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110-609: Kağıthane means 'paper mill' in Turkish. The area formed part of the popular picnicking area known as the Sweet Waters of Europe. The mayor is Mevlüt Öztekin of the governing Ak Parti . Kâğıthane was part of Beyoğlu until 1954 and part of Şişli between 1954 and 1987. Kağıthane is served by the metro lines M7 and M11 and Çağlayan served by M7 only. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , Kâğıthane, then Sadâbad,

220-559: A presidential system of government and significantly reduced the number of elected local government positions in 2013. Critics have accused the AK Party of having a 'hidden agenda' despite their public endorsement of secularism and the party maintains informal relations and support for the Muslim Brotherhood . Both the party's domestic and foreign policy has been perceived to be Pan-Islamist or Neo-Ottoman , advocating

330-557: A constitutional reform package. The reform package was first vetoed by President Sezer . Then he applied to the Turkish constitutional court about the reform package, because the president is unable to veto amendments for the second time. The court did not find any problems in the package and 69% of the voters supported the constitutional changes. The reforms consisted of: The 2009 Turkish local elections took place in March 2009, during

440-498: A forecasting tool. Sulakshin offered mathematical evidence that stable development (positive dynamics of the vast number of statistic indices) depends on the width of the political spectrum: if it is too narrow or too wide, stagnation or political disasters will result. Sulakshin also showed that in the short run the political spectrum determines the statistic indices dynamic and not vice versa. A number of studies have found that biology can be linked with political orientation. Many of

550-872: A hundred AK Party MPs joined those of the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) in parliament to prevent the government from allowing the United States to launch a Northern offensive in Iraq from Turkish territory. Later, Erdoğan's ban was lifted with the help of the CHP and Erdoğan became prime minister by being elected to the parliament after a by-election in Siirt . The AK Party has undertaken structural reforms, and during its rule Turkey has seen rapid growth and an end to its three decade long period of high inflation rates. Inflation had fallen to 8.8% by 2004. Influential business publications such as The Economist consider

660-477: A large number of people joined a political party for the first time, such as Ali Babacan , Nimet Baş , Egemen Bağış and Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu . Controversies over whether the party remains committed to secular principles enshrined in the Turkish constitution have dominated Turkish politics since 2002. Turkey's constitution established the country as a secular state and prohibits any political parties that promote Islamism or shariah law . Since coming to power,

770-408: A list of political statements found in newspapers and political tracts and asked subjects to rate their agreement or disagreement with each. Submitting this value questionnaire to the same process of factor analysis used by Ferguson, Eysenck drew out two factors, which he named "Radicalism" (R-factor) and "Tender-Mindedness" (T-factor). Such analysis produces a factor whether or not it corresponds to

880-677: A real-world phenomenon and so caution must be exercised in its interpretation. While Eysenck's R-factor is easily identified as the classical "left–right" dimension, the T-factor (representing a factor drawn at right angles to the R-factor) is less intuitive, as high-scorers favored pacifism , racial equality , religious education and restrictions on abortion , while low-scorers had attitudes more friendly to militarism , harsh punishment , easier divorce laws and companionate marriage. According to social scientist Bojan Todosijevic, radicalism

990-497: A repressive climate for LGBT rights in Turkey under the AK Party. In 2002 before his election, Erdoğan said that "homosexuals must be legally protected within the framework of their rights and freedoms." In 2011, AK Party Minister for Families and Social Policy Fatma Şahin said the AK Party government would be willing to work with LGBT rights groups to advance laws protecting Turkey's gay community. However, commentators have argued

1100-404: A research motion in the parliament of Turkey on having a parliamentary debate regarding LGBT rights. During the latter debate, AK Party MP Türkan Dağoğlu stated "Homosexuality is an abnormality. Same-sex marriages may not be allowed. It would cause social deterioration"; this prompted criticism from some opposition politicians. In 2017, Erdogan stated that the principle of LGBT rights was "against

1210-442: A revival of Ottoman culture often at the expense of secular republican principles, while increasing regional presence in former Ottoman territories . The AK Party has been criticized for supporting a wide-scale purge of thousands of academics after the failed coup attempt in 2016. Primary, lower secondary and secondary school students were forced to spend the first day of school after the failed coup d'état watching videos about

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1320-427: A series of oppositions and criticism from the opposition parties and their supporters, fearing the measure would give more unchecked power to the current President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , who has drawn fierce criticisms both from home and abroad for his active role in the election, abandoning the traditional presidential role of maintaining a more neutral and impartial position in elections by his predecessors in

1430-611: A split in the left–right axis between social policy and economic policy , with a previously undiscovered dimension of socialism-capitalism (S-factor). While factorially distinct from Eysenck's previous R factor, the S-factor did positively correlate with the R-factor, indicating that a basic left–right or right–left tendency underlies both social values and economic values , although S tapped more into items discussing economic inequality and big business , while R relates more to

1540-493: A sweeping victory in the 2002 elections , which saw every party previously represented in the Grand National Assembly ejected from the chamber. In the process, it won a two-thirds majority of seats, becoming the first Turkish party in 11 years to win an outright majority. Erdoğan, as the leader of the biggest party in parliament, would have been normally given the task to form a cabinet. However, according to

1650-462: A vertical axis as a scale of kratos/ akrateia and a horizontal axis as a scale of archy/ anarchy . He places democratic progressivism in the lower left, plutocratic nationalism in the lower right, republican constitutionalism in the upper right, and libertarian individualism in the upper left. The political left is therefore distinguished by its rejection of archy, while the political right is distinguished by its acceptance of archy. For Mitchell, anarchy

1760-405: A watered down, not a closely integrated EU. The AK Party withdrew from AECR in 2018. From 2002 to 2011 the party passed series of reforms to increase accessibility to healthcare and housing, distribute food subsidies, increased funding for students, improved infrastructure in poorer districts, and improved rights for religious and ethnic minorities. AK Party is also widely accredited for overcoming

1870-441: Is a political party in Turkey self-describing as conservative-democratic . It has been the ruling party of Turkey since 2002. Third-party sources often refer to the party as national conservative , social conservative , right-wing populist and as espousing neo-Ottomanism . The party is generally regarded as being right-wing on the political spectrum , although some sources have described it as far-right since 2011. It

1980-611: Is a primary shared characteristic of "people who subscribe to any extreme government or ideology, whether it is right-wing or left-wing". In its 4 January 2003 issue, The Economist discussed a chart, proposed by Ronald Inglehart and supported by the World Values Survey (associated with the University of Michigan ), to plot cultural ideology onto two dimensions. On the y-axis it covered issues of tradition and religion, like patriotism , abortion , euthanasia and

2090-494: Is also accredited for bringing the Turkish military under civilian rule, a paradigm shift for a country that had experienced constant military meddling for almost a century. More recently, nationwide protests broke out against the alleged authoritarianism of the AK Party in 2013, with the party's perceived heavy-handed response receiving western condemnation and stalling the party's once championed EU accession negotiations. In addition to its alleged attempts to promote Islamism,

2200-413: Is being used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us." Çelik added, "The AK Party is a conservative democratic party. The AK Party's conservatism is limited to moral and social issues." Also in a separate speech made in 2005, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated, "We are not an Islamic party, and we also refuse labels such as Muslim-democrat." Erdogan went on to say that

2310-456: Is not the absence of government but the rejection of rank. Thus there can be both anti-government anarchists (Mitchell's "libertarian individualists") and pro-government anarchists (Mitchell's "democratic progressives", who favor the use of government force against social hierarchies such as patriarchy ). Mitchell also distinguishes between left-wing anarchists and right-wing anarchists , whom Mitchell renames "akratists" for their opposition to

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2420-437: Is nothing that corresponds to the radical - conservative continuum". Eysenck's political views related to his research: Eysenck was an outspoken opponent of what he perceived as the authoritarian abuses of the left and right, and accordingly he believed that with this T axis he had found the link between Nazism and communism . According to Eysenck, members of both ideologies were tough-minded. Central to Eysenck's thesis

2530-485: Is often known as syncretic politics . This form of politics has been criticized as tending to mischaracterize positions that have a logical location on a two-axis spectrum because they seem randomly brought together on a one-axis left–right spectrum. Some political scientists have noted that a single left–right axis is too simplistic and insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs and include other axes to compensate for this problem. Although

2640-551: Is one of the two major parties of contemporary Turkey along with the Republican People's Party (CHP). Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has been chairman of the AK Party since the 2017 Party Congress . The AK Party is the largest party in the Grand National Assembly , the Turkish national legislature, with 267 out of 600 seats, having won 35.6% of votes in the 2023 Turkish parliamentary election . It forms

2750-421: Is used when dealing with conflicting information. A study conducted by researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and New York University (NYU) had participants sort through a deck of cards. The letter M was four times more likely to be in the deck than the letter W. Participants had to press a button every time an M came up in the deck. Liberals were shown to make fewer errors in mistaking

2860-567: The 2001 Turkish economic crisis by following International Monetary Fund guidelines, as well as successfully weathering the 2007–2008 financial crisis . From 2002 to 2011, the Turkish economy grew on average by 7.5 percent annually, thanks to lower inflation and interest rates. The government under AK Party also backed extensive privatization programs. In fact, 88% of the privatizations in Turkey were carried out under AK Party rule. The average income in Turkey rose from $ 2,800 U.S. in 2001 to around $ 10,000 U.S. in 2011, higher than income in some of

2970-526: The Constitutional Court of Turkey to close down the party on charges of violating the separation of religion and state in Turkey. The closure request failed by only one vote, as only six of the 11 judges ruled in favor, with seven required; however, 10 out of 11 judges agreed that the Justice and Development Party had become "a center for anti-secular activities", leading to a loss of 50% of

3080-645: The European People's Party (EPP). However, it left the EPP to join the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR) in 2013. On 14 April 2007, an estimated 300,000 people marched in Ankara to protest the possible candidacy of Erdoğan in the 2007 presidential election , afraid that if elected as president, he would alter the secular nature of the Turkish state. Erdoğan announced on 24 April 2007 that

3190-471: The European People's Party between 2005 and 2013. After not being granted full membership in the EPP, the party became a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) from 2013 to 2018. AK Party has dominated Turkish politics since 2002. It is the sixth largest political party in the world by membership and the biggest in the world outside India, China and the U.S. The AK Party

3300-466: The Great Recession . After the success of the AK Party in the 2007 general elections, the party saw a decline in the 2009 Turkish local elections . In these elections the AK Party received 39% of the vote, 3% less than in the local elections of 2004. Still, the AK Party remained the dominating party in Turkey. The second party CHP received 23% of the vote and the third party MHP received 16% of

3410-625: The Islamic Gülen movement . On 25 April 2016, the Turkish Parliament Speaker İsmail Kahraman told a conference of Islamic scholars and writers in Istanbul that "secularism would not have a place in a new constitution”, as Turkey is “a Muslim country and so we should have a religious constitution". (One of the duties of Parliament Speaker is to pen a new draft constitution for Turkey). As of 2023, some sources define

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3520-549: The People's Alliance with the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). The current parliamentary leader of the AK Party is Abdullah Güler  [ tr ] . Founded in 2001 by members of a number of parties such as FP , ANAP and DYP , the party has a strong base of support among people from the conservative tradition of Turkey, though the party strongly denies it is Islamist . The party positioned itself as pro-liberal market economy, supporting Turkish membership in

3630-555: The Silahtarağa Power Station , Central Istanbul's first electricity power station, in operation from 1911 to 1983. After decommissioning it was converted into an Energy Museum with an arts and culture space attached in the grounds of the Bilgi University campus. Kağıthane Mosque was originally built in the reign of Sultan Ahmed III , then rebuilt in the reigns of sultans Selim III and Mahmud II . Finally it

3740-598: The Turkish economic crisis , rising authoritarianism as well as alleged government inaction on the Syrian refugee crisis . Soon after the elections, the Turkish government ordered a re-election in Istanbul . The decision led to a downfall on AK Party's popularity and it lost the elections again in June with an even greater margin. The result was seen as a huge blow to Erdoğan, who had once said that if his party 'lost Istanbul, we would lose Turkey.' The opposition's landslide

3850-433: The national elections of 2002 , Turkey's chief prosecutor, Sabih Kanadoğlu, asked the Turkish constitutional court to close the Justice and Development Party, which was leading in the polls at that time. The chief prosecutor charged the Justice and Development Party with abusing the law and justice. He based his case on the fact that the party's leader had been banned from political life for reading an Islamist poem, and thus

3960-627: The various legislative bodies of France . As seen from the Speaker 's seat at the front of the Assembly, the aristocracy sat on the right (traditionally the seat of honor) and the commoners sat on the left, hence the terms right-wing politics and left-wing politics . Originally, the defining point on the ideological spectrum was the Ancien Régime ("old order"). "The Right" thus implied support for aristocratic or royal interests and

4070-400: The 550 seat parliament – enough to put the proposals to a referendum. The reform package included a number of issues: such as the right of individuals to appeal to the highest court, the creation of the ombudsman 's office, the possibility to negotiate a nationwide labour contract, positive exceptions for female citizens, the ability of civilian courts to convict members of the military,

4180-495: The AK Party has taken an increasingly hardline stance on LGBT issues since coming to power, which has been characterized variously as part of a general trend towards authoritarianism under the AK Party or as motivated by Islamic and militant nationalist sentiments within the party. In 2012, the AK Party voted against a proposal by the BDP to include legalization of same-sex marriage in the redrafted Turkish constitution and in 2013 blocked

4290-555: The AK Party on trumped up "terrorism charges". These charges have drawn condemnation from many western countries, including from the US State Department, the EU, as well as from international and domestic human rights organisations. The party has also been criticized by Turkish and international LGBT rights groups including KAOS GL for homophobic statements made by some AK Party politicians and for what they argue has become

4400-407: The AK Party's agenda is limited to " conservative democracy ". On the other hand, according to at least one observer ( Mustafa Akyol ), under the AK Party government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , starting in 2007, "hundreds of secularist officers and their civilian allies" were jailed, and by 2012 the "old secularist guard" in positions of authority was replaced by members/supporters of the AK Party and

4510-609: The AK Party's government the most successful in Turkey in decades. In the local elections of 2004, the AK Party won 42% of the votes, making inroads against the secular Republican People's Party (CHP) on the South and West Coasts, and against the Social Democratic People's Party , which is supported by some Kurds in the South-East of Turkey. In January 2005, the AK Party was admitted as an observer member in

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4620-503: The European Union . Orange is the party's main colour. Other colours include white for the logo, blue for the flag, and orange-white-blue-red for the corporate design. The AK Party is the only party in Turkey with a significant presence in all provinces of Turkey . Since the beginning of Turkey's multiparty democracy in 1946 , AK Party is the only party to win seven consecutive parliamentary elections. The AK Party has headed

4730-570: The Turkish Constitution Article 109 the prime ministers had to be also a representative of the Turkish Parliament. Erdoğan, who was banned from holding any political office after a 1994 incident in which he read a poem deemed pro-Islamist by judges, was therefore not. As a result, Gül became prime minister. It survived the crisis over the 2003 invasion of Iraq despite a massive back bench rebellion where over

4840-567: The United States and 10 dimensions in the United Kingdom. This conclusion was based on two large datasets and uses a Bayesian approach rather than the traditional factor analysis method. In a 2003 Psychological Bulletin paper, Jeff Greenberg and Eva Jonas posit a model comprising the standard left–right axis and an axis representing ideological rigidity. For Greenberg and Jonas, ideological rigidity has "much in common with

4950-676: The W for the M. This behavioral study supported the notion that liberals are better with dealing with conflicting information. Conservatives have a stronger sympathetic nervous system response to threatening images and are more likely to interpret ambiguous facial expressions as threatening. In general, conservatives are more likely to report larger social networks, more happiness and better self-esteem than liberals. Liberals are more likely to report greater emotional distress, relationship dissatisfaction and experiential hardship and are more open to experience and tolerate uncertainty and disorder better. Genetic factors account for at least some of

5060-410: The bottom right, African, Middle Eastern and South Asian countries on the bottom left and ex-Communist countries on the top left. This very distinct two-axis model was created by Jerry Pournelle in 1963 for his doctoral dissertation in political science. The Pournelle chart has liberty on one axis, with those on the left seeking freedom from control or protections for social deviance and those on

5170-476: The church, while "The Left" implied support for republicanism , secularism and civil liberties . For almost a century, social scientists have considered the problem of how to best describe political variation. In 1950, Leonard W. Ferguson analyzed political values using ten scales measuring attitudes toward: birth control , capital punishment , censorship , communism , evolution , law , patriotism , theism , treatment of criminals and war . Submitting

5280-406: The country and its economy would stabilize further "when a prime minister more closely aligned with President Erdoğan takes office". In the general election held on 7 June, the AK Party gained 40.87% of the vote and 258 seats in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, TBMM). Though it still remains the biggest party in Turkey, the AK Party lost its status as

5390-474: The descriptive words at polar opposites may vary, the axes of popular biaxial spectra are usually split between economic issues (on a left–right dimension) and socio-cultural issues (on an authority–liberty dimension). The terms right and left refer to political affiliations originating early in the French Revolutionary era of 1789–1799 and referred originally to the seating arrangements in

5500-547: The difference in methodology , location and theory , the results attained by Eysenck and Ferguson matched. Simply rotating Eysenck's two factors 45 degrees renders the same factors of religionism and humanitarianism identified by Ferguson in America. Eysenck's dimensions of R and T were found by factor analyses of values in Germany and Sweden , France and Japan . One interesting result Eysenck noted in his 1956 work

5610-675: The experimenter's familiarity with the content under analysis and its dependence on the researcher's particular political outlooks. Multiple raters made frequency counts of sentences containing synonyms for a number of values identified by Rokeach—including freedom and equality—and Rokeach analyzed these results by comparing the relative frequency rankings of all the values for each of the four texts: Later studies using samples of American ideologues and American presidential inaugural addresses attempted to apply this model. In further research, Eysenck refined his methodology to include more questions on economic issues . Doing this, he revealed

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5720-490: The factories, building sites or services sector. Eventually, the gecekondus were legalised and replaced by residentially-zoned buildings. In the early 21st century Kâğıthane was rapidly transformed by urban regeneration projects due to its central location and connections to the new intra-city transport networks. There are 19 neighbourhoods in Kağıthane District: Santralistanbul started life as

5830-429: The failure of the parties in parliament to agree on the next Turkish president. The opposition parties boycotted the parliamentary vote and deadlocked the election process. At the same time, Erdoğan claimed the failure to elect a president was a failure of the Turkish political system and proposed to modify the constitution. The AK Party achieved a significant victory in the rescheduled 22 July 2007 elections with 46.6% of

5940-710: The finding of religionism and humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson and others. Shortly afterward, Hans Eysenck began researching political attitudes in the United Kingdom . He believed that there was something essentially similar about the fascism of the National Socialists ( Nazis ) on the one hand and the communists on the other, despite their opposite positions on the left–right axis . As Hans Eysenck described in his 1956 book Sense and Nonsense in Psychology , Eysenck compiled

6050-788: The form of Ferguson's original religionism and humanitarianism dimensions; Inglehart labelled them "secularism–traditionalism", which covered issues of tradition and religion, like patriotism, abortion , euthanasia and the importance of obeying the law and authority figures , and "survivalism – self expression", which measured issues like everyday conduct and dress, acceptance of diversity (including foreigners ) and innovation and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as homosexuality and vegetarianism , as well as willingness to engage in political activism . See for Inglehart's national chart. Though not directly related to Eysenck's research, evidence suggests there may be as many as 6 dimensions of political opinions in

6160-507: The former territories of its predecessor state, the Ottoman Empire . However, the party's leadership has also rejected this label. The party's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood has drawn allegations of Islamism . The AK Party favors a strong centralized leadership, having long advocated for a presidential system of government and significantly reduced the number of elected local government positions in 2013. The party

6270-546: The future, contrasting stasists, who allegedly fear the future and wish to control it, and dynamists, who want the future to unfold naturally and without attempts to plan and control. The distinction corresponds to the utopian versus dystopian spectrum used in some theoretical assessments of liberalism, and the book's title is borrowed from the work of the anti-utopian classic-liberal theorist Karl Popper . Other proposed axes include: As shown by Russian political scientist Stepan S. Sulakshin, political spectra can be used as

6380-482: The government's use of force. From the four main political traditions, Mitchell identifies eight distinct political perspectives diverging from a populist center. Four of these perspectives (Progressive, Individualist, Paleoconservative, and Neoconservative) fit squarely within the four traditions; four others (Paleolibertarian, Theoconservative, Communitarian, and Radical) fit between the traditions, being defined by their singular focus on rank or force. The Nolan Chart

6490-458: The headscarf is a symbol? Even if it were a political symbol, does that give [one the] right to ban it? Could you bring prohibitions to symbols?" These statements led to a joint proposal of the Justice and Development Party and the far-right Nationalist Movement Party for changing the constitution and the law to lift a ban on women wearing headscarves at state universities. Soon afterwards, Turkey's chief prosecutor, Abdurrahman Yalçınkaya , asked

6600-559: The importance of obeying the law and authority figures. At the bottom of the chart is the traditionalist position on issues like these (with loyalty to country and family and respect for life considered important), while at the top is the secular position. The x-axis deals with self-expression, issues like everyday conduct and dress, acceptance of diversity (including foreigners) and innovation , and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as vegetarianism , as well as willingness to engage in political activism . At

6710-773: The left and right was that the left stressed the importance of equality more than the right. Despite his criticisms of Eysenck's tough–tender axis, Rokeach also postulated a basic similarity between communism and Nazism , claiming that these groups would not value freedom as greatly as more conventional social democrats , democratic socialists and capitalists would and he wrote that "the two value model presented here most resembles Eysenck's hypothesis". To test this model, Rokeach and his colleagues used content analysis on works exemplifying Nazism (written by Adolf Hitler ), communism (written by Vladimir Lenin ), capitalism (by Barry Goldwater ) and socialism (written by various authors). This method has been criticized for its reliance on

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6820-418: The left, conservatism and reactionism are generally regarded as being on the right. Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, being sometimes on the left ( social liberalism ) and other times on the right ( conservative liberalism or classical liberalism ). Those with an intermediate outlook are sometimes classified as centrists . Politics that rejects the conventional left–right spectrum

6930-493: The majority party and the power to form a single-party government. Until then it had held this majority without interruption for 13 years since it had come to power in 2002. In this election, the AK Party was pushing to gain 330 seats in the Grand National Assembly so that it could put a series of constitutional changes to a referendum, one of them was to switch Turkey from the current parliamentary government to an American-style executive presidency government. This pursuit met with

7040-399: The national government since 2002 under Abdullah Gül (2002–2003), Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2003–2014), Ahmet Davutoğlu (2014–2016), Binali Yıldırım (2016–2018) and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2018–present). The AK Party's rule has been marked with increasing authoritarianism , expansionism , censorship and banning of other political parties and dissent. The party was an observer in

7150-617: The nearest candidates to that point. The dimensions of this model can also be assigned to non-political properties of the candidates, such as perceived corruption, health, etc. Most of the other spectra in this article can then be considered projections of this multi-dimensional space onto a smaller number of dimensions. For example, a study of German voters found that at least four dimensions were required to adequately represent all political parties. In 1998, political author Virginia Postrel , in her book The Future and Its Enemies , offered another single-axis spectrum that measures views of

7260-658: The new EU member states. Other reforms included increasing civilian representation over military in areas of national security, education and media, and grant broadcasting and increased cultural rights to Kurds . On Cyprus, AK Party supported unification of Cyprus , something deeply opposed by the Turkish military . Other AK Party reforms included lifting bans on religious and conservative dress, such as headscarves , in universities and public institutions. AK Party also ended discrimination against students from religious high schools, who previously had to meet additional criteria in areas of education and upon entry to universities. AK Party

7370-596: The office. The result of the Kurdish issues-centered Peoples' Democratic Party , HDP, breaking through the 10% threshold to achieve 13.12% out of the total votes cast and gaining 80 seats in the Grand National Assembly in the election, which caused the AK Party to lose its parliamentary majority. In the 2019 local elections , the ruling party AK Party lost control of Istanbul and Ankara for the first time in 15 years, as well as five of Turkey's six largest cities. The loss has been widely attributed to AK Party's mismanagement of

7480-530: The only Turkish province where the Alevi form a majority. Abdullah Gül was elected as the President in late August with 339 votes in the third round – the first at which a simple majority is required – after deadlock in the first two rounds, in which a two-thirds majority was needed. After the opposition parties deadlocked the 2007 presidential election by boycotting the parliament, the ruling AK Party proposed

7590-540: The party as being "rooted in political Islam" and an "Islamist-rooted party". In recent years, the ideology of the party has shifted more towards Turkish nationalism , causing liberals such as Ali Babacan and some conservatives such as Ahmet Davutoğlu and Abdullah Gül to leave the party. Several writers have also labelled the party as being right-wing populist since 2007. The party's foreign policy has also been widely described as Neo-Ottomanist , an ideology that promotes renewed Turkish political engagement in

7700-452: The party had decided to nominate Abdullah Gül as the AK Party candidate in the presidential election. The protests continued over the next several weeks, with over one million reported at an 29 April rally in Istanbul, tens of thousands reported at separate protests on 4 May in Manisa and Çanakkale , and one million in İzmir on 13 May. Early parliamentary elections were called after

7810-456: The party had no standing in elections. The European Commission had previously criticized Turkey for banning the party's leader from participating in elections. The party again faced a closure trial in 2008 brought about by the lifting of a long-standing university ban on headscarves. At an international press conference in Spain, Erdoğan answered a question of a journalist by saying, "What if

7920-455: The party has brought about tighter regulations on abortion and higher taxes on alcohol consumption , leading to allegations that it is covertly undermining Turkish secularism. Some activists, commentators, opponents and government officials have accused the party of Islamism. The Justice and Development Party has faced two "closure cases" (attempts to officially ban the party, usually for Islamist practices) in 2002 and 2008. Just 10 days before

8030-408: The party is accused by some of restricting some civil liberties and internet use in Turkey, having temporarily blocked access to Twitter and YouTube in March 2014. Especially after the government corruption scandal involving several AKP ministers in 2013, the party has been increasingly accused of crony capitalism . The AK Party favors a strong centralized leadership, having long advocated for

8140-527: The party is described as an Islamist party in some media, party officials reject those claims. According to former minister Hüseyin Çelik , "In the Western press, when the AK Party administration – the ruling party of the Turkish Republic – is being named, most of the time 'Islamic,' 'Islamist,' 'mildly Islamist,' 'Islamic-oriented,' 'Islamic-based' or 'with an Islamic agenda,' and similar language

8250-419: The party outpolling the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party in traditional Kurdish strongholds such as Van and Mardin , as well as outpolling the secular-left CHP in traditionally secular areas such as Antalya and Artvin . Overall, the AK Party secured a plurality of votes in 68 of Turkey's 81 provinces, with its strongest vote of 71% coming from Bingöl . Its weakest vote, a mere 12%, came from Tunceli ,

8360-559: The party was described as liberal conservative , conservative liberal , economically liberal , pro-European , and center-right . Some members of the True Path Party , such as Hüseyin Çelik and Köksal Toptan , joined the AK Party. Some members, such as Kürşad Tüzmen or Ertuğrul Günay , had nationalist or center-left backgrounds respectively, while representatives of the nascent, more clearly anti-capitalist 'Muslim left' current were largely excluded. In addition,

8470-581: The political spectrum as well, especially to popular two-dimensional models of it. Most long-standing spectra include the left–right dimension as a measure of social, political and economic hierarchy which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution (1789–1799), with radicals on the left and aristocrats on the right . While communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on

8580-558: The principle of Turkey's policy of secularism. Political scientist Mine Eder has argued that Turkey has experienced a backslide on acceptance and government anti-discrimination support for homosexuals under Erdogan. Political spectrum A political spectrum is a system to characterize and classify different political positions in relation to one another. These positions sit upon one or more geometric axes that represent independent political dimensions. The expressions political compass and political map are used to refer to

8690-408: The related concepts of dogmatism and authoritarianism" and is characterized by "believing in strong leaders and submission, preferring one's own in-group, ethnocentrism and nationalism, aggression against dissidents, and control with the help of police and military". Greenberg and Jonas posit that high ideological rigidity can be motivated by "particularly strong needs to reduce fear and uncertainty" and

8800-520: The results to factor analysis , he was able to identify three factors, which he named religionism , humanitarianism and nationalism . He defined religionism as belief in God and negative attitudes toward evolution and birth control ; humanitarianism as being related to attitudes opposing war, capital punishment and harsh treatment of criminals ; and nationalism as describing variation in opinions on censorship, law, patriotism and communism. This system

8910-620: The right and what Nolan originally named populists in the bottom. Several popular online tests, where individuals can self-identify their political values, utilize the same two axes as the Nolan Chart, including The Political Compass , iSideWith.com and MapMyPolitics.org. The spatial model of voting plots voters and candidates in a multi-dimensional space where each dimension represents a single political issue sub-component of an issue, or candidate attribute. Voters are then modeled as having an "ideal point" in this space and voting for

9020-630: The right emphasizing state authority or protections for norm enforcement (farthest right being state worship, farthest left being the idea of a state as the "ultimate evil"). The other axis is rationalism , defined here as the belief in planned social progress, with those higher up believing that there are problems with society that can be rationally solved and those lower down skeptical of such approaches. In 2006, Brian Patrick Mitchell identified four main political traditions in Anglo-American history based on their regard for kratos (defined as

9130-698: The right of civil servants to go on strike, a privacy law, and the structure of the Constitutional Court. The referendum was agreed by a majority of 58%. In the presidential election of 2014 , the AK Party's long time leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected president. In the party's first extraordinary congress , former foreign minister Ahmet Davutoğlu was unanimously elected unopposed as party leader and took over as prime minister on 28 August 2014. Davutoğlu stepped down as prime minister on 4 May 2016 following policy disagreements with President Erdoğan. Presidential aide Cemil Ertem said to Turkish TV that

9240-499: The right of the chart is the open self-expressionist position, while at the left is its opposite position, which Inglehart calls survivalist. This chart not only has the power to map the values of individuals, but also to compare the values of people in different countries. Placed on this chart, European Union countries in continental Europe come out on the top right, Anglophone countries on the middle right, Latin American countries on

9350-406: The state funding for the party. The party has won pluralities in the seven most recent legislative elections, those of 2002 , 2007 , 2011 , June 2015 , November 2015 , 2018 and 2023 . The party held a majority of seats for 13 years, but lost it in June 2015, only to regain it in the snap election of November 2015 but then lose it again in 2018. Its past electoral success has been mirrored in

9460-435: The studies linking biology to politics remain controversial and unreplicated, although the overall body of evidence is growing. Studies have found that subjects with conservative political views have larger amygdalae and are more prone to feeling disgust . Liberals have larger volume of grey matter in the anterior cingulate cortex and are better at detecting errors in recurring patterns. The anterior cingulate cortex

9570-421: The three local elections held since the party's establishment, coming first in 2004 , 2009 and 2014 respectively. However, the party lost most of Turkey's biggest cities including Istanbul and Ankara in 2019 local elections , which has been attributed to the Turkish economic crisis , accusations of authoritarianism, as well as alleged government inaction on the Syrian refugee crisis . The AK Party won

9680-467: The treatment of criminals and to sexual issues and military issues. Most research and political theory since this time has replicated the factors shown above. Another replication came from Ronald Inglehart 's research into national opinions based on the World Values Survey , although Inglehart's research described the values of countries rather than individuals or groups of individuals within nations . Inglehart's two-factor solution took

9790-562: The use of force) and archē or "archy" (defined as the recognition of rank). Mitchell grounded the distinction of archy and kratos in the West's historical experience of church and state, crediting the collapse of the Christian consensus on church and state with the appearance of four main divergent traditions in Western political thought: Mitchell charts these traditions graphically using

9900-515: The values of our nation" and in 2020 endorsed controversial anti-gay statements made by Muslim scholar Ali Erbaş which had received condemnation from some Turkish lawyers and human rights groups. In 2021, AK Party vice chairman and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu declared LGBT people to be "perverts." Turkish constitutional law experts Sule Ozsoy Boyunsuz and Serkan Koybasi have described public statements on gay people made by AK Party politicians as both constituting as hate speech and contradicting

10010-407: The vote, translating into control of 341 of the 550 available parliamentary seats. Although the AK Party received significantly more votes in 2007 than in 2002, the number of parliamentary seats they controlled decreased due to the rules of the Turkish electoral system . However, they retained a comfortable ruling majority. Nationally, the elections of 2007 saw a major advance for the AK Party, with

10120-537: The vote. The AK Party won in Turkey's largest cities: Ankara and Istanbul . Reforming the Constitution was one of the main pledges of the AK Party during the 2007 election campaign. The main opposition party CHP was not interested in altering the Constitution on a big scale, making it impossible to form a Constitutional Commission ( Anayasa Uzlaşma Komisyonu ). The amendments lacked the two-thirds majority needed to instantly become law, but secured 336 votes in

10230-452: The ‘triumph of democracy’ over the plotters, and listening to speeches equating the civilian counter-coup that aborted the takeover with historic Ottoman victories going back 1000 years. Campaigns have been organised to release higher education personnel and to drop charges against them for peaceful exercise of academic freedom. Imprisonment of political activists continues, while the chair of Amnesty Turkey has been jailed for standing up to

10340-579: Was an extensively forested area used by the Ottoman court for hunting, riding and other equestrian pursuits. In the 17th and 18th centuries the area became increasingly fashionable especially during the Tulip Age reign of Sultan Ahmed III when many nobles had mansions and palaces built here. In particular the Sadabad Palace was built here for the statesman Yirmisekiz Mehmet Çelebi in 1722. It

10450-539: Was an observer in the centre-right European People's Party between 2005 and 2013 and a member of the Eurosceptic Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) from 2013 to 2018. In 2005, the party was granted observer membership in the European People's Party (EPP). In November 2013, the party left the EPP to join the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (now European Conservatives and Reformists Party) instead. This move

10560-558: Was attributed to the AK Party's disappointment to not to be granted full membership in the EPP, while it was admitted as a full member of the AECR. It drew criticism in both national and European discourses, as the driving force of Turkey's aspirations to become a member of the European Union decided to join a largely eurosceptic alliance, abandoning the more influential pro-European EPP, feeding suspicions that AK Party wants to join

10670-413: Was characterized as the 'beginning of the end' for Erdoğan, with international commentators calling the re-run a huge government miscalculation that can lead to a potential İmamoğlu candidacy in the next scheduled presidential election . It is suspected that the scale of the government's defeat could provoke a cabinet reshuffle and early general elections, currently scheduled for June 2023. Although

10780-426: Was created by libertarian David Nolan . This chart shows what he considers as " economic freedom " (issues like taxation, free trade and free enterprise) on the horizontal axis and what he considers as "personal freedom" (issues like drug legalization , abortion and the draft ) on the vertical axis. This puts left-wingers in the left quadrant, libertarians in the top, centrists in the middle, right-wingers in

10890-453: Was defined as positively viewing evolution theory, strikes, welfare state, mixed marriages , student protests, law reform, women's liberation, United Nations, nudist camps, pop-music, modern art, immigration, abolishing private property, and rejection of patriotism. Conservatism was defined as positively viewing white superiority, birching, death penalty, antisemitism, opposition to nationalization of property, and birth control. Tender-mindedness

11000-414: Was defined by moral training, inborn conscience, Bible truth, chastity, self-denial, pacifism, anti-discrimination, being against the death penalty and harsh treatment of criminals. Tough-mindedness was defined by compulsory sterilization, euthanasia, easier divorce laws, racism, antisemitism, compulsory military training, wife swapping, casual living, death penalty, and harsh treatment of criminals. Despite

11110-413: Was derived empirically, as rather than devising a political model on purely theoretical grounds and testing it, Ferguson's research was exploratory. As a result of this method, care must be taken in the interpretation of Ferguson's three factors, as factor analysis will output an abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not. Although replication of the nationalism factor was inconsistent,

11220-566: Was destroyed in 1730 during the uprising against court excesses known as the Patrona Halil Revolt. Scant traces of the mansions and fountains that once graced the area can be seen in a small open-air museum in the grounds of the Kağıthane Municipality (Kağıthane Belediyesi). During the resign of Sultan Selim III some of the mansions and palaces were rebuilt, as they were again in the mid-19th century when Krikor Balyan

11330-701: Was employed to bring Sadabad back to life. Paintings and drawings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries still show Kağıthane as a beauty spot to which locals would flock on Fridays. After the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the northern end of the Golden Horn was turned into an industrial zone. Sadâbad became home to numerous factories . From the 1950s onwards settlement of the Kâğıthane area began with illegal slums (known as gecekondus in Turkish) as thousands of migrants moved from Anatolia to work in

11440-534: Was established by a wide range of politicians of various political parties and a number of new politicians in 2001. The core of the party was formed from the reformist faction of the Islamist Virtue Party , including people such as Abdullah Gül and Bülent Arınç , while a second founding group consisted of members of the social conservative Motherland Party who had been close to Turgut Özal , such as Cemil Çiçek and Abdülkadir Aksu . Historically

11550-630: Was more complex. Eysenck himself lent theoretical support to the English National Party , which also opposed Hitlerite Nazism, and was interviewed in the first issue of their journal The Beacon in relation to his controversial views on relative intelligence between different races. At one point during the interview, Eysenck was asked whether or not he was of Jewish origin before the interviewer proceeded. His political allegiances were called into question by other researchers, notably Steven Rose , who alleged that his scientific research

11660-672: Was not shy in attacking Stalinism , citing the antisemitic prejudices of the Russian government, the luxurious lifestyles of the Soviet Union leadership and the Orwellian " doublethink " of East Germany's naming itself the German Democratic Republic despite being "one of the most undemocratic regimes in the world today". While Eysenck was an opponent of Nazism, his relationship with fascist organizations

11770-694: Was rebuilt for Sultan Abdülaziz by one of the Balyan family of Turkish-Armenian architects. It occupies a pretty waterside site. Istanbul Sapphire is a combined shopping and residential skyscraper which was, when it opened in 2010, the tallest tower in İstanbul, offering fine views from its viewing platform. Justice and Development Party (Turkey) The Justice and Development Party ( Turkish : Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi , Turkish pronunciation: [adaːˈlet ve kaɫkɯnˈma paɾtiˈsi] , AK PARTİ ), abbreviated officially as AK Party in English,

11880-638: Was that in the United States and the United Kingdom, most of the political variance was subsumed by the left/right axis, while in France the T-axis was larger and in the Middle East the only dimension to be found was the T-axis: "Among mid-Eastern Arabs it has been found that while the tough-minded/tender-minded dimension is still clearly expressed in the relationships observed between different attitudes, there

11990-498: Was the claim that tender-minded ideologies were democratic and friendly to human freedoms , while tough-minded ideologies were aggressive and authoritarian, a claim that is open to political criticism. In this context, Eysenck carried out studies on Nazism and communist groups, claiming to find members of both groups to be more "dominant" and more "aggressive" than control groups. Eysenck left Nazi Germany to live in Britain and

12100-417: Was used for political purposes. Eysenck's conception of tough-mindedness has been criticized for a number of reasons. Dissatisfied with Hans J. Eysenck's work, Milton Rokeach developed his own two-axis model of political values in 1973, basing this on the ideas of freedom and equality , which he described in his book, The Nature of Human Values . Rokeach claimed that the defining difference between

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