in June, 2020. In February 2021
1500-612: A high-speed maglev system. Instead, overcoming drag takes the most energy. Vactrain technology has been proposed as a means to overcome this limitation. Despite over a century of research and development, there are only six operational maglev trains today — three in China, two in South Korea, and one in Japan. In the late 1940s, the British electrical engineer Eric Laithwaite , a professor at Imperial College London , developed
1600-539: A joint venture named Consolidated Land and Rail Australia to provide a commercial funding model using private investors that could build the SC Maglev (linking Sydney, Canberra, and Melbourne), create eight new self-sustaining inland cities linked to the high-speed connection, and contribute to the community. 35°35′N 138°56′E / 35.583°N 138.933°E / 35.583; 138.933 Maglev Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation )
1700-578: A loan from the Japanese government. The first major contract announced was for a 7 km (4.3 mi) tunnel in Yamanashi and Shizuoka prefectures expected to be completed in 2025. Construction of a 25 km (16 mi) tunnel under the southern Japanese Alps commenced on 20 December 2015, approximately 1,400 m (4,600 ft) below the surface at its deepest point. The tunnel is expected to be completed in 2025, and upon completion will succeed
1800-790: A maglev terminal. A JR Central report on the Chuo Shinkansen was approved by a Liberal Democratic Party panel in October 2008, which certified three proposed routes for the Maglev. According to a Japan Times news article, JR Central supported the more direct route, which would cost less money to build than the other two proposals, backed by Nagano Prefecture . The latter two plans had the line swinging up north between Kōfu and Nakatsugawa stations to serve areas within Nagano. In June 2009, JR Central also announced research results comparing
1900-461: A manned run. On 16 November 2004, it also set a world record for two trains passing each other at a combined speed of 1,026 km/h (638 mph). On 26 October 2010, JR Central announced a new train type, the L0 Series , for commercial operation at 505 km/h (314 mph). It set a world record speed for a manned train of 603 km/h (375 mph) on 21 April 2015. On 26 March 2020,
2000-419: A maximum speed of 505 km/h (314 mph). About 90% of the 286-kilometer (178 mi) line to Nagoya will be tunnels. The Chuo Shinkansen is the culmination of Japanese maglev development since the 1970s, a government-funded project initiated by Japan Airlines and the former Japanese National Railways (JNR). Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) now operates the facilities and research. The line
2100-486: A new high-speed maglev line, the Chuo Shinkansen , started in 2014. It is being built by extending the SCMaglev test track in Yamanashi in both directions. The completion date is unknown, with the estimate of 2027 no longer possible following a local governmental rejection of a construction permit. Transrapid 05 was the first maglev train with longstator propulsion licensed for passenger transportation. In 1979,
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#17327804291502200-490: A platform of continued opposition to construction of the new line, barring further accommodations by JR Central. Following a series of meetings between JR Central and Shizuoka Prefecture facilitated by the Ministry of Transportation, an interim report was released on the results of the meetings so far in late December 2021. Among other things, the report confirmed that while JR was committed to returning any water leaking into
2300-420: A pole above that attracts it. Once the train reaches 150 km/h (93 mph), there is sufficient current flowing to lift the train 100 mm (4 in) above the guideway. These coils also generate guiding and stabilizing forces. Because they are cross-connected underneath the guideway, if the train moves off-center, currents are induced into the connections that correct its positioning. SCMaglev also uses
2400-405: A scientific comparison of the energy consumption of SCMaglev, Transrapid and conventional high-speed trains was conducted. The energy consumption per square meter of usable area was examined in relation to speed. The results show that there are only minor differences at speeds of 200 km/h and above. However, maglevs can reach much higher speeds than conventional trains. Conventional trains, on
2500-551: A single car along a short section of track at the fairgrounds. It was removed after the fair. It was shown at the Aoi Expo in 1987 and is now on static display at Okazaki Minami Park. In 1993, South Korea completed the development of its own maglev train, shown off at the Taejŏn Expo '93 , which was developed further into a full-fledged maglev capable of travelling up to 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) in 2006. This final model
2600-795: A stop in Nara . In 2012, politicians and business leaders in Kyoto petitioned the central government and JR Central to change the route to pass through their city. The governor of Nara Prefecture announced in November 2013 that he had re-confirmed the Transport Ministry's intention to route the segment through Nara. JR Central announced in July 2008 that the Chūō Shinkansen would start at Tokyo's Shinagawa Station , citing difficulties in securing land at nearby Tokyo and Shinjuku stations for
2700-419: A temperature of −269 °C (4.15 K; −452 °F) with liquid helium . Magnetic coils are used both for levitation and propulsion. The trains are accelerated by alternating currents on the ground producing attraction and repulsion forces with the coils on the train. The levitation and guidance system, working with the same principle, ensures that the train is elevated and centered in the track. In 2018,
2800-570: A thorough test of the capabilities of the future Chuo Shinkansen. The track was extended a further 25 km (15.5 mi) along the future route of the Chuo Shinkansen, to bring the combined track length up to 42.8 km (26.6 mi). Extension and upgrading work was completed by June 2013, allowing researchers to run tests at top speed over longer periods. The first tests on this longer track took place in August 2013. JR Central began offering public train rides at 500 km/h (311 mph) on
2900-557: A transfer to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway at AREX 's Incheon International Airport Station and is offered free of charge to anyone to ride, operating between 9 am and 6 pm with 15-minute intervals. The maglev system was co-developed by the South Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) and Hyundai Rotem . It is 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) long, with six stations and
3000-504: A vehicle on the Chinese test track hit a top speed of 169 km/h (105 mph). According to the International Maglev Board there are at least four maglev research programmes underway in China at: Southwest Jiaotong University (Chengdu), Tongji University (Shanghai), CRRC Tangshan-Changchun Railway Vehicle Co. , and Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group . The latest high-speed prototype , unveiled in July 2021,
3100-526: A week after JR Central's announcement that it would be unable to meet its goal of opening the Shinagawa-Nagoya section of the line by 2027. Governor Kawakatsu's resignation was met with discussions about whether his successor would approve tunnel construction, triggering a slight rise in JR Central’s stock price. On May 26, 2024, the ensuing by-election was won by Yasutomo Suzuki, who was called
SCMaglev - Misplaced Pages Continue
3200-804: Is HSST (and its descendant, the Linimo line) by Japan Airlines and the other, which is more well known, is SCMaglev by the Central Japan Railway Company . The development of the latter started in 1969. The first successful SCMaglev run was made on a short track at the Japanese National Railways ' (JNR's) Railway Technical Research Institute in 1972. Maglev trains on the Miyazaki test track (a later, 7 km long test track) regularly hit 517 kilometres per hour (321 mph) by 1979. After an accident destroyed
3300-771: Is a Japanese maglev line under construction between Tokyo and Nagoya , with plans for extension to Osaka . Its initial section is between Shinagawa Station in Tokyo and Nagoya Station in Nagoya, with stations in Sagamihara , Kōfu , Iida and Nakatsugawa . Following the completion of the Tokyo–Nagoya line, the line will extend to stations in Mie , Nara and Osaka . The line is expected to connect Tokyo and Nagoya in 40 minutes, and eventually Tokyo and Osaka in 67 minutes, running at
3400-565: Is a system of rail transport whose rolling stock is levitated by electromagnets rather than rolled on wheels, eliminating rolling resistance . Compared to conventional railways, maglev trains can have higher top speeds, superior acceleration and deceleration, lower maintenance costs, improved gradient handling, and lower noise. However, they are more expensive to build, cannot use existing infrastructure, and use more energy at high speeds. Maglev trains have set several speed records . The train speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph)
3500-499: Is estimated at 90-100 Wh/seat-km. For comparison, the conventional N700-series train operating on the fastest service-pattern on the existing line between Tokyo and Osaka has an estimated energy consumption of 70 Wh/seat-km. Despite this increase, the L0 series still consumes much less energy than even the most efficient short/medium-haul modern passenger aircraft . For instance, the Airbus A319neo uses ~209 Wh/seat-km over
3600-403: Is expected to connect Tokyo and Nagoya in 40 minutes, and eventually Tokyo and Osaka in 67 minutes, running at a maximum speed of 500 km/h (311 mph). About 90% of the 286-kilometer (178 mi) line to Nagoya will be in tunnels, with a minimum curve radius of 8,000 m (26,000 ft) and a maximum grade of 4% (1 in 25). JR West: V Kansai Line The Chūō Shinkansen will employ
3700-483: Is expected to open after the new maglev line. Officials of Shizuoka Prefecture, in a meeting with JR Central in June 2020, denied permission to begin construction work on the tunnel. JR Central announced the following week that it would be "difficult" to open the Tokyo-Nagoya line in 2027 as previously announced. The incumbent governor of Shizuoka Prefecture Heita Kawakatsu was re-elected in June 2021, partly on
3800-459: Is intended to extend and incorporate the existing Yamanashi test track ( see below ). The trainsets are popularly known in Japan as linear motor car ( リニアモーターカー , rinia mōtā kā ) , though there are many technical variations. Government permission to proceed with construction was granted on 27 May 2011. Construction is expected to cost over ¥ 9 trillion (approximately 82 billion USD) and commenced in 2014. The start date of commercial service
3900-521: Is inter-operable with steel rail tracks and would permit maglev vehicles and conventional trains to operate on the same tracks. MAN in Germany also designed a maglev system that worked with conventional rails, but it was never fully developed. Each implementation of the magnetic levitation principle for train-type travel involves advantages and disadvantages. Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D Shinkansen The Chuo Shinkansen ( 中央新幹線 , Central Shinkansen )
4000-736: Is now on display at Railworld in Peterborough, together with the RTV31 hover train vehicle. Another is on display at the National Railway Museum in York. Several favourable conditions existed when the link was built: After the system closed in 1995, the original guideway lay dormant until 2003, when a replacement cable-hauled system, the AirRail Link Cable Liner people mover, was opened. Transrapid,
4100-535: Is produced either by superconducting magnets (as in JR–Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack ). The repulsive and attractive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track. A major advantage of EDS maglev systems is that they are dynamically stable—changes in distance between the track and the magnets creates strong forces to return
SCMaglev - Misplaced Pages Continue
4200-465: Is typically arranged on a series of C-shaped arms, with the upper portion of the arm attached to the vehicle, and the lower inside edge containing the magnets. The rail is situated inside the C, between the upper and lower edges. Magnetic attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, so minor changes in distance between the magnets and the rail produce greatly varying forces. These changes in force are dynamically unstable—a slight divergence from
4300-414: Is typically the case with electrodynamic suspension maglev trains. Aerodynamic factors may also play a role in the levitation of such trains. The two main types of maglev technology are: In electromagnetic suspension (EMS) systems, the train levitates by attraction to a ferromagnetic (usually steel) rail while electromagnets , attached to the train, are oriented toward the rail from below. The system
4400-426: Is unknown, after Shizuoka Prefecture denied permission for construction work on a portion of the route in June 2020. JR Central originally aimed to begin commercial service between Tokyo and Nagoya in 2027. However, in 2024, Central Japan Railway Co President Shunsuke Niwa said that due to construction delays a 2027 opening was now impossible and it is not expected to open until at least 2034. The Nagoya–Osaka section
4500-664: The British Rail Research Division in Derby , along with teams at several civil engineering firms, the "transverse-flux" system was developed into a working system. The first commercial maglev people mover was simply called " MAGLEV " and officially opened in 1984 near Birmingham , England. It operated on an elevated 600 metres (2,000 ft) section of monorail track between Birmingham Airport and Birmingham International railway station , running at speeds up to 42 kilometres per hour (26 mph). The system
4600-591: The Chūō Shinkansen rail line between Tokyo and Nagoya , Japan. The line, currently under construction, is scheduled to open in 2027. JR Central is also seeking to sell or license the technology to foreign rail companies. The L0 Series , a prototype vehicle based on SCMaglev technology, holds the record for fastest crewed rail vehicle with a record speed of 603 km/h (375 mph). The SCMaglev system uses an electrodynamic suspension (EDS) system. The train's bogies have superconducting magnets installed, and
4700-813: The Northeast Maglev . In 2013, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe met with U.S. President Barack Obama and offered to provide the first portion of the SC Maglev track free, a distance of about 40 miles (64 km). In 2016, the Federal Railroad Administration awarded $ 27.8 million to the Maryland Department of Transportation to prepare preliminary engineering and NEPA analysis for an SCMaglev train between Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. In late 2015, JR Central, Mitsui , and General Electric in Australia formed
4800-461: The SCMaglev technology, a maglev ( magnetic levitation train) system developed by JR Central . The levitating force is generated between superconducting magnets on the trains and coils on the track. The absence of wheel friction allows higher speed and higher acceleration and deceleration than conventional high-speed rail . The superconducting coils use Niobium–titanium alloy cooled to
4900-565: The Throgs Neck Bridge , James Powell , a researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), thought of using magnetically levitated transportation. Powell and BNL colleague Gordon Danby worked out a maglev concept using static magnets mounted on a moving vehicle to induce electrodynamic lifting and stabilizing forces in specially shaped loops, such as figure-of-8 coils on a guideway. These were patented in 1968–1969. Japan operates two independently developed maglev trains. One
5000-505: The Tracked Hovercraft RTV-31, based near Cambridge, UK, although the project was cancelled in 1973. The linear motor was naturally suited to use with maglev systems as well. In the early 1970s, Laithwaite discovered a new arrangement of magnets, the magnetic river , that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift and forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets. Working at
5100-485: The 1,300 m (4,300 ft) deep Daishimizu Tunnel on the Joetsu Shinkansen line as the deepest tunnel in Japan. Construction has also started on the maglev station at Shinagawa. Being built below the existing Shinkansen station, and to consist of two platforms and four tracks, construction is planned to take 10 years, largely to avoid disruption to the existing Tokaido Shinkansen services located above
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#17327804291505200-542: The SCMaglev system was ready for commercial operation. In 2011, the ministry gave JR Central permission to operate the SCMaglev system on their planned Chūō Shinkansen linking Tokyo and Nagoya by 2027, and to Osaka by 2037. Construction is currently underway. Since 2010, JR Central has promoted the SCMaglev system in international markets, particularly the Northeast Corridor of the United States, as
5300-569: The Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka areas. The original construction schedule from 2013, which called for the Tokyo–Nagoya segment to open in 2027 and the Nagoya–Osaka segment to open in 2045, was designed to keep JR Central's total debt burden below its approximate level at the time of privatization (around 5 trillion yen). The schedule was later altered to bring forward the completion date of the Nagoya-Osaka segment to 2037, after JR Central received
5400-448: The United States in 1969, JNR announced development of its own superconducting maglev (SCMaglev) system. The railway made its first successful SCMaglev run on a short track at its Railway Technical Research Institute in 1972. JR Central plans on exporting the technology, pitching it to potential buyers. In 1977, SCMaglev testing moved to a new 7 km test track in Hyūga, Miyazaki . By 1980,
5500-524: The Yamanashi test track, via a lottery selection, in 2014. The train holds the world record for the fastest manned train on this track. The line's route passes through many sparsely populated areas in the Japanese Alps (Akaishi Mountains), but is more direct than the current Tōkaidō Shinkansen route, and time saved through a more direct route was a more important criterion to JR Central than having stations at intermediate population centers. Also,
5600-403: The coils, the electrical potential would be balanced and no currents would be induced. However, as the train runs on rubber wheels at relatively low speeds, the magnetic fields are positioned below the center of the coils, causing the electrical potential to no longer be balanced. This creates a reactive magnetic field opposing the superconducting magnet's pole (in accordance with Lenz's law ), and
5700-422: The company has said it can make a pre-tax profit of around 70 billion yen in 2026, when the operating costs stabilize. The primary reason for the project's huge expense is that most of the line is planned to run in tunnels (about 86% of the initial section from Tokyo to Nagoya will be underground) with some sections at a depth of 40 m (130 ft) ( deep underground ) for a total of 100 km (62 mi) in
5800-452: The construction of such a station, with the line running directly under the airport. JR Central has so far refused, citing the close distance to the neighboring Kakegawa Station and Shizuoka stations. If constructed, travel time from the center of Tokyo to the airport would be comparable to that for Tokyo Narita Airport , enabling it to act as a third hub airport for the capital. As the station would be built underneath an active airport, it
5900-414: The distance of 30.5 kilometres (19 mi) in just over 8 minutes. Different maglev systems achieve levitation in different ways, which broadly fall into two categories: electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS) . Propulsion is typically provided by a linear motor . The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of the overall energy consumption of
6000-457: The downside, the dynamic instability demands fine track tolerances, which can offset this advantage. Eric Laithwaite was concerned that to meet required tolerances, the gap between magnets and rail would have to be increased to the point where the magnets would be unreasonably large. In practice, this problem was addressed through improved feedback systems, which support the required tolerances. Air gap and energy efficiency can be improved by using
6100-522: The entire project off schedule. It is believed by some political analysts that the actual reason for Shizuoka Prefecture's apparent concerns of the project is not over the Ōi River, but was merely used as a pretense to force JR Central's hand in building a train station on the Tokaido Shinkansen under Shizuoka Airport . Shizuoka Prefecture, being the only prefecture where no new station will be built, has long lobbied JR Central for years for
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#17327804291506200-537: The field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates a force moving the train forward. The term "maglev" refers not only to the vehicles, but to the railway system as well, specifically designed for magnetic levitation and propulsion. All operational implementations of maglev technology make minimal use of wheeled train technology and are not compatible with conventional rail tracks . Because they cannot share existing infrastructure, maglev systems must be designed as standalone systems. The SPM maglev system
6300-425: The first full-size working model of the linear induction motor . He became professor of heavy electrical engineering at Imperial College in 1964, where he continued his successful development of the linear motor. Since linear motors do not require physical contact between the vehicle and guideway, they became a common fixture on advanced transportation systems in the 1960s and 1970s. Laithwaite joined one such project,
6400-462: The guideway and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive and attractive force between these magnetic fields. In some configurations, the train can be levitated only by repulsive force. In the early stages of maglev development at the Miyazaki test track, a purely repulsive system was used instead of the later repulsive and attractive EDS system. The magnetic field
6500-418: The guideway are used to exert a force on the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear motor: an alternating current through the coils generates a continuously varying magnetic field that moves forward along the track. The frequency of the alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset between
6600-402: The guideways contain two sets of metal coils. The current levitation system uses a series of coils wound into a "figure 8" along both walls of the guideway. These coils are cross-connected underneath the track. As the train accelerates, the magnetic fields of its superconducting magnets induce a current into these coils due to the magnetic field induction effect . If the train were centered with
6700-563: The impact of the delayed construction of the Nagoya–Osaka segment on the Osaka economy. Politicians from the Kansai region called for, and received, state-backed loans for JR Central in order to expedite the line's construction, resulting in the opening of the extension being moved forward by up to 8 years. On 27 October 2021, two construction workers died when part of the retaining wall of a temporary work tunnel collapsed. JR Central concluded that
6800-405: The line's first fifty years of operation. Construction is yet to commence on the part of the line going through Shizuoka Prefecture , as the municipality has expressed concern about water from the Ōi River leaking into the tunnel, lowering the water level. JR Central expressed concern early on that the delay in construction of the only 9 kilometer long section going through Shizuoka might throw
6900-613: The maglev theme was continued by the Engineering Research Center "TEMP" (ИНЦ "ТЭМП") this time by the order from the Moscow government . The project was named V250 (В250). The idea was to build a high-speed maglev train to connect Moscow to the Sheremetyevo airport . The train would consist of 64-seater cars and run at speeds up to 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph). In 1993, due to the financial crisis ,
7000-482: The more heavily populated Tōkaidō route is congested, and providing an alternative route if the Tōkaidō Shinkansen were to become blocked by earthquake damage was also a consideration. The route will have a minimum curve radius of 8,000 m (26,000 ft), and a maximum gradient of 4%. This is more than the traditional Shinkansen lines, which top out at 3%. The planned route between Nagoya and Osaka includes
7100-406: The new station. JR Central estimates that Chuo Shinkansen fares will be only slightly more expensive than Tokaido Shinkansen fares, with a difference of around 700 yen between Tokyo and Nagoya, and around 1,000 yen between Tokyo and Osaka. The positive economic impact of the Chuo Shinkansen in reducing travel times between the cities has been estimated at anywhere between 5 and 17 trillion yen during
7200-472: The optimum position tends to grow, requiring sophisticated feedback systems to maintain a constant distance from the track, (approximately 15 millimetres [0.59 in]). The major advantage to suspended maglev systems is that they work at all speeds, unlike electrodynamic systems, which only work at a minimum speed of about 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph). This eliminates the need for a separate low-speed suspension system, and can simplify track layout. On
7300-402: The other hand, require less energy at slow speeds, with this advantage shrinking or even slightly reversing during high-speed operation. As the Chūō Shinkansen mostly runs in tunnels, air resistance will be much higher than for most high-speed railways, significantly increasing energy consumption. During normal operating conditions, the energy consumption of the L0 series between Tokyo and Osaka
7400-412: The possibility of returning leaking water during construction. On 20 January that same year, the prefecture officially called the report "insufficient", and announced that it still would not allow construction to commence. On 21 December 2023, during a routine press conference, JR Central’s President Niwa announced an agreement with Tokyo Electric Power Company , the Ōi River's dam operator, to diminish
7500-501: The project was abandoned. However, from 1999 the "TEMP" research center had been participating as a co-developer in the creation of the linear motors for the Moscow Monorail system. The world's first commercial maglev system was a low-speed maglev shuttle that ran between the airport terminal of Birmingham International Airport and the nearby Birmingham International railway station between 1984 and 1995. Its track length
7600-830: The public imagination, "maglev" often evokes the concept of an elevated monorail track with a linear motor . Maglev systems may be monorail or dual rail—the SCMaglev MLX01 for instance uses a trench-like track—and not all monorail trains are maglevs. Some railway transport systems incorporate linear motors but use electromagnetism only for propulsion , without levitating the vehicle. Such trains have wheels and are not maglevs. Maglev tracks, monorail or not, can also be constructed at grade or underground in tunnels. Conversely, non-maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be elevated or underground too. Some maglev trains do incorporate wheels and function like linear motor-propelled wheeled vehicles at slower speeds but levitate at higher speeds. This
7700-489: The registration of Bachelet Levitated Railway Syndicate Limited July 9 in London, just weeks before the start of WWI. Bachelet's second related patent, U.S. patent 1,020,943 granted the same day as the first, had the levitation electromagnets in the train and the track was aluminum plate. In the patent he stated that this was a much cheaper construction, but he did not demonstrate it. In 1959, while delayed in traffic on
7800-590: The safety checks carried out were insufficient, and vowed to make it clearer to workers which areas had and had not completed the safety checks necessary to allow for the presence of human workers going forward. Download coordinates as: The line will run between Tokyo and Nagoya , with plans for an extension to Osaka . Its initial section is between Shinagawa Station in Tokyo and Nagoya Station in Nagoya, with stations in Sagamihara , Kōfu , Iida , and Nakatsugawa . The line has one station for each prefecture it passes through, except for Shizuoka . The line
7900-458: The socalled "Hybrid Electromagnetic Suspension (H-EMS)", where the main levitation force is generated by permanent magnets, while the electromagnet controls the air gap, what is called electropermanent magnets . Ideally it would take negligible power to stabilize the suspension and in practice the power requirement is less than it would be if the entire suspension force were provided by electromagnets alone. In electrodynamic suspension (EDS), both
8000-406: The system to its original position. In addition, the attractive force varies in the opposite manner, providing the same adjustment effects. No active feedback control is needed. However, at slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to levitate the train. For this reason, the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to support
8100-839: The three routes, estimating revenue and travel time, which showed the most favorable being the shortest Plan C, with long tunnels under the Japanese Alps. The Council for Transport Policy for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism concluded on 20 October 2010 that Plan C would be most cost-efficient. JR Central announced that one station would be constructed in each of Yamanashi, Gifu, Nagano, and Kanagawa Prefectures. On 31 October 2014, Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism approved Plan C for construction. Construction began on 17 December 2014. Preparatory work at Nagoya station began in 2016. A skyscraper measuring 220 m (720 ft) in height
8200-528: The track was modified from a "reverse-T" shape to the "U" shape used today. In April 1987, JNR was privatized, and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) took over SCMaglev development. In 1989, JR Central decided to build a better testing facility with tunnels, steeper gradients, and curves. After the company moved maglev tests to the new facility, the company's Railway Technical Research Institute began to allow testing of ground effect trains , an alternate technology based on aerodynamic interaction between
8300-621: The train and the ground, at the Miyazaki Test Track in 1999. Construction of the Yamanashi maglev test line began in 1990. The 18.4 km (11.4 mi) "priority section" of the line in Tsuru, Yamanashi , opened in 1997. MLX01 trains were tested there from 1997 to fall 2011, when the facility was closed to extend the line to 42.8 km (26.6 mi) and to upgrade it to commercial specifications. In 2009, Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism decided that
8400-494: The train by direct current solenoids spaced along the track. The electromagnetic levitation was due to repulsion of the aluminum base plate of the train by the pulsating current electromagnets under the track. The pulses were generated by Bachelet's own Synchronizing-interrupter U.S. patent 986,039 supplied with 220 VAC. As the train moved it switched power to the section of track that it was on. Bachelet went on to demonstrate his model in London, England in 1914, which resulted in
8500-456: The train until it reaches take-off speed. Since a train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire track must be able to support both low- and high-speed operation. Another downside is that the EDS system naturally creates a field in the track in front and to the rear of the lift magnets, which acts against the magnets and creates magnetic drag. This is generally only
8600-489: The train, a new design was selected. In Okazaki , Japan (1987), the SCMaglev was used for test rides at the Okazaki exhibition. Tests in Miyazaki continued throughout the 1980s, before transferring to a far longer test track, 20 kilometres (12 mi) long, in Yamanashi in 1997. The track has since been extended to almost 43 kilometres (27 mi). The 603 kilometres per hour (375 mph) world speed record for crewed trains
8700-546: The tunnel once construction was completed, there is no known feasible way to return all of the water during the construction phase. However, it did also conclude that the amount of water leaked was likely to be insignificant. On 7 January 2022, commenting on the report, the Shizuoka Prefecture governor expressed continued opposition to construction when it could result in water levels going down, even if only during construction. He urged JR Central to re-investigate
8800-607: The volume of water extracted from the upstream dam. This action aims to address the anticipated impact on the Oi River’s water levels, a consequence of the construction project. The agreement outlines the method of reducing water intake and the concept of compensation. The proposal was well-received and endorsed previously by the local governing council in November 2023. On 2 April 2024, Governor Kawakatsu announced that he would be resigning after making statements criticised as being insulting towards certain professions. This came less than
8900-411: Was 600 metres (2,000 ft), and trains levitated at an altitude of 15 millimetres [0.59 in], levitated by electromagnets, and propelled with linear induction motors. It operated for 11 years and was initially very popular with passengers, but obsolescence problems with the electronic systems made it progressively unreliable as years passed, leading to its closure in 1995. One of the original cars
9000-404: Was awarded U.S. patent 782,312 (14 February 1905) and U.S. patent RE12700 (21 August 1907). In 1907, another early electromagnetic transportation system was developed by F. S. Smith. In 1908, Cleveland mayor Tom L. Johnson filed a patent for a wheel-less "high-speed railway" levitated by an induced magnetic field. Jokingly known as "Greased Lightning," the suspended car operated on
9100-558: Was built at a site in Yamanashi Prefecture , between Ōtsuki and Tsuru ( 35°34′58″N 138°55′37″E / 35.5827°N 138.927°E / 35.5827; 138.927 ( Yamanashi Test Track ) ). Residents of Yamanashi Prefecture and government officials were eligible for free rides on the Yamanashi test track, and over 200,000 people took part. Trains on this test track routinely achieved operating speeds of over 500 km/h (311 mph), allowing for
9200-514: Was built by JR Central. The structure is named 名古屋駅新ビル ("Nagoya-eki Shin-biru", Nagoya Station new building) and accommodates a station for the maglev trains in its basement area. JR Central announced in December 2007 that it planned to raise funds for the construction of the Chuo Shinkansen on its own, without government financing. Total cost, originally estimated at 5.1 trillion yen in 2007, escalated to over 9 trillion yen by 2011. Nevertheless,
9300-481: Was closed in 1995 due to reliability problems. High-speed transportation patents were granted to various inventors throughout the world. The first relevant patent, U.S. patent 714,851 (2 December 1902), issued to Albert C. Albertson, used magnetic levitation to take part of the weight off of the wheels while using conventional propulsion. Early United States patents for a linear motor propelled train were awarded to German inventor Alfred Zehden . The inventor
9400-654: Was incorporated in the Incheon Airport Maglev which opened on 3 February 2016, making South Korea the world's fourth country to operate its own self-developed maglev after the United Kingdom's Birmingham International Airport, Germany's Berlin M-Bahn , and Japan 's Linimo . It links Incheon International Airport to the Yongyu Station and Leisure Complex on Yeongjong island . It offers
9500-511: Was investigating reviving the Emsland test track. In May 2019 CRRC had unveiled its "CRRC 600" prototype which is designed to reach 600 kilometres per hour (370 mph). In Vancouver, Canada, the HSST-03 by HSST Development Corporation ( Japan Airlines and Sumitomo Corporation ) was exhibited at Expo 86 , and ran on a 400-metre (0.25 mi) test track that provided guests with a ride in
9600-672: Was manufactured by CRRC Qingdao Sifang . Development of the low-to-medium speed systems, that is, 100–200 km/h (62–124 mph), by the CRRC has led to opening lines such as the Changsha Maglev Express in 2016 and the Line S1 in Beijing in 2017. In April 2020 a new model capable of 160 km/h (99 mph) and compatible with the Changsha line completed testing. The vehicle, under development since 2018, has
9700-732: Was planned to be completed as late as 2045, but the date was moved to as early as 2037 following a loan from the Japanese government. Following the opening of the Tokaido Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka in 1964, Japanese National Railways (JNR) focused on the development of faster Maglev technology. In the 1970s, a 7-kilometer (4.3 mi) test track for Maglev research and development was built in Miyazaki Prefecture . As desired results had been obtained at the (now former) Miyazaki test track, an 18.4-kilometer (11.4 mi) test track with tunnels, bridges and slopes
9800-487: Was set by the experimental Japanese L0 Series maglev in 2015. From 2002 until 2021, the record for the highest operational speed of a passenger train of 431 kilometres per hour (268 mph) was held by the Shanghai maglev train , which uses German Transrapid technology. The service connects Shanghai Pudong International Airport and the outskirts of central Pudong , Shanghai . At its historical top speed, it covered
9900-661: Was set there in 2015. Development of HSST started in 1974. In Tsukuba , Japan (1985), the HSST-03 ( Linimo ) became popular at the Tsukuba World Exposition , in spite of its low 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) top speed. In Saitama , Japan (1988), the HSST-04-1 was revealed at the Saitama exhibition in Kumagaya . Its fastest recorded speed was 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph). Construction of
10000-542: Was supposed to connect the cities of Yerevan and Sevan via the city of Abovyan . The original design speed was 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph) which was later lowered to 180 kilometres per hour (110 mph). However, the Spitak earthquake in 1988 and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War caused the project to freeze. In the end the overpass was only partially constructed. In the early 1990s,
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